Racial Groups Research Articles

Cardiovascular risk factors and disease mortality among asian american subgroups

Abstract Background Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial group in the United States. Although Asian subgroups have distinct cardiovascular (CV) risk profiles, they are often aggregated together for public health surveillance. Purpose We provide the first comprehensive national estimates of CV and CV risk factor mortality in Asian American subgroups to assess differences in CV risk. Methods We used CDC WONDER, which captures all death certificates in the US (2018-2020), as well as the American Community Survey for demographic data. Adults aged ≥18 years were included. Estimates of age-adjusted overall CV mortality, as well as heart disease, hypertension, and stroke-related mortality, were determined by ICD-10 codes. To compare the contribution of each cause of mortality among subgroups with different baseline all-cause mortality rates, proportional mortality rates were determined by race. Proportional mortality was defined as the mortality rate of each condition divided by the all-cause mortality for that race group. Differences in proportional mortality by race and ethnicity, compared with White American adults, were assessed with age-sex adjusted linear regression. Results The US population consisted of 12,950,565 Asian Americans (53.7% female). Among the Asian American subgroups, 25.4% were Asian Indian, 28.5% Chinese, 19.7% Filipino, 5.3% Japanese, 9.6% Korean, and 11.8% Vietnamese. A total of 160,282,147 adults were White. Age-adjusted baseline mortality rates are shown in the Table. Compared with White adults, Asian Indian (34.5% vs 29.3%; adjusted difference 5.2%, [95% CI: 1.8%, 8.6%], P=0.009) and Filipino (32.8% vs 29.3%; adjusted difference 3.5%, [95% CI: 0.1%, 6.9%], P=0.04) adults had significantly higher proportional mortality from all CV causes. Asian Indian (26.0% vs 22.6%; adjusted difference 3.2%, [95% CI: 0.3%, 6.2%], P=0.04) adults had higher proportional mortality from heart disease than White adults, while Korean (17.3% vs 22.6%; adjusted difference -5.2%, [95% CI: -8.1%, -2.2%], P=0.01) and Vietnamese (17.5% vs 22.6%; adjusted difference -5.1%, [95% CI: -8.0%, -2.1%], P=0.01) adults had lower proportional mortality. Every Asian American subgroup had higher proportional mortality from hypertension causes compared with White adults, except for Asian Indians (Figure). In addition, every Asian American subpopulation had higher proportional mortality from stroke compared with White adults (Figure). Conclusions CV risk factor and disease-related mortality varies substantially among Asian American subgroups. Public health efforts targeted to address CV health disparities among the diverse group of Asian Americans are needed.

Racial group differences and export market access challenges in agricultural value chains and supply networks of SMEs in South Africa

ABSTRACT Although previous studies provide an insightful and categorised nature of internal and external export barriers experienced by agricultural SMEs in general; there is little, if any, strategic insights on the racial nuances in value chain barriers for most agricultural SMEs that target global export markets. This study posits that export barriers are not uniform and differ based on race and the context in which the agricultural SME is based. Hence, we specifically explore the nature of export barriers per race within the agro-value chains in South Africa and juxtapose these with the dynamic market and historical conditions of the South African market environment. In this multi-case study, we focused mainly on the differences between black and white-owned agricultural SMEs riding on their different supply networks’ capabilities to navigate the export barriers they face. The findings serve to develop seminal knowledge to enhance export capabilities and opportunities for minority groups globally and more importantly to highlight the underlying drivers for racial imbalances in agro-supply chains. Although the findings are geographically skewed to South Africa, the market dynamics are relevant across countries with similar demographic characteristics and provide a platform for future research.

Do Community Views of Local Police Agencies Change During “Crises of Legitimacy”? Results of a Multi-wave Random Sample Community Survey in a Large Suburban Jurisdiction

AbstractGeorge Floyd’s murder by a Minneapolis Police Department officer on May 25, 2020, was arguably one of the most impactful events in modern policing in the United States. However, several controversial and highly publicized use-of-force events preceded it during the 2010s, leading to this entire period being labeled a “crisis of legitimacy” or “reckoning” for the police. Nationally, perceptions of the police declined during this period, especially after Floyd’s death, prompting a great deal of debate, protest, and discussion about police reform (including arguments about defunding the police). However, a great deal of variation exists in these perceptions at the local level. This study presents a rare insight into this issue, pooling two random-sample household mail surveys that researchers collected in 2015 and 2021 in a large urban-suburban county. It seeks to determine whether changes in specific measures of perceived police legitimacy and effectiveness found in national-level polls were also found in this jurisdiction, and more specifically, across different racial groups. Although this racially and ethnically diverse county is also a progressive Democratic stronghold, the results suggest that local views about police—even when disaggregated by race—may not align with national perspectives or events as expected, which, in turn, may impact support for police reforms at the local and national levels.

Black Caregiver Perspectives During a Developmental Diagnostic Interview.

Despite increasing autism prevalence rates across racial and ethnic groups, research has traditionally overlooked the influence of culture on developmental diagnostic conversations. Addressing this gap in research is crucial to understanding and mitigating potential disparities in diagnostic experiences, especially among Black caregivers. Black caregivers encounter frustration and discrimination during the diagnostic process, citing dismissiveness and a lack of cultural competence from healthcare providers. To address these issues, this study centers the perspectives of Black caregivers as they participate in a developmental diagnostic program for toddlers under three years of age. This retrospective qualitative study, conducted exclusively by a Black research team, involved nineteen Black caregivers of thirteen toddlers as they participated in semi-structured interviews conducted by a multidisciplinary clinical team. The research team employed a conceptual content analysis to examine caregivers' descriptions of their children's behaviors and characteristics, as well as the factors and experiences associated with their descriptions. Caregivers provided distinct descriptions of behaviors and characteristics in the categories of language and communication, learning, and temperament, associating them with situational and dispositional factors and experiences. The findings offer valuable insights for implementing culturally responsive diagnostic practices. Additionally, these results may enhance the quality of caregiver-provider interactions during developmental assessment, leading to earlier and more accurate diagnoses for Black children.

The Impact of COVID-19 Shocks on the U.S. Unemployment Rate

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the U.S. labor market, resulting in significant fluctuations in unemployment rates across various demographic and educational groups. This paper examines the trends in unemployment from January 2020 to December 2021, a period characterized by intense economic upheavals due to public health measures and subsequent economic recovery initiatives. Utilizing data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the study explores how unemployment rates varied among different racial groups and levels of educational attainment, identifying which groups were most vulnerable to job losses and which experienced more resilient employment patterns. The findings reveal that the pandemic exacerbated existing disparities in the labor market, with particularly severe impacts on Black or African American individuals and those with lower educational levels. The paper also discusses the gradual recovery observed in unemployment rates as the economy began to stabilize, though noting that full recovery was not uniform across all groups and make a conclusion that there are significant differences in the impact of different racial groups and levels of education on unemployment rates. Through this analysis, the research provides insights into the structural weaknesses in the labor market exposed by the pandemic and offers recommendations for targeted policy measures aimed at fostering a more equitable economic recovery. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the economic implications of global health crises and the critical role of inclusive policy interventions in mitigating these effects.

The cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Mothers on Respect Index for Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders

BackgroundNative Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) are disproportionately burdened by pregnancy-related deaths in the United States and have the lowest engagement in prenatal care compared to all other US racial groups. Aside from access barriers, studies suggest that NHPI face challenges with patient-clinician communication, perceived discrimination, and cultural conflicts within healthcare settings. This paper describes the cultural adaptation of the 14-item Mothers On Respect index for NHPI, originally developed by Vedam et al. (2017) for diverse communities in British Columbia, Canada, and reports the findings of the preliminary psychometric assessment of the adapted measure.MethodsData from 26 interviews with NHPI women, expert, and cognitive interviews were conducted to inform the adaptation. An online survey was administered to a sample of 90 NHPI women to assess construct validity, convergent validity, and internal reliability of the adapted measure using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.ResultsThe adaptation resulted in substantial changes to the original measure, mainly by the addition of items related to ‘feeling cared for by and connected to the provider’ and ‘perceived threats hindering communication.’ The psychometric analyses identified a three-factor structure for the culturally adapted index and confirmatory factor analyses were employed to refine the measure. The result was a 25-item index with acceptable goodness of fit indices, high internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.96, 95% CI = .94-.97) and convergent validity with a related scale. Overall, participants in this sample indicated high levels of respectful care; however, people who received < 8 prenatal care visits had significantly lower ratings on average.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the elements valued by NHPI are not fully captured in existing measures of respectful maternity care. Efforts to assess more discrete aspects of the patient-provider relationship for culturally distinct and racialized groups could help improve the quality of care and advance equity in maternal and perinatal health marginalized communities.

The diabetes cardiovascular outcomes trials and racial and ethnic minority enrollment: impact, barriers, and potential solutions

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects millions of individuals worldwide and is a well-documented risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease and chronic kidney disease, both of which are leading causes of mortality. Racial and ethnic minority groups in the US, including but not limited to Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and Southeast Asian individuals, are disproportionately burdened by both T2D and its adverse outcomes. In recent years, there have been numerous cardiovascular outcomes trials (CVOTs) on novel antidiabetic therapies, including the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. CVOTs’s initial aim was to demonstrate the cardiovascular safety of these drugs. Unexpected CV and kidney protective effects were found, specifically among the GLP-1 RAs and the SGLT2 inhibitors. These benefits informed the new paradigm of the management of patients with T2D. However, some experts argued that the lack of racial and ethnic minority group representation in these trials represented a challenge. While the downstream effects of this lack of representation must be further elucidated, it is clear and recognized that efforts need to be made to include a more representative sample in future CVOTs, specifically including individuals from those groups most burdened by T2D and its complications, if clinicians are to have an accurate picture of the benefits and potential pitfalls of utilizing these drugs in a real-world setting. In this comprehensive review, we briefly summarize the significant findings from the CVOTs, report the lack of representation of Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic Black, and Southeast Asian individuals in the CVOTs, investigate the barriers to recruiting racial and ethnic minority groups into clinical trials, and suggest potential solutions to overcome these obstacles at the patient-, provider-, and sponsor/system-level in future trials.

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Social Vulnerability: An Epidemiological Analysis of Mortality Outcomes.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) outcomes have been previously linked to demographic and social factors. The social vulnerability index (SVI) is a measure of social vulnerability in the United States. We explored PPCM disparities and the impact of SVI on PPCM mortality. Mortality from 1999 to 2020, SVI, and demographic data were obtained from CDC databases. County-specific SVI rankings were linked to PPCM age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs), allowing for a comparative analysis of AAMRs across both cumulative populations and subpopulations to identify disparities. All US counties were then stratified into low- and high-SVI groups, facilitating comparison of SVI rankings by estimation of excess-deaths per 1 000 000 person-years attributable to greater social vulnerability and rate ratios (RR) through univariable Poisson regression. We identified a total of 1026 deaths related to PPCM between 1999 and 2020. Overall AAMR increased from 0.180 in 1999 to 0.326 in 2020. Black populations (AAMR: 1.081) and Southern US counties (AAMR: 0.444) had the highest AAMRs compared with other racial and US census groups, respectively. Higher SVI accounted for 0.172 excess deaths per 1 000 000 person-years (RR=1.800). Among Black and White populations, higher SVI also accounted for 0.248 and 0.071 excess deaths per 1 000 000 person-years, respectively. Similar impacts of greater social vulnerability were observed when comparing the US census regions (Northeast RR=1.609, Midwest RR=1.819, South RR=1.934, West RR=1.776). PPCM mortality disparities exist across racial and geographic populations in the United States. A greater burden of social vulnerability is associated with higher PPCM mortality on a national level.

Improving racial/ethnic health equity and naloxone access among people at risk for opioid overdose: A simulation modeling analysis of community-based naloxone distribution strategies in Massachusetts, United States.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a surge in opioid overdose deaths (OODs) in Massachusetts, USA, particularly among Black and Hispanic/Latinx populations. Despite the increasing racial and ethnic disparities in OODs, there was no compensatory increase in naloxone distributed to these groups. We aimed to evaluate two community-based naloxone expansion strategies, with the objective of identifying approaches that could mitigate mortality and racial and ethnic disparities in OODs. Individual-based simulation model. We measured naloxone availability using naloxone kits per OOD and evaluated scenarios of achieving higher benchmarks for naloxone availability (i.e. 40, 60 and 80 kits per OOD) from 2022 levels (overall: 26.0, White: 28.8, Black: 17.3, Hispanic/Latinx: 18.9). We compared two naloxone distribution strategies: (1) proportional distribution: achieving the benchmark ratio at the overall population level while distributing additional kits proportional to the 2022 level for each racial/ethnic group (at 40 kits per OOD benchmark: overall: 40, White: 44.3, Black: 26.6, Hispanic/Latinx: 29.1), and (2) equity-focused distribution: achieving the benchmark ratio among each racial/ethnic group (at 40 kits per OOD benchmark: 40 for all groups). Massachusetts, United States. People at risk of OOD. Annual number and rate of OODs, total healthcare costs of increasing naloxone availability. Both naloxone distribution strategies yielded comparable predicted reductions in total OODs in 2025 and incurred similar incremental costs. However, the relative reduction in the rate of OODs differed across groups. For achieving an 80 kits per OOD benchmark, proportional distribution resulted in a projected 6.7%, 6.5% and 7.1% reduction in annual OODs in 2025 among White, Black and Hispanic/Latinx populations, respectively. In contrast, equity-focused distribution achieved a reduction of 5.7%, 11.3% and 10.2% in the respective groups. In all scenarios, the cost per OOD averted was lower than the generally accepted thresholds for cost per life saved. An equity-focused naloxone distribution strategy designed to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in naloxone availability could improve health equity among racial and ethnic groups while potentially improving overall population health at lower healthcare costs per opioid overdose death averted than a proportional distribution strategy.

Expanded Newborn Screening Using Genome Sequencing for Early Actionable Conditions

The feasibility of implementing genome sequencing as an adjunct to traditional newborn screening (NBS) in newborns of different racial and ethnic groups is not well understood. To report interim results of acceptability, feasibility, and outcomes of an ongoing genomic NBS study in a diverse population in New York City within the context of the New York State Department of Health Newborn Screening Program. The Genomic Uniform-screening Against Rare Disease in All Newborns (GUARDIAN) study was a multisite, single-group, prospective, observational investigation of supplemental newborn genome screening with a planned enrollment of 100 000 participants. Parent-reported race and ethnicity were recorded at the time of recruitment. Results of the first 4000 newborns enrolled in 6 New York City hospitals between September 2022 and July 2023 are reported here as part of a prespecified interim analysis. Sequencing of 156 early-onset genetic conditions with established interventions selected by the investigators were screened in all participants and 99 neurodevelopmental disorders associated with seizures were optional. The primary outcome was screen-positive rate. Additional outcomes included enrollment rate and successful completion of sequencing. Over 11 months, 5555 families were approached and 4000 (72.0%) consented to participate. Enrolled participants reflected a diverse group by parent-reported race (American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.5%; Asian, 16.5%; Black, 25.1%; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 0.1%; White, 44.7%; 2 or more races, 13.0%) and ethnicity (Hispanic, 44.0%; not Hispanic, 56.0%). The majority of families consented to screening of both groups of conditions (both groups, 90.6%; disorders with established interventions only, 9.4%). Testing was successfully completed for 99.6% of cases. The screen-positive rate was 3.7%, including treatable conditions that are not currently included in NBS. These interim findings demonstrate the feasibility of targeted interpretation of a predefined set of genes from genome sequencing in a population of different racial and ethnic groups. DNA sequencing offers an additional method to improve screening for conditions already included in NBS and to add those that cannot be readily screened because there is no biomarker currently detectable in dried blood spots. Additional studies are required to understand if these findings are generalizable to populations of different racial and ethnic groups and whether introduction of sequencing leads to changes in management and improved health outcomes. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05990179.

Racial disparities persist in mortality after firearm assault injuries: A national analysis of the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database

ObjectivesIt is unclear whether improvements in the delivery of trauma care over the last decade have diminished racial disparities in mortality after firearm injuries. MethodsThe American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program was queried for patients (≥18 years old) who experienced penetrating firearm assault injuries between 2008 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between mortality and race, controlling for demographics, comorbidities, shock index, injury severity score injury location, and hospital characteristics. ResultsThis retrospective cohort study included 261,116 patients who experienced firearm injuries secondary to assault between 2008 and 2018. Patients most frequently identified as Black (64.1%, n = 167,494), followed by White (16.3%, n = 42,649), Hispanic/Latino (15.7%, n = 41,044), and other racial groups (3.8%, n = 9,929). On multivariable logistic regression, Black patients (odds ratio, 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.45–1.62), and Hispanic/Latino patients (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.19) were more likely to die after a firearm assault injury than White patients. Black patients were more likely to die in the emergency department (62.2%, n = 13,438) compared with White patients (52.7%, n = 2,838), Hispanic/Latino patients (53.0%, n = 2,635), and patients of other races (54.8%, n = 681). Across all years of the study period, Black patients had a greater risk-adjusted mortality rate than White patients and Hispanic/Latino patients. ConclusionSignificant racial disparities in mortality after firearm assault continue to persist. Early death within the emergency department appears to be a significant driver of these persistent disparities.

Interconnectedness of mindfulness facets and their impact on mental health outcomes in Asian American and European American college students: A network approach.

Despite extensive research supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions, the understanding of the dynamic connections between various mindfulness facets, particularly across diverse cultures, remained limited. This study aimed to investigate the networks among mindfulness aspects across different cultural backgrounds and their individual associations with mental health and well-being. Using the data collected from 710 undergraduate students in Hawaii (445 Asian Americans, 265 European Americans), we constructed sparse networks for each group to investigate their centrality index. To compare the overall structures of these networks, we utilized permutation-based tests. In addition, we used relative weight analysis to evaluate the distinct contributions of each mindfulness facet to positive and negative mental health outcomes. The results indicated similar trends in both racial groups, emphasizing the importance of specific mindfulness aspects like describing and acting with awareness within the mindfulness construct. However, notable variations were observed, particularly in how observing and nonjudging facets related among Asian Americans. In addition, acting with awareness and nonjudging showed substantial inverse associations with negative mental health outcomes across groups, whereas the observing aspect displayed positive connections with anxiety and stress among Asian Americans. The findings suggest which aspects are fundamental to mindfulness, aiding in a nuanced understanding of the construct. They also emphasize the importance of acknowledging cultural diversity in both mindfulness research and its clinical applications. Practical implications and directions for future research were discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Assessing the role of non-state actors in health service delivery and health system resilience in Myanmar

BackgroundDue to the weaknesses of the public health system and its low reach, especially in border areas, provision of health services by non-state actors (NSAs) has historically played an important role in Myanmar. NSAs include local and international NGOs and civil society organisations (CSOs), but also Ethnic Health Organisations (EHOs) in the border areas, as well as the private (for profit) sector. This study aims to understand the changing role of NSAs in the shifting political environment of Myanmar between 2010 and 2022, and to explore their contribution to health system resilience.MethodsOur study includes three main components: a documentary review (n = 22), key informant interviews (KIIs) at central level (n = 14) and two township-level case studies (13 KIIs, 4 FGDs). Mostly qualitative data were collected in 2022 and synthesized, using a health system resilience framework to structure the analysis.ResultsDuring the transition period (2010–2014) and the new political era (2015–2020), while the country gradually transitioned to a democratic system, the government increasingly recognized NSAs. Initially, engagement with NSAs remained focused on disease-specific activities and government oversight was limited, but later it expanded to health system strengthening, including the start of a “convergence” with ethnic health systems. Progress was relatively slow, but defined by a clear vision and plans. The military coup of February 2021 brought a halt to this progress. Collaboration between government and NSAs was interrupted, and NSAs restored previous practices and parallel systems. Initially, most health service provision stopped, but with time coping strategies emerged, which showed the capacity of NSAs to absorb the shocks (focusing on basic services; using informal communication channels; maintaining buffer stocks of supplies) and adapt (changing modes of delivery and supply chains, and adjusting HRH training).ConclusionsThe study highlights the role of NSAs during crises, and provides insights on how the resilience capacities built over time by NSAs to provide services in adverse circumstances have informed the response to the latest crisis. While strategies of absorption and adaptation are noted in the study, we did not identify any transformation strategy – which might indicate the difficulty of NSAs to introduce radical changes when subjected to multiple shocks and a hostile political environment.

Racial and ethnic and sex differences in at-home estimates of sleep-disordered breathing parameters among Mexican American, Black, and Non-Hispanic White adults.

Background Racial and ethnic and sex differences in sleep may exist, but there are limited data directly comparing objective estimates of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), particularly in rapid eye movement (REM) versus non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, among Black, Mexican American (MA) and non-Hispanic White (NHW) men and women. Our goal is to investigate health disparities in SDB in a new, diverse cohort of older adults. Research Question Do SDB parameters during REM and NREM sleep differ by race and ethnicity or sex in community-dwelling older adults?. Methods The Dormir Study conducted a comprehensive sleep examination among eligible participants enrolled in the ongoing community-based Health and Aging Brain Study-Health Disparities (HABS-HD) cohort (2020-4), among Black, MA, and NHW adults aged 50 years and older. Here we characterize racial and ethnic and sex differences in SDB indices assessed by an FDA-approved Peripheral Arterial Tonometry (PAT)-based home sleep testing system. Results We examined 821 participants, including 543 (66.1%) women, and 284 (34.6%) MA and 174 (21.2%) Black individuals, with a mean age of 66.6±8.5 years. Around half (50.5%) of the participants had moderate to severe SDB as defined by the respiratory event index (REI based on 3% desaturations) of ≥15/ hour, 72.7% with moderate to severe REM SDB (REM-REI ≥ 15/hour) and 39.5% with moderate to severe NREM SDB (NREM-REI ≥15/hour). The prevalence of SDB did not differ by race or sex. However, significant racial and ethnic and sex differences were observed for REM-specific SDB metrics. Overall, Black women had the highest REM REI, and NHW men had the lowest REM REI and REM ODI. After controlling for age, sex, education, income, employment status, cognitive status, BMI, history of hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease, and sleep medication use, Black participants had a REM-REI that was 3 events per hour higher than that of NHW adults, while NREM-REI were similar. MA individuals had similar REM or NREM SDB parameters compared to NHW adults but exhibited higher average blood oxygen levels. Conclusions In this community-based cohort of middle- to older-aged NHW, MA, and Black adults, PAT-based measures of in-home sleep indicate a higher prevalence of REM SDB in Black adults, particularly Black women, compared to their NHW counterparts; this contrasts with the similar NREM parameters observed across racial and ethnic groups. Given the close link between REM SDB and adverse health outcomes, clinicians should pay more attention to this sleep apnea phenotype, especially in minoritized populations.

Top-down racial biases in size perception: A registered replication and extension of

Biases in the perception and judgment of members of race-based and ethnicity-based minority groups are prevalent, often resulting in detrimental outcomes for these individuals. One such bias is a threat-related stereotype, associating specific race and ethnicity-based social groups with aggressiveness, violence, and criminality. In the US context, Black men are often victims of such bias. Recent evidence suggests that threat-related stereotypes are also linked to biased perceptions, such that perceivers overestimate the body size of Black relative to White men, even in the absence of perceptual differences between them. That is, mere top-down social category information was sufficient to induce perceptual biases in size perception related to threat (Wilson et al., 2017, Study 7). Considering the novelty of this finding and its theoretical importance, we suggested a registered replication of this finding to assess its robustness across laboratories, participants, and social groups. We conducted a direct replication (Study 1, N = 280) of the effect reported by Wilson and colleagues, followed by a conceptual replication (Study 2, N = 280) that tested the generalization of the original findings to another population (Israeli residents) and a different target social group (Muslim Israelis) frequently stereotyped as threatening in this population. Participants did not overestimate the body size of Black or Muslim Israeli targets, pointing to a failed replication of the original effect. These findings suggest that the effects of purely top-down social category information on threat-related perception and judgment are less robust than previously assumed.

From assimilation to alienation: exploring the career trajectories of women of color leaders and the coping strategies used

PurposeThis qualitative study explores the career trajectories of women of color (WOC) leaders through the “From Assimilation to Alienation” framework, building upon Thomas et al.’s (2013) “Pet to Threat” work and incorporating intersectionality and the Stereotype Content Model. By examining 71 WOC leaders across various industries and racial groups (Black, East Asian, Latina and South Asian), this study aims to uncover the challenges, coping strategies they employ and the nuanced variations in their career experiences. The findings seek to inform organizational practices and DEI interventions in workplaces and leadership positions by considering the complex interplay of race, gender and stereotypes in corporate environments.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study employs an interpretivist paradigm, featuring semi-structured interviews with 71 WOC leaders (18 Black, 18 East Asian, 17 Latina and 18 South Asian) from various industries, including Fortune 10 to 500 companies. Participants were purposively sampled based on leadership roles and racial backgrounds. Virtual interviews lasted approximately 60 min each. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, focusing on predefined themes from the “From Assimilation to Alienation” framework while allowing for new themes to emerge. This approach enabled the exploration of participants' experiences, challenges and coping strategies within their corporate environments.FindingsThe findings reveal that WOC leaders experience a trajectory “From Assimilation to Alienation,” with nuanced variations across racial groups. Initially, they face tokenism, overlooked competencies and patronization. As they challenge the status quo, they encounter alienation, professional legitimacy challenges and insufficient recognition. Black women leaders face the most adverse experiences, followed by South Asian, Latina and East Asian leaders. Isolation emerges as a persistent theme across racial groups and career tenures. WOC leaders employ coping strategies such as demonstrating high work proficiency, relying on merit, utilizing diplomacy and setting boundaries when facing adversity.Research limitations/implicationsThis study’s limitations include a focus on specific racial groups (Black, East Asian, Latina and South Asian), excluding white women and other diverse groups. It also does not explore intersectionalities such as religion, sexual orientation and age. However, the “From Assimilation to Alienation” framework developed in this study provides a foundation for future research to examine how multiple intersectionalities impact work and leadership experiences across a broader range of diverse groups.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide valuable insights into the unique challenges faced by WOC leaders, highlighting the need for organizations to develop targeted interventions that address the “From Assimilation to Alienation” trajectory. Leadership training programs should incorporate modules that raise awareness about the experiences of WOC leaders and provide tools to assess and mitigate the adverse effects of tokenism, isolation and professional legitimacy challenges. These modules should also emphasize the importance of recognizing and rewarding the contributions of WOC leaders. By fostering a deeper understanding of the experiences of this group and providing practical strategies for support and inclusion, organizations can create a more equitable and inclusive leadership landscape that harnesses the full potential of diverse talent.Originality/valueThis study extends the Pet to Threat theory (Thomas et al., 2013) by exploring the “From Assimilation to Alienation” experiences of women of color leaders in corporate environments, integrating intersectionality and the Stereotype Content Model. Examining leaders from four racial groups (Black, East Asian, Latina and South Asian) provides a nuanced understanding of their challenges and coping strategies. The findings offer insights for organizations promoting DEI in leadership, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. This research contributes to the limited literature on career trajectories of this underrepresented group and lays the foundation for future studies on intersectionality of race, gender and leadership in the workplace.

Trust in Health Institutions Across Racial Groups: Implications for Dual Flu-Coronavirus Vaccine Adoption.

This study employs t-tests to compare the means of trust in health institutions, frequency of flu vaccine uptake, and COVID-19 vaccine uptake between individuals who are willing and unwilling to accept the combined vaccine. Additionally, a weighted logistic regression analysis is conducted to predict the likelihood of individuals to receive the combined vaccine, considering key independent and control variables. The t-test results reveal that individuals who are willing to accept the combined vaccine exhibit higher levels of trust in health institutions, more frequent flu vaccine uptake, and higher COVID-19 vaccine uptake. This pattern holds true across all racial groups. The logistic regression analysis demonstrates that trust in health institutions, frequency of flu vaccine uptake, and COVID-19 vaccine uptake significantly predict individuals' willingness to accept the combined vaccine. Partisanship and demographic characteristics also exert influence on vaccine acceptance. Trust in health institutions plays a pivotal role in vaccine acceptance among individuals from all racial groups. Encouraging routine vaccination practices and leveraging existing vaccination campaigns can facilitate the adoption of combined vaccines. It is imperative to address racial disparities and tailor communication strategies to specific demographic groups to enhance vaccine uptake.

Do immigrant women spend more time on unpaid labor? Generational differences by race, ethnicity, and household composition in household work within the United States

ABSTRACT Despite relative progress, it is an overt fact that women still take on the heavier burden of unpaid work in the household compared to men in the United States. Our study expands the horizons of previous studies by looking at women specifically and analyzes how women’s performance of unpaid labor differentiates based on various contexts such as generational status, household composition, race, and ethnicity. Using the pooled cross-sectional data from the 2011-2021 American Time Use Survey (ATUS), we test hypotheses derived from an absolute resources perspective and a structural perspective to examine migrant generational differences among married, cohabiting, and single women as well as investigate the intra-group differences of racial and ethnic groups. From our descriptive analysis and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses, we find support for the structural perspective for housework, as the generational differences remain even after controlling for socioeconomic factors, but only for first-generation married women. However, socioeconomic factors account for the differences between cohabiting or single first-generation women, which is supported by the absolute resources perspective. Our intra-group analysis by racial and ethnic groups yielded similar findings but found that Hispanic and Asian first-generation women take on a larger proportion of housework, relative to later-generation women.

Analysis of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Mortality Rates Among the Elderly Populations Across the United States: An Analysis of Demographic and Regional Disparities from 1999 to 2020.

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and a significant public health concern, characterized by high incidence, mortality, and economic burden. This study analyzes the mortality patterns and demographic disparities in Alzheimer's disease-related deaths among the elderly population in the United States from 1999 through 2020. Alzheimer's disease mortality data for individuals 65 and older were obtained from the CDC WONDER database, utilizing ICD-10 codes G30.0, G30.1, G30.8, and G30.9 for identification. Demographic and regional variables included age, gender, race/ethnicity, place of death, urban- rural status, and geographic region. Crude death rates (CR) and age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 individuals were calculated. Joinpoint Regression Program 5.0.2 was used to analyze trends, calculating Annual Percentage Changes (APCs) and Average Annual Percentage Changes (AAPCs). From 1999 to 2020, 1,852,432 deaths were attributed to AD among individuals aged 65 and older. The AAMR increased from 128.8 in 1999 to 254.3 in 2020, with an AAPC of 2.99% (95% CI = 2.61-3.48). The age-adjusted mortality rate (AAMR) was higher in females (218.5) than in males (163.5). Among racial and ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites had the highest AAMR, followed by Non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics. Regionally, the West reported the highest AAMR, while the Northeast recorded the lowest. Most deaths occurred in nursing homes (57.3%), with a significant portion also occurring at decedents' homes (22.4%). AD mortality rates in the U.S. have risen significantly, with notable disparities across age, gender, race, and geographic regions. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and research to address the growing burden of AD, particularly among the most affected demographic groups.

An Immediate but Fleeting Interest in MPH Programs After the Onset of COVID-19: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis.

The relationship between the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and interest in master of public health (MPH) programs is unknown. We examined trends in MPH application rates for 31 MPH concentrations and specifically for the MPH concentration in epidemiology and differences by race and ethnicity before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We constructed a quasi-experimental design to examine trends in MPH application rates from academic years 2015-2016 through 2022-2023 by using Centralized Application Service for Schools and Programs of Public Health data. We used an interrupted time-series analysis to test whether application rates surged after the pandemic's onset (academic years 2019-2020 through 2020-2021) and whether this increase persisted during the pandemic (academic years 2020-2021 through 2022-2023). We fit models for the overall sample, a combined racially and ethnically minoritized sample, each racial and ethnic group separately, and a non-US citizen sample. The pandemic's onset correlated with an immediate increase in application rates across most samples: overall (38%) and among American Indian/Alaska Native/Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (91%), Asian (35%), Black (42%), Hispanic (60%), multiracial (30%), racially and ethnically minoritized (44%), and White (53%) samples. However, this trend was not sustained; application rate trends during the pandemic were significantly lower than prepandemic trends. Application rate trends for all MPH concentrations and the MPH in epidemiology concentration among non-US citizens were significantly higher during the pandemic than prepandemic. Our results highlight the need for innovative strategies to sustain MPH degree interest and a diverse applicant pool.