Radial Tire Research Articles

The study of the influence of temperature on the tread wear of all-metal cord heavy-loaded radial tire

In the present study, the wear resistance of the new tread rubber of the all-metal cord radial truck tire has been investigated at different temperatures: -25, +20 and +80 ° C at a constant normal pressure of 0.7 MPa and a sliding speed of 20 mm / s. The low sliding speed negates the increase in temperature, which appears at higher speeds. In order to assess the effect of temperature on the change in the wear mechanism, the surface of the tested rubber is investigated by the method of non-contact profiling. The paper shows how the wear rate and surface microrelief vary with the volume temperature of the tested rubber.

Development of the Flexible Ring on an Elastic Continuous Foundation Tire Model for Planar Vibration of the Heavy Load Radial Tire

This paper investigates the planar vibration characteristic of heavy load radial tires with a large flat ratio. A proposed tire model with a flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation is investigated utilizing kinematic modeling and experimental modal analysis. Planar coupling deformation of the radial and tangential direction is considered to enrich the kinematic characteristic of the flexible belt and the continuous sidewall; a flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model is proposed to investigate the coupling vibration characteristic between the flexible belt and the continuous sidewall. In-extensibility assumption is utilized to simplify the proposed tire model and the planar vibration modal features of the heavy load radial tire are discussed. The variation of the inflation pressure on the radial and tangential stiffness of the sidewall spring model is enriched into the flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model to extend the modal prediction of the tires with a different inflation pressure. Taking the relative error between the experimental and analytical modal resonance frequency of the tested tire with a different inflation pressure as the object value, structural parameters of the proposed tire model are identified by a backward genetic algorithm. Experimental and theoretical results show that: the planar coupling vibration characteristic of the heavy load radial tire can be predicted precisely with the flexible ring on an elastic continuous foundation tire model; meanwhile, considering the linear variations of the radial and tangential sidewall stiffness due to the inflation pressure, the proposed tire model can be extended to analyze the vibration characteristic of the heavy load radial tire with a different inflation pressure.

Optimization Supply Chain Strategy of Tire Manufacturing Using Goal Programming Method

The pressure of the supply chain to reduce cost, manage shortened order-to-delivery cycles, ensure a highly efficient logistics network to store, and distribute finish products are some of the key challenges that the tire industry faces. Besides those challenges, tire manufacturers still have to deal with raw material supply, particularly natural rubber as the unique material. The natural rubber is common for all products that produce by tire manufacturers such as commercial tires and consumer tires. This paper focuses on creating the most efficient supply chain strategy in tire manufacturing by managing all constraints, including the natural rubber supply. The aims are to find the best scenario from a natural rubber that has been processed then become the valuable products that bring gain for the company. In this paper, 11 scenarios are created to determine the combination of all products that fit with the gaining profit and calculated using Goal Programming Method to find minimum deviation between the target value and all constraints. The data source used in this research based on last three years from one of largest tire manufacturing in southeast Asia. The results show that the most effective strategy is to optimize the supply of natural rubber to produce passenger car radial tires and truck & bus radial tires. This strategy has the most significant gap between the net sales and the cost of goods sold, as well as the smallest variation of inventory and transportation costs in the baseline scenario.

Swelling of samples of automotive rubber products in standard fluid, engine oil and tribotechnical compound

In this paper the change in the properties of rubber products of automobile under the influence of temperatures and when working in an aggressive environment was studied by authors. The radial tire protector samples (Barum 155/70 R13 75T Brillantis 2) with dimensions not exceeding 2×10-2×1.5×-2×5×10-3 [m], seal samples (of 2108-170342-01 type) in the form of a semicircle of 2.7·10-2×7·10-3×2·10-3 [mm] size, both original and aged rubber samples were tested. Aging was carried out in a stream of air, forcibly pumped through the reactor with the rubber placed in it. The heat treatment time was 12-100 hours, the temperature was 70-150 ° C. The change in the properties of rubber was evaluated by the parameter of the change in the mass of the samples (original and aged) after their contact with the liquid. The resistance of rubber to the action of liquids was studied, the kinetics of rubber swelling was studied. As the standard liquid the isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) was used. The experiments were carried with synthetic engine oil (SEO) “GENESIS CLARITECH” 5W-30 and tribotechnical composition (tribotechnical compounds; TC) “ACTIVE PLUS” (“suprotec”). The use of tribotechnical composition as a test fluid for rubbers was motivated by the purpose of assessing the chemical activity of the “suprotec”, when used in engines operating under conditions of high loads. The kinematic viscosity of SEO and TC was determined (in the temperature range from 20 ° C to 100 ° C) by the HPLC-4 viscometers, the density (ρ) of the liquids was measured with oil-meters. The hardness of the rubber samples was evaluated by measuring the resistance of the rubber by immersion of the indenter (a spring-loaded rod) into it. The indicator of the hour type ICh-02 (accuracy class 0) was used as a gauge.

Magnetic field of a radial tire after puncture caused by ferromagnetic elements

Tire, an element of wheel, is made in a sophisticated vulcanization process of many components and some of which such as: bead wire, belt and carcass exhibit ferromagnetic properties. Such components create variable in direction and intensity magnetic field, which expands around tire and the complete wheel. Since the layout of magnetic field is exceptional for every single wheel many of information might be obtained on the basis of it alteration. The reported since now application concentrates on rotational speed measurement, wheel rotations counting and therefore also vehicle linear speed and distance estimation. However up to the present the known solutions did not describe changes in magnetic field in case of damage induced by e.g. puncture caused by ferromagnetic elements. This paper’s aim is to test the thesis that it is possible to detect puncture in tire made by ferromagnetic element by using measurement and analysis of changes of magnetic flux density around tire. The tests were executed using original measuring device, designed especially for such experiments. It registers a magnetic profile, which consists of data series of magnetic flux density measured in this investigations 55 mm above tire’s tread and arranged along with rotation angle. Tire magnetic properties were assessed by using of circumferential magnetic profiles and parameters such as: minimum value (Mmin), maximum value (Mmax), peak to peak value (Mm), average value of ordinates of profile (Mb), skewness of ordinate distribution (Ms) and kurtosis of ordinate distribution (Mk). Magnetic profiles before after puncture were analysed as well as the parameters. Moreover differential signal caused by puncture were determined. It turned out that detected changes are directly related to tire damage and showing in rotation angle where puncture occurs.

Tyre–pavement contact stress distribution considering tyre types

Tyre–pavement contact stress distribution has a significant effect on mechanical responses in thin asphalt pavements and responses at near-surface of thick asphalt pavements. To achieve a more accurate tyre–pavement contact stress distribution considering tyre types, tyre loads and tyre inflation pressures for pavement design and analysis, three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) tyre–pavement models were developed. Two common tyre types (bias ply tyre and radial tyre) were considered in the models. Then, models were verified through the comparison between the predicted and measured tyre contact stresses. Excellent agreement between predicted and measured contact stresses was achieved. Then, the contact stress distributions between different tyres and pavement were analysed under different tyre loads and tyre inflation pressures combinations (nine working conditions). Results indicated that with the increase of vertical load, the location of maximum contact stress between bias ply tyre and pavement changed from inside to outside of tread while the maximum contact stress between radial tyre and pavement always appeared in the centre of tread. And under a same working condition, the maximum contact stress between radial tyre and pavement was larger than that between bias ply tyre and pavement. Besides, in the lateral direction, the variation range of the contact stresses under different ribs of a bias ply tyre was less than that of a radial tyre.

Magnetism of automotive wheels with pneumatic radial tires

This paper shows enhancement of knowledge about magnetic flux density of automotive wheels with radial pneumatic tires equipped with ferromagnetic belt made of tangled steel wires. The investigations were focused on the measurement of magnetic flux density vector (B) over tire’s tread using sensor ability to measure 3 Cartesian projections of B. The other aim of the article is to introduce the prototype of a measuring device as well as measurement technique the purpose of which is to obtain a single or a collection of so called magnetic profiles. Circumferential and crosswise to the tread magnetic profiles and scans over tread surface were presented and analyzed. Moreover, magnetic profile’s parameters were proposed in order to quantitatively characterize magnetic flux density changes in circumferential profiles. Usefulness of them was analyzed and discussed in the context of the measurement technique and the practical utilization. The results revealed that the magnetic flux density is not uniform over tire’s tread surface and the “magnetic surface” is not anisotropic but highly directional. What is more, there are preferred sensor’s locations and measurement directions. The Authors also pointed out some potential application of gained knowledge in domain of vehicle state measurement such as speed, distance and wheel slip.

Optimization of design parameters of radial tires of propellers of combine harvesters

The article is devoted to the solution of an important scientific and practical problem - optimization of the tire shell design parameters of the leading wheels of combine harvesters of high productivity, operating in conditions with low bearing capacity. Optimization of the parameters of the pneumatic tire, as a link in the oscillatory system and the main element of the wheel propulsion, is one of the directions for improving the functioning of combine harvesters. One of the factors affecting the performance indicators of combine harvesters is the perfection of wheeled propellers. Their agrotechnical properties can be improved due to a rational choice of tire parameters depending on the type of rolling surface, which will also help to reduce fuel consumption. On the basis of the abovementioned, the aim of this paper is to investigate the effect on the performance of combine harvesters of the characteristics of the tires used on the driving wheels and to improve their agrotechnical properties by optimizing the parameters of the pneumatic tires. The description, methods and results of experimental studies using specially designed and providing reliable results of devices for determining deformations of the inner and outer shells of the tire relative to the rim in the circumferential and radial directions, as well as contact pressures and stresses in the soil are described. On the basis of theoretical and experimental studies of the work of combine harvesters of high productivity, the influence of the parameters of the pneumatic tires of the driving wheels on the performance of them has been established. The optimum combination of design parameters of the experimental pneumatic tire of a radial design for grain harvesters is determined. The results of the research will make it possible to develop recommendations for the selection of optimal parameters for pneumatic tires that contribute to improving the performance of grain harvesters used under various operating conditions by bundling their driving wheels with radial-type tires.

Finite Element Modeling of an Aircraft Tire Rolling on a Steel Drum: Experimental Investigations and Numerical Simulations

The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal evolution of an aircraft tire rolling at high velocities up to take off values. As this kind of experiment is difficult to realize on a real runway, experimental tests were realized on aircraft tires rolling on a steel drum. The rotating drum facility allows to apply variable velocities beyond the take off limits, at fixed skidding angles and loadings. The rolling conditions, vertical loading, velocity and cornering conditions were adopted to correspond to the real conditions of an aircraft tire running or skidding on a flat runway. In the experimental part, the influence of skidding angle, velocity and loading on the thermal evolution of the tire tread were investigated. The thermo-mechanical finite element analysis of a pneumatic radial tire structure was performed taking into account the hyper-viscoelastic rubber behavior, with heating mechanisms developed by the inelastic deformation and by friction. Three-dimensional finite element simulations of an aircraft tire rolling on a steel drum were carried out using Abaqus/Standard finite element solver. The comparison of the temperature distribution on the tire tread between numerical results and the experimental data shows the same overall tendencies. The good correlation between numerical and experimental data shows that numerical simulation could predict the thermal evolution of the tire in critical situations. The authors would like to mention that for confidentiality reason, certain numerical data could not be revealed.

Development of planar rigid-elastic coupling tyre model with analytical multi-stiffness sidewall

In this study, combining the membrane feature with inflation pressure and the structural deformation caused by sidewall curvature, rigid-elastic coupling tyre model with analytical multi-stiffness sidewall is proposed for a heavy-loaded radial tyre with a large section ratio. The membrane pre-tension of sidewall arc resulting from inflation pressure is investigated. By means of virtual work principle, the structural deformation of sidewall curved arc resulting from the arc curvature, including stretching, bending and shearing deformation is derived. The structural stiffness caused by the sidewall curvature and membrane pre-tension caused by the inflation pressure are combined for the multi-stiffness sidewall model. The influence of the sidewall structural and geometrical parameters on the sidewall multi-stiffness, modal resonant frequency and transfer function is researched and discussed. The non-linear characteristic of sidewall multi-stiffness with respect to the sidewall radial deformation is investigated. Experimental and theoretical results show that: (1) the multi-stiffness of sidewall can characterise the membrane-tension stiffness caused by inflation pressure and the structural stiffness led by the sidewall curvature and material properties; (2) the different multi-stiffnesses of upper and lower sidewall arcs results from the different interval angles; (3) the multi-stiffness of sidewall is non-linear to the radial sidewall deformation. Taking the flexible deformation of tyre carcass and the analytical multi-stiffness of tyre sidewall into consideration, rigid-elastic coupling tyre model with multi-stiffness sidewall is suitable for the heavy-loaded radial tyre with a large section ratio or tyres under impulsive loading and large deformation.

Effect of ballasting on performance characteristics of bias and radial ply tyres with zero sinkage

A study on performance characteristics of tyres such as deflection and contact area is useful to determine the optimum condition for maximizing tyre efficiency. Differences in design and dimensions of pneumatic tyre affect the output power of the tyre. Present study was conducted to evaluate the vertical deflection and contact area of 13.6–28 bias-ply and radial tyres at different ballasted conditions with five normal loads which are (i) Base weight (B0 = 1050 kg), (ii) Base weight + 50% water (B50), (iii) Base weight + iron weight equivalent to 50% water (BFe50), (iv) Base weight + 75% water (B75) and (v) Base weight + iron weight equivalent to 75% water (BFe75) at various inflation pressures ranging from 68.9 to 206.8 kPa on hard surface in controlled soil bin. It was observed that both the selected tyres showed better performance under ballast load of BFe75 over the other selected loads. At all the selected loads, the radial tyre showed 13% higher contact area and 6.5% greater deflection than the bias-ply. The obtained results at various test conditions were compared with the existing predicting models for deflection and contact area using curve fitting technique in order to select the best suitable model.

Development of YLHJ-1220 Automatic Online Dynamic Balancing Test Equipment

This paper introduces the development of new products YLHJ-1220 semi steel tire dynamic balance testing machine, the equipment used for automatic on-line detection equipment of dynamic balancing of semi steel radial tire, and the future market of each part focuses on the characteristics of technical parameters, the prospects of the device.

In-plane vibration analysis of heavy-loaded radial tire utilizing the rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping

Theoretical modeling, parameters identification and vibration characteristic of heavy-loaded radial tire is investigated with rigid-elastic coupling model with normal damping. The normal damping, including structural damping of flexible carcass and proportion damping of distributed sidewall element is added to enrich the flexible beam on modified elastic foundation tire model. The rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping is investigated and derived with finite difference method. The mass, stiffness and damping matrixes of the proposed tire model are analytically related with the structural and geometrical parameters of heavy-loaded radial tire. Taking the error between the analytical and experimental transfer function as the object value, Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized to identify the damping coefficients of flexible carcass and distributed sidewall element. The influence of modal order and tire damping parameters on the in-plane transfer function is discussed. The theoretical and experimental results show that the rigid-elastic coupling tire model with normal damping can achieve the sectional feature of in-plane transfer function resulting from the coupling characteristic between the flexible carcass and distributed sidewall element within the frequency band of 300 Hz.

Parametric analysis of in-plane rigid-elastic coupled non-contact tire model for heavily loaded radial tire

Parametric analysis of in-plane vibration characteristic for unloaded heavily loaded radial tire is put forward and researched utilizing in-plane rigid-elastic coupled model. Coupled vibration characteristic between the flexible tread and circumferential sidewall is investigated with theoretical modeling and experimental modal method. In-plane analytical vibration feature is modeled with flexible beam on modified elastic foundation tire model. The rigid-elastic coupled tire model is derived with finite difference method and stiffness matrix and mass matrix are presented analytically with the geometrical and structural parameters. Structural parameters identification is implemented with genetic algorithm based on in-plane experimental modal parameter. The in-plane transfer functions with different structural parameters are compared and the parametric effect of structural parameters on in-plane transfer function is discussed. Experimental and theoretical result shows that the in-plane rigid-elastic coupled tire model can achieve the higher precision on predicting the transfer function and vibration feature of heavily loaded tire within the frequency band of 300 Hz.

Development and parameter identification of the flexible beam on elastic continuous tire model for a heavy-loaded radial tire

Experimental modal analysis, dynamic modeling, and parameter identification were employed to investigate the flexible beam tire model for a heavy-loaded radial tire. The in-plane bending vibration of the flexible tread is researched with the flexible beam tire model. The coupled vibration equation of the flexible tread and continuous sidewall is modeled with a flexible beam on elastic continuous beam tire model. The nonlinear sidewall dynamics sensitive to the inflation pressure is obtained. The coupled modal features of a heavy-loaded radial tire are presented experimentally for different inflation pressures. Structural parameters are identified by a backward genetic algorithm based on the error between the experimental and analytical modal resonant frequency for different inflation pressures. Experimental and theoretical results show that the flexible beam on elastic continuous beam tire model developed for the heavy-loaded radial tire with a larger flat ratio can achieve higher precision in predicting the in-plane vibration modes of the heavy-loaded radial tire. It can be extended to analyze the vibration modes of the heavy-loaded radial tire with different inflation pressures by taking the inflation pressure-sensitive radial stiffness of the sidewall into consideration.

Analisis tekanan udara, sudut slip dan ukuran lebar ban tipe radial terhadap rolling resistance dengan metode taguchi

Rolling resistance is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Rolling resistance is resistance to the wheels that will and has been rolled due to the force of friction between the wheels with the road surface of the wheel, due to the deformation process on the tire structure, contact area and road surface. Radial tires are tires where the reinforcing fibers on the carcass are arranged radially, have a greater ability to withstand lateral forces and generally have high ratio aspect ratio, widht smaller than the bias tires. The taguchi method is a new methodology in engineering aimed at improving product and process quality, minimizing cost and time. The purpose of this research is to know the air pressure influence, slip angle and tire width to rolling resistance. The research was conducted experimentally by using taguchi method. The result showed that the highest rolling resistance force accurred at a combination of air pressure of 175 kPa, 9o wheel slip angle and 90 mm widht of tire size of 36.914 N. While the smallest rolling resistance was obtained with a combination of parameters at the air pressure level of 325 kPa, slip angle 1o and the size of the 70 mm tire widht of 11.511 N at 350 rpm and normal load 580 N. From the result it can be concluded that the change in the level of the three air pressure parameters, the slip angle and size of tire width can affect the rolling resistance value.

Analisis tekanan udara, sudut slip dan ukuran lebar ban tipe radial terhadap rolling resistance dengan metode taguchi

Rolling resistance is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of a vehicle. Rolling resistance is resistance to the wheels that will and has been rolled due to the force of friction between the wheels with the road surface of the wheel, due to the deformation process on the tire structure, contact area and road surface. Radial tires are tires where the reinforcing fibers on the carcass are arranged radially, have a greater ability to withstand lateral forces and generally have high ratio aspect ratio, widht smaller than the bias tires. The taguchi method is a new methodology in engineering aimed at improving product and process quality, minimizing cost and time. The purpose of this research is to know the air pressure influence, slip angle and tire width to rolling resistance. The research was conducted experimentally by using taguchi method. The result showed that the highest rolling resistance force accurred at a combination of air pressure of 175 kPa, 9o wheel slip angle and 90 mm widht of tire size of 36.914 N. While the smallest rolling resistance was obtained with a combination of parameters at the air pressure level of 325 kPa, slip angle 1o and the size of the 70 mm tire widht of 11.511 N at 350 rpm and normal load 580 N. From the result it can be concluded that the change in the level of the three air pressure parameters, the slip angle and size of tire width can affect the rolling resistance value.

The material parameters for computational modeling of long-fibre composites with textile

In this contribution, the composites with textile fibre (cord) and an elastomer matrix are studied based on computational modeling of car tires in combination with experiments. These composite are applied in tire casings for cars, conveyor belts etc. The aim of this research work of authors is creation of computational models namely for stress-strain analyses of selected parts of radial tire casing. The typically passenger car radial tire casing consists of one or two polyester plies in tire carcass and two steel-cord belts and one polyamide 66 cap ply below tread. The finite element method using the program system ANSYS is applied to the computational modeling. For the determination of the material parameters of elastomer and textile cords as input data to the computational models, it was necessary to perform tests as statically tensile tests. Also the experiments of composites as tests of low cyclic loading of composites are needed for verification analyses between computational results and experimental data. For computational modeling, the modulus of elasticity and Poisson ratio are used as material input parameters of textile reinforcements. The results from the computational modeling and selected results from the tests are presented in this contribution.

In-plane vibration response of time and frequency domain with rigid-elastic coupled tire model with continuous sidewall

The in-plane vibration characteristic of time and frequency domain for heavy-loaded radial tire with a larger flat ratio (close to 1) is researched by utilizing the rigid-elastic coupled tire model with continuous sidewall. The sidewall bending stiffness is considered and the flexible beam on the elastic continuous beam tire model is proposed and investigated analytically to simulate the in-plane vibration of the heavy-loaded radial tire within more wider frequency band. The rigid-elastic coupled tire model is derived with finite difference method and the analytical stiffness matrix; mass matrix is formed based on the geometrical and structural parameters of heavy-loaded radial tire. Structural parameters are identified utilizing genetic algorithm based on the error between the analytical and experimental modal frequency. In-plane frequency domain transfer function and time domain dynamics response of heavy-loaded radial tire is investigated and compared with the experimental result. Experimental and theoretical results show that in-plane rigid-elastic coupled tire model with sidewall bending stiffness can be used to precisely predict the transfer function and vibration feature within the frequency band of 300 Hz, compared with the tire model with the distributed independent sidewall element. The flexible beam on the elastic continuous beam tire model and rigid-elastic coupled tire model with continuous sidewall can be extended to the dynamic analysis of the tire with larger flat ratio or the tire under the impulsive loading conditions.

In-plane vibration modal analysis of heavy-loaded radial tire with a larger flat ratio

Experimental modal analysis, dynamic modeling and parameter identification is employed to investigate the in-plane vibration modal characteristic of a heavy-loaded radial tire with a larger flat ratio. In-plane vibration characteristic of heavy-loaded radial tire is modeled as flexible beam on modified elastic foundation model and flexible tread and distributed sidewall are respectively modeled as the Euler beam and distributed mass element with sectional stiffness. Analytic relationship between the modal resonant frequency and the structural parameters is solved and derived with modal expansion method. The in-plane coupling modal between the flexible tread and sidewall is investigated experimentally. The unknown structural parameters are identified by the genetic algorithm based on the experimental and analytical modal parameter. The higher order modal frequency is predicted with the identified structural parameters and the influence of structural parameters on the modal parameters is compared. Experimental and theoretical result shows that: the experimental modal analysis and theoretical modeling method with the coupling feature of flexible tread, distributed sidewall and rim can accurately characterize the in-plane vibration feature of heavy-loaded radial tire within the frequency band of 300 Hz, compared with the method which only considers the flexible feature of tread and is limited to 180 Hz.