Radar Chart Method Research Articles

How Do Changes in Ecosystem Services Multifunctionality Influence Human Wellbeing? Evidence From the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China

ABSTRACTA proclaimed goal of landscape management is to improve the multifunctionality of ecosystem services (ESs) to sustain higher levels of human wellbeing (HWB). Although the enhancement of ES multifunctionality is often considered to lead to better HWB, empirical evidence directly supporting this claim remains scarce. This study investigates the relationship between ES multifunctionality and HWB in rapidly urbanizing regions, using the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration in China as a case study. We quantified ES multifunctionality with the Gini‐Simpson Diversity Index and identified ES multifunctional types using the bundle approach. We also calculated both the HWB mean score and HWB evenness score with the improved radar chart method, examining their relationships with ES multifunctionality through Spearman correlation analysis and the Kruskal–Wallis rank‐sum test. Results showed that (1) ES multifunctionality exhibited varied relationships with HWB indicators, but overall showed significant negative associations with both HWB mean score and HWB evenness score. (2) Each HWB indicator significantly differed across the detected ES bundles, but none of the bundles exhibited the highest values of all HWB indicators. (3) HWB mean score and HWB evenness score were generally higher in the peri‐urban bundle while lower in the agriculture and forest bundles. Our findings suggest that peri‐urban landscapes can provide relatively higher and more balanced levels of HWB in urban agglomerations. This also implies that a “land‐sharing” urban development model, which balances natural and built environments, may be more beneficial for enhancing ES multifunctionality and HWB compared with a “land‐sparing” model, where natural and built areas are separated.

Comprehensive Performance Evaluation of Earthquake Search and Rescue Robots Based on Improved FAHP and Radar Chart

To effectively enhance the adaptability of earthquake rescue robots in dynamic environments and complex tasks, there is an urgent need for an evaluation method that quantifies their performance and facilitates the selection of rescue robots with optimal overall capabilities. In this paper, twenty-two evaluation criteria are proposed based on a comprehensive review of existing evaluation criteria for rescue robots across various domains. The evaluation criteria are tested using the test modules developed by the National Earthquake Response support service, obtaining the corresponding values for each criterion. Then, the weights of the criterion layer and comprehensive evaluation index are determined based on the analytical hierarch process and trapezoidal fuzzy number complementary judgment matrix, and a new consistency test method is proposed. The qualitative evaluation and quantitative analysis are effectively combined to overcome the subjective influence of expert decision-making. Additionally, the performance of three earthquake search and rescue robots is comprehensively evaluated and ranked using the improved radar chart method as an empirical example. Finally, the robustness of the ranking results is examined using a weight sensitivity analysis. The results of the sensitivity analysis demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method, thereby providing valuable insights for developing multi-objective optimization control strategies and structural designs for earthquake search and rescue robots.

Waste cooking oil based capsules for sustainable self-healing asphalt pavement: Encapsulation, characterization and fatigue-healing performance

Waste cooking oil has surfaced as a hazardous waste that induces severe environmental contamination. Encapsulation technology presents a viable solution to regenerate the waste oil and augment the self-healing ability of asphalt materials. This study characterized capsules synthesized with selected waste oil for self-healing asphalt mixture, and evaluated the self-healing and environmental impact. The wetting ability, capillary, anti-aging, and self-healing performance of three potential healing agents were analyzed, and the optimal healing agent was obtained by evaluating the comprehensive behavior with the radar chart method. Capsules were synthesized using the ionic gelation method, and their thermal stability, chemical structure, mechanical performance, and morphology were characterized. Fatigue-healing performance asphalt mixture with capsules were investigated by indirect tensile fatigue test with intermittent time. Leakage of waste oil core were measure to verify it environmental impact to surroundings. Results showed that all healing agents could restore the aged asphalt, and waste rapeseed oil had superior overall performance with comprehensive fi value of 0.993 in radar chart evaluation. The compression characteristic of the capsules could transform from brittleness to plasticity as the water-to-oil(WO) ratio decreases from 15 to 5. SEM observation implied when the WO ratio varied from 10 to 15, the multi-pore structure of capsules could be appropriately filled. The addition of capsules in the mixture increased the fatigue life extension rate (HDf) of aged mixtures (with intermittent time 0.1 s∼0.8 s) by 10∼30%. Leakage of waste oil from the mixture was inhibited, substantially reducing 38% release of waste oil. This can serve as a means for the sustainable utilization of waste oil, thereby mitigating environmental pollution and negative effects caused by waste oil.

Comprehensive Evaluation of NIMBY Phenomenon with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Radar Chart

The risk level of the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) phenomenon is crucial for the safety and economy of transmission and transformation projects which is rarely studied, especially for site selection and the construction of transmission lines and substations. In order to effectively evaluate the risk level to solve the dilemma caused by the NIMBY phenomenon, an evaluation method for quantifying the level of the NIMBY phenomenon is proposed. In this paper, thirty-one evaluation criteria and a risk model are put forward according to relevant laws and regulations that should be followed in the transmission and transformation project in China, then the scores corresponding to these criteria are obtained by a questionnaire survey. The radar chart method and minimum area method are applied to determine the weights of the element and unit layers. Furthermore, the overall risk level is evaluated by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. In addition, a transmission and transformation project in Xi’an City, China, is used as an example to verify the correction of the risk model and its evaluation method. The results show that the weaknesses in the transmission and transformation project are analyzed, and suggestions for decreasing the risk level are put forward to minimize losses due to the NIMBY phenomenon.

A comprehensive evaluation of asphalt concrete modified with ACP based on improved AHP and radar chart method

Microwave heating, as an efficient and environmentally friendly heating technology, is used in solving rapid deicing issues of asphalt pavement. In this study, activated carbon powder (ACP) was adopted to partly replace mineral powder and improve the microwave heating efficiency of asphalt concrete. Some tests of key indexes about deicing, microwave heating, asphalt concrete and asphalt mastic were conducted in laboratory. In order to comprehensively compare and analyze the performance of asphalt concrete at different replacements and recommend the best type of asphalt concrete with laboratory data, an advanced data processing and mathematical model was established based on improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and radar chart method. The results show that the fi representing the comprehensive performance of each type of asphalt concrete can be ranked as f6>f5>f4>f3>f2>f1. Therefore, it can be easily recommended that the type of asphalt concrete that meets the expected requirements is that with 100% ACP replacement amount. Additionally, the established model has proved feasible and effective through the application of this research. Finally, this research’s process and results can provide a new idea and reference for resolution of similar problems in the future.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Hydrodynamic Retarders with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Improved Radar Chart

The braking performance of hydrodynamic retarders is critical for the safety and economy of heavy-duty vehicles. In order to effectively improve the braking system to meet the needs of the market, an evaluation method for quantifying the performance of hydrodynamic retarders is imperative. In this paper, ten evaluation criteria are put forward according to relevant national standards and market requirements, then the scores corresponding to these criteria are obtained by performance bench test. A fuzzy modification of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method is applied to determine the relative weights of the chosen evaluation criteria, where uncertain and imprecise judgments of decision-makers are translated into fuzzy numbers. Furthermore, the improved radar chart method is used to comprehensively evaluate and rank the braking performance of three types of hydrodynamic retarders as an empirical example. In addition, the weight sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the robustness of the ranking results. The results show that the proposed method is effective and feasible. It provides a reference for multi-objective optimization control strategies and structure designs of hydrodynamic retarders.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Green Bridge Construction Based on a Game Theory–Radar Chart Combination

The construction of large bridges requires significant natural resource consumption and causes widespread environmental damage, violating the concept of sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to build a comprehensive evaluation system for green construction. This paper took a bridge as a research object to establish a green construction evaluation index system based on GB/T 50640-2010, the “Green Construction Evaluation Standard for Construction Projects”. A combined game theory–radar chart method was adopted to evaluate the level of green construction for five construction schemes. The results were Scheme II > Scheme IV > Scheme III > Scheme I > Scheme V, where Scheme II was the best. The evaluations in this paper were consistent with those obtained by the G1-TOPSIS method; however, a combined-assignment method was used to avoid the one-sidedness of single-assignment, and to make the evaluations more objective.

Using bauxite as alternative for coarse aggregate in asphalt mixture: Improving skid resistance

The depletion of natural resources promotes to search for alternative of virgin pavement materials with the aim of ensuring the performance of pavement especially skid resistance, which is often linked to financial and health services of the country. To solve the issues, the paper attempts to employ bauxite as alternative for coarse aggregate of surface layer to improve skid resistance. To this end, the performance of calcined bauxite aggregate was characterized on the basis of some laboratory tests. Thereafter, radar chart method was used to evaluate the comprehensive skid resistance of different aggregates, followed by preparing asphalt mixture based on optimization results. Currently, the skid resistance of asphalt mixture composed of different aggregate was examined by the three-wheel polishing device (TWPD) combined with dynamic friction tester (DFT). After the process, the multiple linear regression model was performed considering the morphological, mineral and chemical characteristics of aggregate with the aim of predicting the long-term skid resistance. As for physical and mechanical properties, the different grades of calcined bauxites show an increase about 20%∼200% compared with limestone. From the radar chart method, it was observed that calcined bauxite, especially 88# calcined bauxite, was found to exist highest comprehensive skid resistance. It is obvious that the model involving mineral and chemical properties is able to exist higher accuracy, adjusted R2 having values even exceed 0.9. In addition, it was found that the cost-benefit of 88# calcined bauxite and 75# calcined bauxite were 22.82 and 12.70 respectively. Herein, the study allows us a feasible approach to ensure the demand of pavement and mitigate the challenge for environment.

Research on Quality Effect Evaluation of Medical Device Management in Shanghai Based on Radar Chart Method

Under the new pattern of high-quality development, the 2021 Briefing Report on Quality Control of Medical Devices in Shanghai Hospitals at All Levels will be subjected to secondary data processing, and the radar map analysis method will be used to visually evaluate the quality control effects and differences of medical devices in different types of hospitals in Shanghai. Analyze the quality level of medical device management in hospitals at all levels in Shanghai, study the key parts that affect the quality effect, and provide more theoretical basis for the effective control of medical device management quality. From the radar chart, the overall medical device level of tertiary hospitals is higher than that of secondary hospitals, and the overall coverage area is also larger. The overall quality balance of tertiary specialized hospitals needs to be improved urgently, mainly focusing on medical consumables and on-site inspection. There is a big gap in the quality control level of medical devices in other second-level hospitals, but the preparations for quality control training are more comprehensive. Hospital medical device management should pay more attention to specialized hospitals, low-level hospitals and socially run hospitals, and continuously improve the quality control system. At the same time, strengthen the standardization of medical device management and standardization of quality control, and promote the healthy and stable development of medical devices.

Inductive asphalt pavement layers for improving electromagnetic heating performance

ABSTRACT A multi-layer inductive healing layer (ML-IHL) based on the magnetic field distribution characteristics was designed to solve gradient healing behaviors of conventional single-layer inductive healing layer (CSL-IHL). Two representative conductive metals, including waste steel shaving and steel wool fibers, were used to prepare two kinds of ML-IHL, which is a 2-layer system composed of asphalt mixtures with different conductive metal contents. Then infrared images of the temperature distribution of ML-IHLs and CSL-IHL were recorded to analyze the temperature changes at different depths. Subsequently, the temperature coefficient of variation and radar chart method was used to evaluate the temperature gradient. Results show that as the difference in the conductive metal contents between the two lays of the ML-IHL increases, the temperature gradient gradually decreases. Also, it is recommended that the optimum content in the upper layer containing waste steel shavings or steel wool fibers is 4% or 2%, and the optimum content in the lower layer is 8%. Finally, the inductive healing test of the optimal scheme shows that the healing effect of the upper and lower layers of both ML-IHL has been significantly improved, and the healing rate difference between the two layers is all less than 2%.

Assessing Aging Status and Type of XLPE Cable Insulation With a Graphic Approach Based on PDC Measurement

The polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurement has been widely used to assess the aging degree of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables. However, the aging type identification of XLPE cables has not been fully considered. In this study we conduct PDC measurement on thermal-aged and water tree-aged XLPE cable samples respectively, upon which a graphical approach to assess the insulation condition and distinguish the aging type of XLPE cables is proposed. First, to designate the evaluation indexes of the insulation condition, multiple PDC measurement based dielectric parameters are considered. Then, to reflect the sensitivity of each evaluation index to the condition of XLPE cable, a combined weighting method based on the group fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (GFAHP) and entropy method (EM) is introduced. Furthermore, the improved radar chart method (RCM) based graphical approach is proposed to comprehensively and intuitively characterize the evaluation indexes. Finally, the aging degree of the XLPE cable samples is quantitatively assessed by calculating the area of the polygon in the chart. Simultaneously, utilizing the position of the areal coordinate and the shape characteristic parameter of the polygon, the thermal-aged and water tree-aged samples are effectively distinguished.

Health Condition Assessment for Pumped Storage Units Using Multihead Self-Attentive Mechanism and Improved Radar Chart

A novel health assessment method for pumped storage units (PSUs) is presented in this article. First, multihead self-attentive mechanism (MSM) combined with quantile regression neural network (QRNN) are proposed to establish a health benchmark model for PSUs to reveal the intricate relationship between the vibration and its multiple influencing factors. Especially, MSM automatically learns the complex interaction features among multiple influencing factors, while QRNN explores the upper bounds of health vibration under specific operational parameters. Then, a fuzzy dimensionless function is constructed to map the deviation of the currently measured vibration from the predicted health vibration to the performance degradation indexes. Finally, an improved radar chart method is proposed to visually illustrate the health condition of multiple measurement locations and give comprehensive health assessment for PSUs. The proposed method is applied in a PSU in Zhejiang province of China. The results of comparative experiments illustrate its effectiveness and feasibility.

FCNN-SE: An Intrusion Detection Model Based on a Fusion CNN and Stacked Ensemble

As a security defense technique to protect networks from attacks, a network intrusion detection model plays a crucial role in the security of computer systems and networks. Aiming at the shortcomings of a complex feature extraction process and insufficient information extraction of the existing intrusion detection models, an intrusion detection model named the FCNN-SE, which uses the fusion convolutional neural network (FCNN) for feature extraction and stacked ensemble (SE) for classification, is proposed in this paper. The proposed model mainly includes two parts, feature extraction and feature classification. Multi-dimensional features of traffic data are first extracted using convolutional neural networks of different dimensions and then fused into a network traffic dataset. The heterogeneous base learners are combined and used as a classifier, and the obtained network traffic dataset is fed to the classifier for final classification. The comprehensive performance of the proposed model is verified through experiments, and experimental results are evaluated using a comprehensive performance evaluation method based on the radar chart method. The comparison results on the NSL-KDD dataset show that the proposed FCNN-SE has the highest overall performance among all compared models, and a more balanced performance than the other models.

Research on Comprehensive Evaluation Model of a Truck Dispatching System in Open-Pit Mine

In this paper, a comprehensive evaluation factor model of a truck dispatching system in open-pit mines is constructed from the three dimensions of optimal route, traffic flow planning, and real-time dispatching, and the final combined weight of the factor is determined according to game theory. On this basis, a comprehensive evaluation model of a truck dispatching system in open-pit mines based on gray relational analysis—technology for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (GRA-TOPSIS) is established. Taking the truck dispatching system in five open-pit mines as the research background, the advantages and disadvantages of the dispatching system were comprehensively evaluated, and the differences between the dispatching systems were analyzed using the radar chart method. The research shows that the evaluation results of the comprehensive evaluation model of the truck dispatching system in open-pit mines based on GRA-TOPSIS are in line with the reality, which is more conducive to analyzing and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the systems, effectively identifying the differences of various systems, and making the evaluation of truck dispatching systems more scientific. The research results of this paper broaden the evaluation of truck dispatching systems and provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of truck dispatching systems.

Waste engine oil and polyphosphoric acid enhanced the sustainable self-healing of asphalt binder and its fatigue behavior

Asphalt self-healing capability is critical to the asphalt industry's sustainable development. The paper attempts to explore the feasibility of waste engine oil (WEO) and polyphosphoric acid (PPA) to enhance self-healing of asphalt binder and its fatigue behavior. The different proportion of WEO and PPA were mixed with asphalt to modify asphalt initially. Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test were adopted to establish the modulus master curve and evaluate fatigue behavior. With the aim of estimating the healing degree of asphalt binders, evaluating indicators consist of fatigue life recovery, modulus recovery and dissipated energy recovery were adopted based on fatigue-healing test. The phase state transition of asphalt binders related to temperature was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test. Ultimately, to evaluate modification effect of different additives on asphalt binder comprehensively, radar chart method is employed. It can be concluded that the addition of PPA and WEO improves fatigue performance and self-healing of asphalt binder. As for additives with 2% PPA and 2% WEO, 1% PPA and 4% WEO, fatigue life in LAS predicted model presents extreme value, increasing by 1000% and 1150% than original asphalt respectively. The raise of anti-permanent deformation for asphalt modified by WEO/PPA can be attributed to the presence of PPA. Compared with original asphalt, a significant increase of fatigue life recovery, modulus recovery and dissipated energy recovery is observed at asphalt modified with 6% WEO regardless of PPA content. Additionally, the healing indicators increment of the original asphalt is larger than modified asphalt with the extension of the healing time. This is because most of damage of modified asphalt could recover at a relatively short time. Analysis of the DSC indicates that the two peak temperatures of original asphalt are lower than that of modified asphalt. It helps to improve self-healing and fatigue behavior of asphalt binder. Overall, a promising way to promote the sustainable development of asphalt industry is put forward.

Structure and mechanical behavior evaluation of CVD multilayer coatings deposited on Ti(C,N)-based cermets

Evaluating the static and dynamic properties of different multilayer coatings on cermet is helpful to guide the coating design of cermet tools. The radar chart method is used to systematically evaluate the static and dynamic performance of the three multilayer coatings. The results show that the presence or absence of the Al2O3 coating in the coating system will affect the friction and cutting properties of the coating-substrate system. In addition, the growth texture of each layer of coating will also affect the performance of the coating-substrate system. The static properties of TiN/TiCN/α-Al2O3/TiN (A1) coating are better than TiN/TiCN/TiC/TiN (A0) and TiN/TiCN/κ-Al2O3/TiN (A2). Compared with A0 and A2, the morphology of the A1 coating has larger undulations and the largest roughness. However, the average friction coefficient of A1 is the smallest at 25 °C. Especially at 750 °C, the particle size of the coating surface will affect the friction performance. The order of the friction coefficient of three multilayer coatings at 25 °C is A1<A2<A0, while the friction coefficient of the composite coatings at 750 °C is A0<A1<A2. The flank morphologies show that TiN (220) growth texture is more wear-resistant than (111) growth texture, α-Al2O3 (104) growth texture is more wear-resistant than κ-Al2O3 (013) growth texture. Surface energy spectrum shows that the Al2O3 coating has a strong ability to hinder element diffusion. Based on the radar chart, whether it is dynamic performance or static performance, the overall properties of A1 is the best. Compared with A0, the static performance of A2 is better than that of A0, but the dynamic performance is not as good as A0.

Application of improved radar chart in the health evaluation model of hydraulic gate

In view of the multi-factor influence of stress, deflection, vibration, corrosion and other factors involved in the state assessment of hydraulic steel gates, established a gate health assessment system including the target layer, criterion layer and indicator layer. A hydraulic health assessment model combining fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and improved radar chart method is proposed. In this method, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to determine the weight of each index, and then the improved radar chart method is used to evaluate the criterion layer and the target layer respectively, and the gate evaluation level is standardized and drawn into the radar chart. An example of comprehensive evaluation of a radial gate is given, which visually expresses the various factors that affect the gate. While giving the health evaluation result of the gate state, it fully reflects the actual state of all aspects of the gate.

Quantitative assessment and mechanism analysis of modification approaches for cold recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion

Cold recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion (CRMEs) are environmentally friendly and cost-effective materials widely used in asphalt pavement maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R). However, CRMEs exhibit lower mechanical performance and durability than hot-mix asphalt. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different modification approaches on the mechanical properties and durability of CRMEs. To this end, four optimal additives, including the rejuvenation agent (RA), basalt fibres (BFs), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) latex, and Buton rock asphalt (BRA), were added to CRMEs during the mixing procedure. Comprehensive laboratory tests including immersion splitting and freeze–thaw splitting tests, high-temperature rutting tests, low-temperature semi-circle bending tests, and indirect tensile fatigue tests were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the modified CRMEs. In addition, the radar chart method was performed to quantitatively assess the effects of the multiple modification approaches. To investigate the influence mechanisms, microscopic features of the modified CRMEs, such as the compactness of the mortar and bonding sufficiency of the interface, were detected by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of RA, SBR latex, and BRA can improve the comprehensive performance of the modified CRMEs. Among these additives, RA had the most significant effect, followed by BRA. These findings aid in selecting modifiers to improve the performance and durability of CRMEs in practical engineering applications.

Multidimensional Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Printed and Micro-Architectured Scaffolds.

Mechanical properties of porous materials depend on their micro-architectural characteristics. Freeze casting is an effective method to fabricate micro-architectured porous scaffolds. Three key characteristics generated during freeze casting are wall thickness, number of domains at the cross-section, and transverse bridges connecting adjacent walls. To specifically study the effect of these structural characteristics on the mechanics and anisotropic compressive properties of scaffolds, we utilize additive manufacturing, i.e., 3D printing, to fabricate strictly designed cubic scaffolds with varying one characteristic at a time. We then compare strength, toughness, resilience, stiffness, and strain to failure in three orthogonal directions of the scaffolds, including longitudinal and transverse directions. To compare these multidimensional mechanics in a single diagram, we use a previously developed radar chart method to evaluate different scaffolds and unravel the effect of the structural characteristics. We find that the multidimensional mechanics can be effectively tuned by the micro-architectural characteristics. Notably, the buckling resistance of the scaffolds depends on all three structural characteristics. Our results show that an increased number of domains leads to enhanced toughness in all three directions. Increasing wall thickness leads to enhanced mechanical properties but comes at the price of losing small-sized pores, which is not favored for certain applications. In addition, adding transverse bridges increase not only the transverse strength of the scaffolds but also the longitudinal strength as they also enhance the buckling resistance. Our study provides important insights into the structure-property relationships of 3D-printed micro-architectured porous scaffolds.

Comprehensive performance evaluation of steel fiber-reinforced asphalt mixture for induction heating

ABSTRACT As a high-efficiency non-contact heating technology, induction heating has shown great application prospect in melting snow and de-icing of asphalt pavement and induced self-healing of damage of asphalt mixture. In this research, 4 lengths of steel fiber and three fiber contents were adopted. The effect of different lengths and contents of steel fiber on the performances, including optimum asphalt content, high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance, freeze–thaw cycles resistance and thermal conductivity (TC), of asphalt mixture were studied in detail. Moreover, the induction heating rates (HRs) of asphalt mixture with different lengths and contents have also been investigated. Finally, the overall performances of asphalt mixture with different lengths of fiber were compared and analysed based on the radar chart method. The results show that when the length is 7 mm and the content is 4% of steel fiber, the optimum asphalt content, TC and HR of asphalt mixture were significantly improved. When the length is 5 mm and the content is 4% of steel fiber, the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature cracking resistance and freeze–thaw cycles resistance were also significantly improved. The radar chart shows that the overall performances of asphalt mixture with 5 mm steel fiber are the best one.