Race Car Design Research Articles

Airfoil Design and Aerodynamics Characteristics of Energy-Efficient Race Car: CFD Analysis

The use of land transportation, primarily cars, is increasing annually. The energy required will increase along with the number of vehicles. Thus far, car manufacturers are required to improve car designs and propose fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly cars. The energy-efficient car competition, namely, Kontes Mobil Hemat Energi Indonesia, is organised for mechanical engineering students to contribute directly to research related to energy-efficient cars in Indonesia. One of the ways to save fuel is to reduce the aerodynamic force drag on the vehicle. This study aims to optimize the prototype vehicle airfoil design in producing the smallest possible coefficient of drag (Cd) and lift (Cl). A Taguchi design of experimental (DoE) is applied to set the 9 designs for this study, with three different values considered for each design parameters: Defiant Canard BL110, Clark YM15, Gottingen 256 for side airfoil shapes and Gottingen 410, Gottingen 460, and Boeing 737 Root for top airfoil shapes. This aerodynamic analysis uses the ANSYS 2020 R1 software, which is carried out at a speed of 30 km/h. Then the Cd and Cl values obtained will be analyzed. The results obtained for the optimal design of the Cd with variations in the side airfoil design Defiant Canard BL110 and top airfoil is Gottingen 410 with a Cd value of 0,1119. As for the optimal design of the Cl with variations in the side airfoil design Gottingen 256 and top airfoil is Gottingen 460 with a Cl value of 0,0250.

Race Car Design and Obstacle Avoidance

Race Car Design and Obstacle Avoidance

Aerodynamic Design and Performance Research of Racing Cars with Adaptive Control of Attitude

Aerodynamic Design and Performance Research of Racing Cars with Adaptive Control of Attitude

Two-Dimensional-Based Hybrid Shape Optimisation of a 5-Element Formula 1 Race Car Front Wing under FIA Regulations

Front wings are a key element in the aerodynamic performance of Formula 1 race cars. Thus, their optimisation makes an important contribution to the performance of cars in races. However, their design is constrained by regulation, which makes it more difficult to find good designs. The present work develops a hybrid shape optimisation approach to obtain an optimal five-element airfoil front wing under the FIA regulations and 17 design parameters. A first baseline design is obtained by parametric optimisation, on which the adjoint method is applied for shape optimisation via Mesh Morphing with Radial Basis Functions. The optimal front wing candidate obtained outperforms the parametric baseline up to a 25% at certain local positions. This shows that the proposed and tested hybrid approach can be a very efficient alternative. Although a direct 3D optimisation approach could be developed, the computational costs would be dramatically increased (possibly unaffordable for such a complex five-element front wing realistic shape with 17 design parameters and regulatory constraints). Thus, the present approach is of strong interest if the computational budget is low and/or a fast new front wing design is desired, which is a frequent scenario in Formula 1 race car design.

Optimization Analysis of Race Car Design

Modern sports vehicles got enhanced in terms of performance by using better tools to design and analyze. The study of aerodynamics has always been a very intense, challenging as well as exciting task for professionals working on the research and development. This work presents the numerical analysis of our modeled race car aerodynamics and the simulation on it. We have studied different airfoils and used them in the rear wing. We studied the air flowover the body of the car at different velocities and its effect on the various aerodynamic parameters of the car, i.e., downforce/negative lift, stress, pressure and drag. We collected and tried to study what the numbers meant and analyzed the data which we got from the simulation solver. This was a tricky and time-consuming part as simulation has much to study and understand. Our aim was to get meaningful results from our simulation study. Our simulation study was without aero kit and with aero kit. In the following International Journal of Scientific Research in Engineering and Management (IJSREM) Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | January - 2023 Impact Factor: 7.185 ISSN: 2582-3930 © 2023, IJSREM | www.ijsrem.com DOI: 10.55041/IJSREM17557 | Page 2 sections we will further discuss and explain more in detail. Final conclusion of this project will be; to find outthe best fit airfoil and most efficient placement (angle of attack & height) of it in the rear of our modeled car. In this project we have designed a car, studied air flow over the body of the car at different velocities and its effect on the various aerodynamic parameters of the car i.e., downforce/negative lift, stress, pressure and drag.

Spectral/hp element simulation of flow past a Formula One front wing: Validation against experiments

Emerging commercial and academic tools are regularly being applied to the design of road and race cars, but there currently are no well-established benchmark cases to study the aerodynamics of race car wings in ground effect. In this paper we propose a new test case, with a relatively complex geometry, supported by the availability of CAD model and experimental results. We refer to the test case as the Imperial Front Wing, originally based on the front wing and endplate design of the McLaren 17D race car. A comparison of different resolutions of a high fidelity spectral/hp element simulation using under-resolved DNS/implicit LES approach with fourth and fifth polynomial order is presented. The results demonstrate good correlation to both the wall-bounded streaklines obtained by oil flow visualization and experimental PIV results, correctly predicting key characteristics of the time-averaged flow structures, namely intensity, contours and locations. This study highlights the resolution requirements in capturing salient flow features arising from this type of challenging geometry, providing an interesting test case for both traditional and emerging high-fidelity simulations.

Design and Analysis of Eco Car Chassis with Different Profiles

Formula Student Racing competitions are held at various Formula SAE circuits globally. Chassis serves as an important component in the race car design. Thus a solicitous analysis is expected out of the formula car. It is also noted that the weight of the car is inversely proportional to the performance of the car hence need for optimization. A high speed protection system plays a major role in the race car design such as front impact, rear impact, side impact and roll over analysis. Also, there exists a problem of the torsional rigidity as far the dynamics is considered. This paper aims at the design aspects and the analysis insights of the race car. The car is modelled according to the 95th percentile male that can fit inside the cockpit of the chassis. As the car travel at the high speed, the protection has been designed to the car in such a way that stresses are minimum and the performance is maximum. Finite element methods are used for the analysis and the design of experiments is created for the optimization of the chassis. To avoid any possibilities of failure of the structure and thus to provide enough supporting member to make the region stronger in term of deformation . Finite element analysis enables to predict the region that tends to fail due to loading, the distribution of stress and strain on the chassis, both component as well as the material costing. The main objective is to study the effect of the validations of the FEM result are given using the different profiles like RECTANGLE, CIRCULAR, AND I SHAPE convergence methods for car body and the equipment. Keywords:-Chassis design; cross sections; Static analysis; Model analysis

Impact Attenuator Optimum Design for a FSAE Racing Car by Numerical and Experimental Crash Analysis

One of the most important requirements of the Formula SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) race car design competition is that the car structure must guarantee a high protection level in case of frontal impacts, by preventing intrusions into the driver foot zone or dangerous deceleration levels. These functions are mainly performed by the impact attenuators, which have to guarantee a high specific energy absorption capacity (SEA) and in order to preserve vehicle performances, have to be as light weighted as possible. The aim of this study is the design of an impact attenuator, to be mounted on a Formula SAE car, which main purpose is to obtain the optimal crash energy management, maximizing the absorbed energy and optimizing the geometry. The outcome of the study highlights that the absorber structure made up of honeycomb sandwich panels (primary energy absorbers), realized by means of different aluminium alloys employing an innovative design considering particular geometrical cavities within the structure, could lead to reduce the overall weight and to achieve a more progressive deformation during the impact.

3D Simulation of Gas Flow into the Formula Student Car Intake System

Formula Student Car (FS) is an international race car design competition for students at universities of applied sciences and technical universities. The winning team is not the one that produces the fastest racing car, but the group that achieves the highest overall score in design, racing performance. The arrangement of internal components for example, predicting aerodynamics of the air intake system is crucial to optimizing car performance as speed changes. The air intake system consists of an inlet nozzle, throttle, restrictor, air box and cylinder suction pipes (runners). The paper deals with the use of CFD numerical simulations during the design and optimization of components. In this research article, two main steps are illustrated to develop carefully the design of the air box and match it with the suction pipe lengths to optimize torque over the entire range of operating speeds. Also the current intake system was assessed acoustically and simulated by means of 1-D gas dynamics using the software AVL-Boost. In this manner, before a new prototype intake manifold is built, the designer can save a substantial amount of time and resources. The results illustrate the improvement of simulation quality using the new models compared to the previous AVL-Boost models

Experimental Examination of Adhesive Bonded Carbon Fibre Tube to Aluminum Alloy AW 7075

Carbon fibre products are getting to be common today for its high strength and lightweight, thus it is desirable to feasible its quality within the race car design as much as possible. This paper focuses on usage of carbon fibre tubes (20x2) for suspension links connecting an upright with chassis of a race car. The end of each link is bonded to an aluminum holder housing a spherical bearing. Thus there risen a question about quality and durability of such joint. Hence number of tests (tensile, compressive, torsion) were performed using various glues (Scotch-Weld 490 3M and Tech-Lit 2KE) and surface finishes of glued surface to see the influence of each individual aspect. The most important was tensile test and best result reached combination of Scotch-Weld 490 3M and smooth glued surface. Best result of tensile test with Tech-Lit 2KE reached combination with knurled glued surface. Other tests, compresive and torsion, were additional to this research.

CFD MODELLING OF FORMULA STUDENT CAR INTAKE SYSTEM

Formula Student Car (FS) is an international race car design competition for students at universities of applied sciences and technical universities. The winning team is not the one that produces the fastest racing car, but the group that achieves the highest overall score in design, racing performance. The arrangement of internal components for example, predicting aerodynamics of the air intake system is crucial to optimizing car performance as speed changes. The air intake system consists of an inlet nozzle, throttle, restrictor, air box and cylinder suction pipes (runners). The paper deals with the use of CFD numerical simulations during the design and optimization of components. In this research article, two main steps are illustrated to develop carefully the design of the air box and match it with the suction pipe lengths to optimize torque over the entire range of operating speeds. Also the current intake system was assessed acoustically and simulated by means of 1-D gas dynamics using the software AVL-Boost. In this manner, before a new prototype intake manifold is built, the designer can save a substantial amount of time and resources. The results illustrate the improvement of simulation quality using the new models compared to the previous AVL-Boost models.The results illustrate the improvement of simulation quality using the new models compared to the previous AVL-Boost models.

Numeric analysis of airflow around the body of the Silesian Greenpower vehicle

Numerical analysis of drag values of an electric race car's body. Silesian Greenpower is a student organization specializing in electric race car design. One of the most important issues during the design is reducing the vehicle drag to minimum and is done, mainly, by designing a streamline car body. The aim of this work was to design two electric cars bodies with different shape in Siemens NX CAD software, next a finite elements mesh was created and implemented into the ANSYS Workbench 16.1 software. Afterwards an aerodynamic analysis was carried out, using the finite element method (FEM). Simulations and calculations have been performed in ANSYS Fluent: CFD Simulation software. Computer simulation allowed to visualize the distribution of air pressure on and around car, the air velocity distribution around the car and aerodynamics streamline trajectory. The results of analysis were used to determine the drag values of electric car and determine points of the highest drag. In conclusion car body representing lower drag was appointed. The work includes theoretical introduction, containing information about finite element method, ANSYS and Siemens NX software and also basic aerodynamics laws.

Supporting engineering design communication using a custom-built social media tool – PartBook

Engineering Design Communication is the main tributary for the sharing of information, knowledge & insights, and is fundamental to engineering work. Engineers spend a significant portion of their day communicating as they ‘fill in the gaps’ left by formal documentation and processes. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that there is much extant literature on this subject. The majority has been descriptive with little prescriptive research involving the introduction of either a tool or process. To begin to address this, previous work reports a Social Media framework to support Engineering Design Communication and this paper builds upon this previous work through the instantiation of the framework within a custom-built Social Media tool hereto referred to as PartBook. This has been prescribed within an eleven week race car design project. The study addresses the validation of the requirements that underpin the Social Media framework as well as investigating the impact the tool has/may have on engineering work, engineering artefacts and engineering project management. In order to do so, data has been captured through user activity, system usability, questionnaire, semi-structured interview and informal feedback.

다구찌 직교배열법을 이용한 포뮬러 레이스카 전륜 업라이트의 최적설계

Formula race car is generally recognized as a vehicle which is optimally designed for on-road race track with the regulations of race host bodies. Especially, the uprights of suspension system decisively have effects on the performance of cornering and stability of race car's driving performance, which are very important factors in the design of race car. This paper is a study of optimal upright design of F1800 grade formula race car which are normally used in professional race circuit in Korea. To design optimally the front upright of F1800 formula race car, Taguchi's orthogonal array, which is known for more useful method than full factorial design experimental method in cost and time, is used with CAE method such as FEM analysis. And the result of this paper shows that Taguchi's orthogonal array employed for this optimal design is very useful for designing the front upright of race car by minimizing its weight as well as keeping its safety factor as enough as designer wants in the view of quality, cost and delivery at the early design step.

The Analysis on the Typical Parts in F1 Race Car

This document explains and demonstrates how to analyze the stress of the axle, modify the rear wing and SolidWorks dynamic simulation analysis for the F1 Race Car. It offers a variety of results visualization tools that allow investigators to gain valuable insight into the design of the F1 race car, and makes it easy to share analysis results effectively with everyone involved in the F1 race car product development process.

Multi-objective collaborative multidisciplinary design optimization using particle swarm techniques and fuzzy decision making

This article focuses on the efficient multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm to solve multidisciplinary design optimization problems. The objective is to extend the formulation of collaborative optimization which has been widely used to solve single-objective optimization problems. To examine the proposed structure, racecar design problem is taken as an example of application for three objective functions. In addition, a fuzzy decision maker is applied to select the best solution along the pareto front based on the defined criteria. The results are compared to the traditional optimization, and collaborative optimization formulations that do not use multi-objective particle swarm optimization. It is shown that the integration of multi-objective particle swarm optimization into collaborative optimization provides an efficient framework for design and analysis of hierarchical multidisciplinary design optimization problems.

Lightweight impact crash attenuators for a small Formula SAE race car

An important feature of the Formula SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) race car design competition is that the car must withstand a certain level of frontal impact without intrusion into the driver foot-well area or damaging levels of deceleration to the driver himself. For the car to be competitive, any impact-absorbing structure must be lightweight and hence many teams use aluminium honeycomb inside the car's frontal nose cone. This paper considers an alternative approach based on an array of thin-walled circular tubes attached to the front bulkhead of the car. Experiments have been conducted at the University of Leeds to study the behaviour of empty and honeycomb-filled tubes subjected to quasi-static and dynamic loading. Aluminium (6063 T6 alloy) tubes filled with Nomex® HRH-10 honeycomb were employed in the current study. The experimental programme included five quasi-static tests and four dynamic tests. It was found that the honeycomb-filled tubes absorbed around 10% more energy than the empty tubes. However, the specific energy absorption (SEA) was found to be 15% less than for the empty tubes for the same axial deformation in all the test cases. Numerical simulations have been carried out using the explicit finite element code RADIOSS. Confidence in the present modelling procedure was established through comparison of the numerical results with test data. An excellent correlation of peak loads and energy absorption has been obtained for both empty and honeycomb-filled tubes. Thus, the modelling procedure outlined here can be used with confidence to design the proposed impact attenuator structure and to demonstrate that it meets the crashworthiness requirements of the competition.

Integrating linear physical programming within collaborative optimization for multiobjective multidisciplinary design optimization

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a concurrent engineering design tool for large-scale, complex systems design that can be affected through the optimal design of several smaller functional units or subsystems. Due to the multiobjective nature of most MDO problems, recent work has focused on formulating the MDO problem to resolve tradeoffs between multiple, conflicting objectives. In this paper, we describe the novel integration of linear physical programming within the collaborative optimization framework, which enables designers to formulate multiple system-level objectives in terms of physically meaningful parameters. The proposed formulation extends our previous multiobjective formulation of collaborative optimization, which uses goal programming at the system and subsystem levels to enable multiple objectives to be considered at both levels during optimization. The proposed framework is demonstrated using a racecar design example that consists of two subsystem level analyses — force and aerodynamics — and incorporates two system-level objectives: (1) minimize lap time and (2) maximize normalized weight distribution. The aerodynamics subsystem also seeks to minimize rearwheel downforce as a secondary objective. The racecar design example is presented in detail to provide a benchmark problem for other researchers. It is solved using the proposed formulation and compared against a traditional formulation without collaborative optimization or linear physical programming. The proposed framework capitalizes on the disciplinary organization encountered during large-scale systems design.

An autonomous race car design competition

This paper describes an innovative collaboration between industry and academia in creating a meaningful design experience for undergraduate electrical engineering students. The design project involves designing, building and testing an autonomous model racecar. The course culminates in a competition. A primary goal of the competition is to provide undergraduates with a meaningful design experience with an emphasis on electronic circuits. This contest has a different flavor from the well-established IEEE Micromouse competition in the sense that it places the emphasis on the design and construction of an electronic sensing and control system without the microprogramming necessary to solve a maze (although a microprocessor can certainly be used). It is hoped that by placing the emphasis on the circuitry, the course will encourage more undergraduates to go into the field of electronic circuit design. The learning experience offered by the competition is shaped by, among other things, the format and rules of the competition, the students preparation in terms of circuit and control system theory and practice, and by the format of the design project course. This paper describes the competition in detail and discuss factors affecting the educational experience.