Racist Practices Research Articles

Critical Components of Successful Cross-Race Mentoring Relationships: Perspectives of Mentees and Mentors

This intrinsic case study (Stake, 1995) explores the critical components of successful cross-race mentoring relationships from the mentees and mentors involved in the Increasing Minority Presence within Academia through Continuous Training (IMPACT) mentoring program. Stakeholders across academia need to better understand what facilitates successful cross-race mentoring, due to the underrepresentation of senior and emeriti faculty of color in engineering. Interviews with 16 Black engineering faculty mentees and 14 primarily White emeriti mentors were analyzed inductively and resulted in three interconnected themes: (a) self-awareness and empathy create trusting, honest conversations; (b) mentee career advancement must be core to the relationship; and (c) a history of racial allyship from the mentor is required. These findings reveal the importance of the IMPACT mentoring program creating successful mentoring matches in which both sides demonstrate self-awareness and empathy, focus on mentee career advancement, and mentors possessing a track record of dismantling racist practices in the academy.

Determining Sources of Air Pollution Exposure Inequity in New York City Through Land-Use Regression Modeling of PM2.5 Constituents

Differences in exposures and resources to manage personal health contribute to persistent inequities in air pollution burden despite vast air quality improvements over the past 2–3 decades in the United States. These factors are, partly, linked to historic racist practices, such as redlining, a discriminatory housing policy that was practiced legally between 1935 and 1968. Using 100 m × 100 m resolution land-use regression predicted surfaces of PM2.5 constituents (black carbon, nickel, vanadium, and copper) as pollution source indicators, we fit Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effects models to examine differences in source exposures over two study periods, 2008–2015 and 2016–2019, comparing (1) redlined to not redlined and (2) high-asthma to low-asthma neighborhoods. We examine redlining as an indicator of historical, and structural racism and asthma rates as an indicator of present-day community burden. Redlined areas saw near elimination of disparities in exposure to residual oil boilers and marine residual oil but persistent disparities in traffic. High-asthma neighborhoods continue to have disproportionately high exposures to both residual oil boilers and traffic, with no discernable disparities related to marine residual oil emissions. Overall exposure disparities are small, with PM2.5 disparities by both asthma morbidity and redlining amounting to less than 1 µg/m3 and NO2 disparities by asthma and redlining amounting to less than 2 ppb in the post-2016 period. For context, 2019 NYC average PM2.5 and NO2 were 8.5 µg/m3 and 20 ppb, respectively. Our findings suggest that local pollution policy should focus on reducing traffic and building boiler emissions in high-asthma neighborhoods to reduce exacerbations.

Arte e resistência na obra Trampolim

Racism against Black populations has been a recurring issue in our society over the centuries, dating back to the era of slavery. As a way to confront these violences, Black individuals seek to resist in various forms within the social sphere, often through art. Thus, situated within the territory of French Discourse Analysis, we aim to analyze the racial resistance movements present in the work Trampolim from the Banhistas Collection by Antonio Obá, through the lens of French Discourse Analysis. The work, produced in 2019, revisits an incident that occurred at the Monson Motor Lodge hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964, when a group of Black individuals who entered the hotel’s pool to protest against a racist practice were subjected to yet another act of violence. By recalling this episode, Obá not only recovers the meanings associated with Blackness—stigma, repression, violence—but also re-signifies them. Through his denunciation of the network of significations that permeates Black populations, he brings forth other possibilities for understanding them through the significant materialities he employs. The meanings are suspended so that new ones may resonate, in a continuous movement, revealing the resistance of the Black subject through art, based on the denunciation of their social condition. Thus, art, resistance, and denunciation intersect, creating a new territory for Black individuals that is polysemic and diverse, harboring meanings that offer alternative ways of understanding them in the discursive scene. The artist's positioning serves a cause, and by occupying a stance within the discourse, he resists others.

The Fact of Anti-Blackness in South African Farms

This article uses the 2020 protest by a group of white farmers in Senekal as an entry point to the continuing anti-Black racist violence in South Africa’s white-owned farms. It argues that the key demand by the white farmers reflected the living violent history of white farmers, particularly as articulated in the country’s farmlands. The article contends that the history of white racial violence that produced the current racial disparities of land ownership in South Africa is, to an extent, kept alive by the ongoing exploitative and racist practices that have become a defining feature of white farming practices in South Africa. These exploitative and racist practices are well documented in the research on post-1994 white farms. As was the case in the past, anti-Black racist violence in contemporary South Africa relies on the narrative that historically constructed Blacks as subhuman and therefore were regarded as deserving of exploitation and unfair treatment. Blacks in this narrative are cast as not worthy of being treated with dignity and hence the dominant theme of this narrative portray Black life as insignificant, meaningless and disposable.

Equal Despite Different Entitlements? M.C. Piepers’ Ambiguous Conceptualization of Legal Equality (1898)

In ‘Gelijkstelling van Vreemde Oosterlingen met Europeanen’ (‘Legal Equation of Foreign Asians with Europeans’), published in 1898 in Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië, the liberal intellectual M.C. Piepers argued against the legal equation of the resident Japanese subjects in the Netherlands Indies with the Europeans. To make such equation happen, Parliament in the Netherlands discussed a change in the Law in order to alter the provisions with respect to the binary colonial distinction between Europeans and all other people in the Netherlands Indies as laid down in article 109 of the ‘colonial constitution’ (‘regeringsreglement’) of 1854. The change was needed for the 1896/1897 trade-agreement between the Netherlandic Empire and Imperial Japan to be implemented. Piepers warned against this ‘surrender’ to Japanese claims, arguing that the change emerged from a wide-spread misunderstanding of the legal and constitutional regulations with respect to legal entitlements in the Netherlands Indies. This article interprets Piepers’ passionate defense of the judicial status quo concerning equality founded on ‘legal’ definitions of difference, as an avant la lettre constitutional ‘apartheid’ argument. Piepers’ view on Netherlands Indies state formation started from a legal pluralism with subjectively defined groups. We will argue how in these subjectivities resonate three levels of power relations around 1900: a) geopolitical; b) national/state/colonial c) individual; with long-living aftermaths. Piepers final line of defending the status quo is the distinction between the just de jure equality in colonial society and the unjustified de facto hierarchical relationships between the different population groups. This very opposition between just laws and unfair practices in colonial governance obscures how the Eurocentrism of European (liberal) legal thought inevitably resulted in racist practice

Quest for Equity: Using multiple methodologies to promote collaboration and engagement in anti-racism education

This article explores how multiple methodologies can create new spaces to reimagine anti-racism work and enhance engagement in anti-racist education. Through the combination of two methodologies, namely design-based research (DBR) and gamification, the paper describes the design formation of the game Quest for Equity, a collaborative and engaging speaking tool. The game improved player engagement and effective collaboration, while challenging performative and racist practices in higher education. This paper provides methodological contributions such as the unique use of facilitation observation and presents an interesting way to extract elements of multiple research approaches to suit contextual goals, reimagining new solutions to historical and contemporary problems.

The Role of Nursing Leadership in Dismantling Racism in Nursing: A Call to Action.

Racism is a structural determinant of health that affects mental health outcomes in the United States and globally. Nursing leaders must respond to a call to action to address racism in nursing. The purpose of the current article is to present evidence-based, race-conscious strategies for nurses in leadership roles to identify, challenge, and mitigate racism in nursing education and practice. Building on a theoretical framework, we share essential diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) strategies for dismantling racism in nursing. These DEI strategies include: (1) critical self-reflection, (2) mutual respect and recognition, (3) challenging White privilege, (4) leveraging available resources, (5) intentional advocacy/strategic planning, and (6) continuing education. The work of this American Nurses Association (ANA)-Illinois DEI Expert Panel is presented as an example of a statewide initiative to promote a greater understanding of the global history of racialization and challenge nursing leaders to act now to eliminate the contemporary effects of racism in the nursing profession. To truly challenge and mitigate racist practices, nursing leadership must be proactively engaged and have a strategic action plan in place to confront structural racism. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, xx(xx), xx-xx.].

The Importance of Discussing the History of Racism in Medical Student Education.

Racial health disparities are tightly linked to the longstanding and pervasive institution of racism. Efforts to reverse disparities begin with awareness and accountability through education. The health care workforce must be formally educated about racist practices, tools, and ideologies that perpetuate poor health outcomes. This article explores prior efforts to integrate race didactics into medical school education, addresses current legislation, and illuminates lessons learned from a single institution pilot curriculum exploring the history of racism in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Educating medical school students about the history of racism is an important and necessary tool for positive change.

A health equity ECHO for clinicians of individuals with SCD

Abstract SCD is the most common genetic disorder in the United States, affecting nearly 100 000 Americans, with the majority of affected individuals identifying as Black. Studies have shown that both children and adults with SCD face stigmatization resulting in low-quality care stemming from institutional racism and implicit bias by clinicians. Clinician biases often result from a lack of awareness of their own racial identity, failure to develop an anti-racist or social justice lens, and absence of skills to mitigate racist practices and policies. The Sickle Treatment and Outcomes Research in the Midwest (STORM) multi-state regional learning network developed a health equity training curriculum that was delivered as a continuing education learning series using the Project ECHO® virtual telementoring framework supplemented with an online learning management system. The curriculum addressed foundations of race, racism, and whiteness along with social justice strategies for the individual and institutional level and was piloted with 2 clinician cohorts to assess its feasibility, acceptability, and the potential impact on clinician self-efficacy. Feasibility and acceptability data, including qualitative feedback, suggest that this is a promising method for multidisciplinary clinicians and trainees for raising self-awareness about racism and bias, providing a safe community for self-reflection, and building skills to address inequities within healthcare settings.

Researching race, accounting and accountability: past, present and future

PurposeThis paper introduces the special issue on Race and Accounting and Accountability. In so doing, it explores racism in its historical and contemporary forms, the role of accounting and accountability in enabling racism and racial discrimination and also efforts of redress and resistance.Design/methodology/approachWe reflect on several critical themes to demonstrate the pervasive and insidious nature of racism and, review the literature on race and racism in accounting, focusing on studies that followed the seminal work by Annisette and Prasad (2017) who called for more research. We also review the six papers included in this special issue.FindingsWhile many overt systems of racial domination experienced throughout history have subsided, racism is engrained in our everyday lives and in broader societal structures in more covert and nuanced forms. Yet, in accounting, as Annisette and Prasad noted, the focus has continued to be on the former. This special issue shifts this imbalance – five of the six papers focus on contemporary racism. Moreover, it demonstrates that although accounting technologies can and do facilitate racism and racist practices, accountability and counter accounts offer avenues for calling out and disrupting the powers and privileges that underlie racial discrimination and, resistance by un-silencing minority groups subjected to discrimination and injustice.Originality/valueThis introduction and the papers in the special issue offer rich empirical and theoretical contributions to accounting and accountability research on race and racial discrimination. We hope they inspire future race research to nurture progress towards a true post-racial society.

The Problem of Citizenship and the Question of Social Rights for Muslims in France

This study presents a definition of the problem of Muslim integration in the French public sphere, including the policy of discrimination between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens. It discusses a series of racist practices that have led to the suppression of the religious and social rights of Muslims in France. The study poses a general question: What is the situation of Muslims in France, and what is the nature of their citizenship in French? This question addressed in four sections covers: firstly, citizenship in the French manner; secondly, the dilemma of citizenship for Muslims in France; thirdly, the social status of the Muslim community in France; and finally, the arguments of the far-right against the social participation of Muslims. Using a descriptive approach, the study concludes that the citizenship of Muslims in France faces a real dilemma despite the widespread media propaganda about the fairness of French official policy towards the rights and social roles of Muslims.

Into that whiteness – how explicit racism is excused by teachers’ colour-blind antiracism

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyse how teachers, in areas that show a historically high presence of neo-Nazi sentiments and racist opinions, understand and approach racist attitudes and practices among their students. Interviews and focus group interviews with Swedish teachers were conducted in three schools. Data were analysed using concepts such as institutionalised racism and whiteness. The findings showed that the territorial stigmatisation of the community and the schools had a significant impact on how the teachers dealt with and handled racist attitudes and practices. Although the teachers reported and filed racist incidences, they gradually became used to and contributed to a normalisation of explicit racist practices among students. The article concludes that racist practices, when constructed and dealt with as individualised behaviours, allow not only institutional racism, but also serve to re-produce whiteness as an institutional blind spot.

Colorblindness and race dismissiveness: Discursive racism and the limits of multicultural competence

AbstractThis qualitative study integrates critical race theory to examine the practice of multicultural competence and the mechanism of discursive racism in the context of child welfare workers. We troubled the dominant paradigm of multicultural competence taken up by practitioners, and deployed discourse analysis on racial dialogue in a real‐life setting to highlight how the multicultural competence approach risks becoming a form of colorblind racism that diminish the importance of structure racial power which we call race dismissiveness. In our findings we identified four distinct patterns of race dismissiveness that the practitioners adopted to deflect racial dialogue: race identity fetishism, racial peripheralization, racial erasure, and racial externalization. We argue that the separation between semantic expressions of multicultural beliefs and enacted racial practices needs to be conceptualized as a part of the discursive enactment of colorblind racism that functions to keep structural racism intact through everyday practice.

Racialized organizations, strategies, and structures: a case study

PurposeThis paper explores organization-level racialized work strategies for maintaining racialized organizations (Ray, 2019). It focuses on intentional actions to maintain dominant racial norms, demonstrating how work strategies are informed by dominant racial structures that maintain racial inequities.Design/methodology/approachWe compiled a chronological case study (Yin, 2012) based on 168 news media articles and various organizational documents to examine responses to athlete protests at the University of Texas at Austin following the death of George Floyd. Gioia et al.’s (2013) method uncovered how dominant racial norms inform organizational behaviors.FindingsThe paper challenges institutional theory neutrality and identifies several racialized work strategies that organizations employ to maintain racialized norms and practices. The findings provide a framework for organizations to interrogate their strategies and their role in reproducing dominant racial norms and inequities.Originality/valueIn 2020, the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement was reinvigorated within sporting and corporate domains. However, many organizations engaged in performativity, sparking criticism about meaningful change in organizational contexts. Our case study examines how one organization responded to athlete activists’ BLM-fueled demands, revealing specific racialized work strategies that maintain structures of racism. As organizations worldwide disrupt and discuss oppressive structures such as racism, we demonstrate how organizational leadership, while aware of policies and practices of racism, may choose not to act and actively maintain such structures.

Liquid racism in Greek online satirical news

The present study explores the infiltration of racism in humorous texts which at first sight appear to have antiracist intentions, in particular in satirical news coming from popular Greek websites and targeting majority people for their racist practices towards migrants. The analysis reveals that distinguishing between antiracist and racist interpretations is not an easy or straightforward matter: humour seems to blur the boundary between racism and antiracism. In this context, the concept of liquid racism (Weaver, 2016) is exploited to account for the ambiguities of humorous discourse when it involves racist and antiracist meanings. Furthermore, given that this paper is part of a special issue on “Humour and the public sphere”, the latter understood in Habermas’s (1989/1962) sense, I will venture some observations concerning the (in)compatibility between Habermas’s conceptualisation of the public sphere and humour/satire. Perhaps a broader and more inclusive definition of the public sphere than the one initially proposed by Habermas is called for, which will allow for the ambiguities of satirical humour.

United States Healthcare System

United States Healthcare System

An Intersectional Analysis of Precarity and Exploitation: Women and LGBTQIA+ Workers in Substate Neoliberal Systems

The intersection of gender and ethnicity or race lies at the root of structural discrimination and racist practices for accessing the labor market and in the workplace. This discrimination is particularly evident for women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who either belong to ethnic minorities or are migrants. However, numerous other social drivers (e.g., age, class, origins) and external factors (e.g., prejudices, gender‐based violence) further hinder their participation in the work domain and their attainment of fair labor conditions. This article explores how gender, ethnicity, and race intersect and operate with other conditions and factors to perpetuate the precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ individuals who find themselves at the nexus of varied intersectional axes. The discussion centers around two neoliberal substate units in the Global North (South Tyrol, in Italy, and Catalonia, Spain) that register low unemployment rates and high rates of migration and that are home to historical, linguistic, and ethnic minorities. This empirical article provides for an informed debate on the lived experience of precarity and exploitation of women and LGBTQIA+ workers, and an analysis of how neoliberal substate units’ labor and gender policies could be reformed.

Where are we now? Evaluating the one year impact of an anti-racism curriculum review

Purpose Undergraduate medical education has had a call to action to acknowledge racist practices that are impacting learners throughout their training. In 2020, our school performed a detailed curricular review and provided recommendations to address racism in the curriculum. Many schools have now undergone a similar curricular review process, but little is known about whether suggested antiracist curricular changes impact faculty teaching behavior or the overall curriculum. Material and Methods In 2021, as part of the medical school’s annual educational quality improvement process, course directors were required to answer a question about the changes they made to address racism in their courses based on recommendations provided the year prior from an antiracism curricular review. The documented changes were analyzed for themes and then organized by course and curricular year. These changes were compared with the suggested recommendations to analyze the number and types of changes implemented after one year. To evaluate student perceptions of change the general comments from academic years 2019–2021 were reviewed. Results After 1 year, approximately, 74% of our school’s 328 anti-racism curricular review recommendations were implemented in courses. Over 80% were implemented in curricular year 1. The greatest number of recommendations implemented were related to the theme of critiquing the strength of evidence in race-based medical practices. The least amount change was made around the theme of challenging the biologic notion of race. Conclusions An antiracism curricular review followed by an embedded continuous quality improvement process can be an effective approach to address racism in medical school curricula. Addressing racism in medical education requires medical schools to regularly identify curricular gaps, faculty needs and monitor their progress.

Controle racial militarizado: desvelando as dinâmicas subculturais de significado que facilitam a atuação policial propensa à violação de direitos humanos

Abstract This article discusses militarized racial control, focusing on the subcultural dynamics of meaning that facilitate police action prone to human rights violations. The text uses bibliographical research and employs the triadic methodology of Cultural Criminology and the critical literature of contemporary black intelligentsia to face racist military police action at three levels of analysis: micro, meso, and macro, contemplating the existential and phenomenological foreground of crime, the subcultural dynamics of status negotiation and structures of greater scope, such as the permanence of colonial power aimed at racial domination and control, ontological insecurity in late modernity and the Brazilian racist reality. At the end of the analysis, it was possible to conclude that, through performances staged for themselves and for third parties, military police officers engaged in racist practices of violation of human rights rebuild their image in terms of self-esteem and belonging to the group, so that a process of formation and identification, which in itself violates human rights, contributes decisively to members of the militarized police subculture becoming prone to staging racist practices that violate human rights, through which they acquire a series of subjective rewards that give purpose and meaning to their lives.

Concussion Reporting and Racial Stereotypes: ESPN’s Role in Shaping Public Perception About Athletes of Color

In the 2022 National Football League (NFL) season, Miami Dolphins’ quarterback, Tua Tagovailoa, received two concussions in 5 days and was taken off the field on a stretcher. The media framing around Tagovailoa’s concussions was focused on the flaws in the NFL concussion policy and the poor decision making of the neurotrauma consultant. However, no mention of Tagovailoa’s race was mentioned despite historical racist practices regarding concussions in football for racialized athletes. Given the media’s role in the framing of concussions and the perpetuation of racial stereotypes, I conducted a content analysis to explore ESPN media articles dedicated to concussion stories during the 2022 NFL season. Ultimately, this paper concludes that through subtle but pervasive frames, the writers at ESPN continue to perpetuate racial stereotypes that construct racialized athletes as physiologically superior, intellectually inept, and criminally dangerous.