Lens Of Race Research Articles

The Lens of Race: Whiteness and Architectural Photography at Case Study House #22

The Lens of Race: Whiteness and Architectural Photography at Case Study House #22

Applying a Racial Lens to the "Cycle of Violence".

One overlooked result in a 1989 Science paper on the "cycle of violence" was a race-specific increase in risk for arrest for violence among Black maltreated children, but not White maltreated children. We examine whether race differences in the cycle of violence are explained by risk factors traditionally associated with violence. Using a prospective design, maltreated and non-maltreated children were matched on age, sex, race, and approximate family social class and interviewed at mean age 28.7years (N = 1196). Arrest histories were obtained through age 50.5. Regression analyses included maltreatment, race, self-reported violent behavior, and risk factors (e.g., family, school, neighborhood variables). For arrests for violent crime, race was a significant predictor, whereas childhood maltreatment was not significant. For violent arrests, there was a significant race × maltreatment interaction when the total number of risk factors were included controlling for self-reported violent behaviors. For self-reported violent behaviors, childhood maltreatment remained significant for some risk factors. However, race did not predict self-reported violent behaviors. Offending behavior and traditional risk factors did not explain the disproportionate arrests among Black maltreated children. This disparity in the cycle of violence may reflect complex processes influenced by racial bias or structural racism.

Race and Ethnicity in the Sociology of Cultural Production and Consumption

This review examines cultural production and consumption through the lens of race and ethnicity. Although the sociological study of race, ethnicity, and cultural production and consumption (RECPC) is growing, it is scattered across various subfields. This review aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how race and ethnicity intersect with cultural production and consumption by bringing this scholarship together. I discuss five dominant themes in the scholarship: classification, valuation and evaluation, representations, market outcomes, and cultural capital. The article concludes with implications for future sociological research on RECPC.

Misdiagnosis, Missed Diagnosis, and Delayed Diagnosis of Lupus: A Qualitative Study of Rheumatologists.

Diagnostic errors in outpatient settings lead to significant consequences, especially in rare diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A recent vignette-based experimental study revealed that demographic factors influenced rheumatologists' diagnoses of SLE, raising concerns about potential diagnostic biases. We conducted a qualitative study to contextualize these results to generate insights about diagnostic challenges and biases, and root causes. We conducted 41 semistructured interviews among US rheumatologists. Transcripts were independently coded by at least two coders using a hybrid deductive-inductive approach and thematic analysis. A team of four researchers reviewed and defined themes collectively, and also resolved any discrepancies. Participants were 66% women, and 49% had more than10 years of postfellowship experience. Five major themes were generated, including receiving training through the lens of race or sex, the role of the documented epidemiology of SLE, pattern recognition and test-taking strategies, patient vignettes as an imperfect proxy for patient interactions, and varied consequences to patients from diagnostic bias. Participants noted that the consequences of diagnostic bias could include progressed disease from delayed diagnosis, unnecessary and inappropriate treatment due to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, and increased cost and harm. This study underscores the unique challenges of diagnosing SLE, with complex factors contributing to diagnosis bias and delays. Interventions during medical education could prevent downstream diagnostic biases. Future research should explore interventions to mitigate diagnostic bias and refine vignettes to better mirror real-world clinical scenarios. Understanding diagnostic bias in SLE is crucial for improving patient outcomes and refining medical training practices.

Forging the West Indian Nation: Federation and Caribbean Activism in Post-war Britain, 1945-60.

This article explores how Caribbean activists living in Britain after 1945 engaged with the movement for the West Indies Federation. By considering overlooked organizations such as the Caribbean Labour Congress, London Branch (CLC) and the West Indian Workers and Students Association (WIWSA), it shows that, first, Britain became a hub for Caribbean nationalism and support for Federation in the post-war years. Secondly, it argues that the West Indies Federation of 1958-62 significantly influenced the formation of important British Caribbean institutions, such as the West Indian Gazette and the Caribbean Carnival. In contrast to traditional narratives regarding post-war Caribbean political activity in Britain, which often treat the 1950s conjuncture through the lens of race and of the prehistory of a 'multi-cultural' Britain, this article seeks to recover a moment when British Caribbean activism was moved by a broader, transnational, self-consciously 'West Indian' nationalist movement. In doing so, it reveals the significance of the West Indies Federation, and Caribbean decolonization more broadly, to the Caribbean diaspora in Britain, and their political activities. Moreover, it illustrates how diasporic and exilic communities and figures continued to play an important role in anti-colonial and nation-building projects.

Bourbon, Black and White: Bourbon and Race in America, 1935-1975

ABSTRACT This article explores the cultural history of bourbon in the United States between the 1930s and the 1970s through the lenses of race, politics, and consumerism. Several related trends pushed bourbon’s cultural history in new directions during this time. Like many popular consumer products, Americans endowed bourbon with complex meanings that reflected imagined, contested notions of history and racial identities and hierarchies. As Black and white Americans bought, sold, drank, and talked about bourbon, they also grappled with racial conflict and social change. Distillers crafted new appeals to Black Americans to spur sales. Mass consumerism grew in importance as an arena of activism after the Second World War. Black activists targeted the bourbon industry in their ongoing fight against commercial racism and segregation. Bourbon became a touchstone in the politics of civil rights. Black and white commentators invoked contrasting bourbon symbolism and tropes in their civil rights rhetoric. These trends and dialogues flavored the meanings that Americans consumed as they drank bourbon. All the while, bourbon whiskey became a staple of the upwardly mobile, consumption-driven lifestyles of the middle and professional classes, regardless of their racial identities. To tell these stories, the article relies on bourbon-related advertising, journalism, and commentary in the Black and white presses, corporate market research materials and correspondence, and National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) archival records.

Redefining nude: Unravelling nylon’s unmarked norms

In this article I critically examine the history of nylon stockings in the United States through the lenses of race and gender. Drawing on visual and material culture examples related to nylon and nude colours, I show how whiteness was standardized and presented as the unmarked norm. Employing an intersectional feminist approach, my archival research expands the narrative beyond these exclusionary practices, highlighting how in ensuing decades individuals and companies marketed and crafted nylon foundationwear for a wider range of consumers. These examples offer a vital counter-history to nylon’s normalization of bodies and mass production that mobilized a standard ideal of womanhood as white, thin, heterosexual and cisgender. The legacy of the creation of ‘nude’ colours that standardize whiteness as the norm can still be seen today in foundationwear branding and everyday items like bandages. However, this has not gone unchallenged and there are increased efforts to address this, particularly among Black-owned businesses like gc2b, Nude Barre and Browndages. It is important to historicize the emergence of standard practices, such as singular definitions of nude and limited sizing practices, and how they serve to reinforce norms of racialized gender. Deconstructing these practices and critically examining less documented alternatives uncovers and addresses embedded power structures within standardization.

Antiwork or antimaster? Reframing the antiwork movement through a racial lens

Antiwork or antimaster? Reframing the antiwork movement through a racial lens

The Crucial Role of Race in Twenty-First Century US Political Realignment

Abstract Traditional realignment theory has fallen out of fashion among political scientists, yet the popular press talk about political realignments with great regularity. However, in this research note we show that political science should reconsider realignment theory because over the last decade American politics has dramatically realigned—but only for white Americans. Specifically, we demonstrate that income has gone from a highly polarizing factor to one in which there is little to no polarization at all, while at the same time education polarization has increased dramatically to become the prominent demographic cleavage in the white segment of the electorate. However, no such realignment has occurred among Black or Latino voters. These differences across racial groups show how it is essential to consider race in theories of realignment, particularly because of the different experiences across racial groups. Realignment theory is quite viable in the twenty-first century, but the lens of race is the key to seeing the white realignment.

Race for the Doctorate: Educational Leadership Ed.D. Students’ Experiences in a Racial Equity-Focused Program

Aim/Purpose: This study aimed to compare the experiences of students who identify as Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) with those of White students in the same Educational Leadership doctoral program that claimed to be unapologetic in its commitment to producing racially conscious leaders. Background: This study critically assesses the doctoral program’s claims as measured by BIPOC and White doctoral students’ perceptions of their abilities as racial equity leaders and their assessments of their transformational learning. Methodology: This qualitative study employed two separate focus group interviews – one for BIPOC doctoral students (n=7) and the other for White doctoral students (n=6). The researchers could comprehend how the participants experienced an Educational Leadership Ed.D. program with curriculum, andragogy, and assessment viewed through the lens of race and how the participants perceived their growth as racial equity leaders. Contribution: This study offers several theoretical and practical applications for Educational Leadership doctoral programs that embed racial equity work. For faculty, the study informs their delivery of race-focused courses and programs to optimize their development of racially conscious leaders. For BIPOC students, the study empowers them to advocate for and demand challenging racial equity-focused curriculum and instruction. For White students, the study reinforces the necessity of a race-focused program for professional development. Findings: There was a marked difference between the BIPOC and White students’ responses. White students reported the most transformational growth in their racial awareness, their understanding of structural racism, and their recognition of where equity leadership skills could be utilized. BIPOC students were cognizant of much of this work before entering the program. However, they reported growth in understanding how best to implement effective racial equity leadership while maintaining healthy boundaries and self-care. Recommendations for Practitioners: Educational leadership doctoral programs with a focus on racial equity work need teaching faculty that espouse and demonstrate anti-racist curriculum, instruction, and assessment without relying on the racialized labor of BIPOC students to “teach” White students about racism. Recommendation for Researchers: The researchers in this study used separate focus groups – BIPOC and White. The data revealed that although the same questions were asked to each group, the BIPOC responses contained more vulnerable, personal details and yielded richer meanings. Future researchers should consider employing a more robust set of focus group questions that require more introspection and self-reflection, which might produce more significant insights. We believe they may yield more nuanced responses from all racial groups. Impact on Society: This study revealed that BIPOC and White educational leadership doctoral students have different and varying needs and challenges based on their racialized lived experiences. Educational leadership doctoral programs must provide the tools and opportunities for their students to be conversant and competent to address issues of structural racism. Future Research: Future research should use transformative learning theory to guide how BIPOC and White faculty in educational leadership doctoral programs assess their abilities to be anti-racist teachers and leaders.

Climate change and infectious diseases through the lens of race and racism.

Climate change and infectious diseases through the lens of race and racism.

The case for educational reparations: addressing racial injustices in sustainable development goal 4

This paper presents an examination of the education Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 4) through the lens of race. It argues, at this mid-way point of the SDGs, that race continues to be erased, acting as an absent presence, in global educational policy, practice and goals. To address this, the paper calls for a radical review of contemporary development discourse such that the SDGs, and in particular SDG 4, are framed in ways that acknowledge histories of colonial exploitation and epistemic violence. Acknowledging these histories and their reproduction in the Western-led development project, the paper advocates for reparative redress. It argues for the re-orientation of SDG 4 in the interests of racial justice in education by calling for the material redistribution of resources, challenging the hegemony of the Western episteme in curriculum and languages of instruction, holding international agencies and governments to account and reforming the governance of SDG 4 in ways that prioritise racial justice. The paper takes the position that while education has been detrimentally implicated in the Western colonial and development project, it has a key role to play in challenging racist systems as the global community looks towards the 2030 Agenda and beyond.

Race and Gender on the Mortality of Giant Cell Arteritis in Hospitalized Patients: A 15-Year National Inpatient Study.

Critical appraisal of mortality in giant cell arteritis (GCA) through a racial lens is imperative as gender and racial disparities remain a global healthcare concern. To analyze the impact of race and gender on the mortality of GCA in United States (US)-hospitalized patients. In thisretrospective cohort study, the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from January 2003 to December 2018 was searched to identify all patients aged >18 years hospitalized with giant cell arteritis. Patients' baseline characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics. Inferential statistics were done for categorical and continuous variables. Multivariate logistic regression, adjusting for patient and hospital-level cofounderswas performed to find an association between race and outcomes of interest. Over the 15-year study period, atotal of 8,352 patients (72.7% White, 14.5% Black or African American, 7.6% Hispanic, 2.2% Asian, 0.4% Alaska Native, and 2.6% under-represented populations) were hospitalized for GCA. The mean age at diagnosis was 73.6 ±0.12 years. Women represented 71.9% of GCA patients and had a lower risk of mortality (OR 0.463, 95% CI: 0.235 - 0.912, p <0.05). Patients with GCA were hospitalized for an average of 4.64 days ± 0.04 days and 0.55% died. The mortality rate was lowest in Black or African American (0.1%) populations and highest among Alaska Native patients (8%). Mortality was 68% lower in those who had temporal artery biopsy (OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16-0.64, p <0.05). GCA disproportionally affected female patients, but mortality was higher in male patients. Alaska Native patients had the least number of hospitalizations but the highest in-hospital mortality rate. Black or African Americans had the lowest mortality rate.

Annihilation of Identity in Heart of Darkness

Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness portrays the inhabitants of Congo from non-human perceptions. Charles Marlow’s observation and analysis of the citizens of Congo are based on prejudiced viewpoints and pre-defined white archetypes. The chief motive of the Belgians was to justify the native as ferocious and collect the ivory from Congo. Natives did not recognize the worth of tusk while the white men ship it to Europe to brand ornamental articles. This representation of the Congolese annihilates the identity of the native, depicting them as barbaric to accomplish their trade motive. Marlow’s narrative attempts to commodify the natives and display the white people as the embodiment of civilization. Human beings treat non-human behavior to the inhabitant in the designation of civilization. The narrator’s perspective is instrumental to the authorial voice in abolishing the human identity of the people of Congo. His white racial lens constructs the nature and character of the citizens. The general world of the white as represented by Marlow delivers the people of Congo a forceful encyclopaedia of education and civilization. Then develops cultural dominance comprising reason, intelligence, and wisdom. The forceful negation demolishes the real identity of the natives and hence creates a racial verdict. The firm outlook of the white Europeans displays the vivacious demarcation for exploitation. Hence, the text establishes a world of hierarchy among the people living in the same geographical location. The depiction of predisposed attitude and deficit positioning for ivory trading thrashes natives. Such doings cause revolt in the world.

Care Praxis in Los Angeles’s Antigentrification Movement: On-the-Ground Womxn of Color Geographies

This article analyzes womxn of color (WOC) antigentrification activism and examines the layered embodied politics through a “praxis of care.” Adopting an intersectional lens not only enhances our racial, cultural, and gendered analysis of the impacts of gentrification; it also signals more ethical and holistic approaches to gathering data from aggrieved communities who face precarity across a spectrum. We discuss how we employed a praxis of care as a method for this article while also discussing its effect through the racial and gendered modes of antidisplacement work via “on the ground” community members we refer to as compañeras. This analysis focuses on three central and interrelated themes that arose from our time interviewing our compañeras, who personally and collectively address gentrification in their community through a sense of place, trauma gender battle fatigue, and accountability. Less is known, however, about how WOC navigate their interpersonal and collective responsibilities under systems of power that influence processes like gentrification. Scholarship examining the intersections of antigentrification work through a gendered and racial lens provides significant insight into present-day urban landscapes like Los Angeles’s South Central and greater Eastside neighborhoods.

“Racial Heterosexual Habitus” and Management of Racial Education Discussions Within Black Female/White Male Romantic Relationships1

Scholars (Steinbugler 2012; Twine 2010) have examined the role that the white racial lens can play in limiting the development of racial literacy for white partners in black/white relationships, while the role of gender ideologies has gone largely unexamined. Through analyzing “racially educational” conversations between 36 members of black female/white male heterosexual couples, I introduce the concept of “racial heterosexual habitus” and its influence in managing these discussions on race. I argue that it generates limits—as well as unique opportunities—for couples during these conversations about race. My findings reveal how black female heterosexual habitus orients black women to navigate these conversations by looking to black femininity to advocate against their partner's racism and sexism and to also determine the conceptual limit of these conversations in deference to protecting white masculinity. However, contrary to understandings of black middle‐class femininity, women in longer‐duration relationships advocated for themselves in defense of their partner's comments. Additionally, I show how white male heterosexual habitus limits the ability to develop racial literacy with its hegemonic masculine focus on achievement and autonomy. This work not only centers racialized gender ideologies in the study of interracial couples but also extends Bourdieu's concept of habitus.

Dialectics of Revolution: Hegel, Marxism, and Its Critics through a Lens of Race, Class, Gender, and Colonialism

Dialectics of Revolution: Hegel, Marxism, and Its Critics through a Lens of Race, Class, Gender, and Colonialism

Black Slaves and Indian Owners: The Continuous Rediscovery of Indian Territory

This essay provides an analysis of historiographical trends in the study of the Five Tribes (the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations) and the Black women and men who were enslaved in, and part of, their nations in the Southeast and, after Indian Removal, in Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma). The author divides the scholarship she covers into two broad time periods: the 1930s to the 1970s and the 1980s to today. From work in the early 1900s that examined these Native people without real engagement with their practices of slaveholding to research today that uses the lenses of race, gender, and tribal sovereignty to excavate Black stories, the author pinpoints a key shift in the 1970s and 1980s resulting from the Black and Native activism of the day.

Lessons from Latina Sex Ed School: Reflections on a Parent-Led Puberty Education Program for Latina Girls

ABSTRACT This article documents the framework, central principles and curricular plan for a parent-led puberty education program facilitated with a small group of Latina adolescents. In a moment of increasing awareness of the centrality of race, puberty education has remained steeped in a colorblind framework; this parent-led program seeks to offer a counterpoint to that. The author hopes this framework helps inspire a conversation among educators, parents and youth workers about what it means to think about puberty education from the lens of race and in doing so, how we grapple meaningfully with what it means to formulate and articulate a feminist approach to puberty education for Latina girls.

Blackness, Koreanness, and Han: Unmasking Race in Korean Hip Hop

Previous studies have analyzed Korean hip hop through the lens of authenticity, language, and cultural hybridity, but not through the lens of race. One of the main characteristics of hip hop culture is that it emerged in the form of resistance against dominant hegemony and as a form of resistance to systemic injustice; however, it is difficult to find K-hip hop artists that defy the racial supremacy of Koreanness and racism through their art. This article utilizes Yoon Mi-rae, who is half-Black and half-Korean, as a significant text to explore how race plays a role in Korean society and how Blackness, Koreanness, and han intersect in the K-hip hop scene. Utilizing the concept of community cultural wealth, interest convergence principle, and Koreanness, the study analyzes how Yoon Mi-rae’s “Black Koreanness” was consumed by Korean media and music industry, and how Yon Mi-rae, as an embodiment of Blackness and Han, uses hip hop and her intersectionality as a tool of resistance to both the mainstream American and mainstream Korean racial ideology and discourse. With the growing influence and popularity of K-hip hop globally, the article problematizes the message K-hip hop is reflecting and sending the world about race.