Rabid Animals Research Articles

Differences in Providing Education Using Poster Media and Audiovisual Media on Prevention of Rabies Transmitting Animal Bites

Rabies is an acute infectious disease that attacks the nervous system in humans and warm-blooded animals caused by the rabies virus, transmitted through the saliva of rabid animals such as dogs, cats, monkeys, raccoons and bats through bites or open wounds. The aim of the research is to analyze the differences in providing education using poster media and audiovisual media on behavior to prevent bites from animals that transmit rabies. The type of research used was pre-experimental designs with a two-group pre-test and post-test without control group design. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling, namely purposive sampling. The number of samples used in this research was 86 families divided into 2 groups, namely the poster group and the audiovisual group. This research used a questionnaire sheet to measure the behavior of preventing bites from animals that transmit rabies, which consists of 3 sub-variables, namely knowledge, attitudes and actions. Then it was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test to analyze the differences between educational poster media and audiovisual media. The research results show that the average value for poster media before is 65.6 and after is 77. Meanwhile, the average value for audiovisual media before is 72.2 and after is 82.3. Statistical testing used the Mann-Whitney test and obtained a ρ−value of 0.001 < 0.05. The conclusion is that there is a difference between providing education using poster media and audiovisual media on behavior to prevent bites from animals that transmit rabies. Suggestions to respondents are that they can provide education to those closest to them or anyone who is advised to use audiovisual media.

Mad dogs and ecofascist spectres: The CDC’s midcentury rabies films and contemporary settler-colonial upkeep

This article performs a genealogy of how the CDC’s attempt to contain rabies in 1950’s America depicted zoonosis, arguing that these images of diseased animals have consistently been charged expressions of national belonging, anxiety, and paranoia. Closely analysing the aesthetics, production and reception of two midcentury early rabies control films produced by the CDC – ‘Striking back against rabies’ (1950) and ‘Rabies control in the community’ (1956) – as well as the essays on film production in the CDC Bulletin, this article demonstrates how images of zoonotic disease operated as an explicit form of what Neel Ahuja calls ‘the government of species’. Here, as Ahuja argues, the political possibilities for a community are navigated through the contours of interspecies contact. In these CDC films, the particularly American setting of a small town comes to represent the American population as a whole – a community that is uniformly presented as White and heterosexual – which exercises its fears of dissolution through the figure of the rabid animal. Ultimately, the article concludes that such forms of representation, where the body politic is articulated through the representation of animals as disease vectors, has become all the more prevalent and contested as governments struggle to manage changing relationships with nature. The CDC’s images from the 1950s help to position our current media environment, especially with regard to how whiteness is defined in the context of an ecological threat.

Evaluating adherence to government recommendations for post-exposure rabies vaccine among animal-bite victims: A hospital-based study in Bangladesh.

Rabies is a fatal but preventable zoonotic disease with an approximately 100% case fatality rate. The most common way to contract rabies is through the bite of a rabid animal. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) by vaccination and/or immunoglobulin therapy is the most effective measure for rabies prevention. The effectiveness of vaccination depends on the level of completion of vaccination. In Bangladesh, no previous studies were conducted to evaluate adherence to government recommendations for post-exposure rabies vaccine among animal-bite cases. We conducted a cross-sectional study to collect information about adherence to government recommendations for post-exposure rabies vaccine. A total of 457 animal bite victims were selected to collect data and follow up after one month of enrollment. The majority of participants (58%, n = 265, 95% CI: 53-63%) had a history of animal bites. Most of the participants (77%) were advised to receive three doses of vaccine and 100% of them completed 3-dose of vaccine. Among the 4-dose recommended group of participants (n = 105), 78% completed full vaccination. Of the 457 participants, 20% received post-exposure vaccine on the day of bite/scratch and the majority of the participants (66%, n = 303, 95% CI: 62-71%) received post-exposure vaccine on the day between the first and third day of bite or scratch. Increasing awareness of the importance of timely vaccination is the key to reducing the time gap between animal bites and intake of the first dose post-exposure vaccine.

Sistem Pakar Mendiagnosa Penyakit Rabies Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor

The increasingly rapid development of technology has changed the world, the launch of various new technologies has made people dependent on technology to do various jobs. An expert system is a system that is integrated with computer equipment in which there is knowledge, facts and reasoning techniques in solving problems that usually can only be solved by an expert in that field. For example, an expert system that analyzes rabies by relying on the symptoms a person feels. as a decision maker. Rabies is an acute infectious disease, attacks the central nervous system caused by Lyssavirus and will result in death, can attack all warm-blooded animals and humans. This disease is zoonotic, namely a disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans through the bite of a rabid animal. This system was designed with the aim of being a means of solving problems surrounding rabies using the factor certainty method. Factor certainty is a method for proving whether a fact is certain or uncertain in the form of metrics commonly used in expert systems. The percentage of confidence obtained by the expert system using the factor certainty method for diagnosing rabies reached 84% by referring to the data provided by the user to the expert system.

Guarding Against Rabies: The Power of Vaccination in Rabies Disease Management

Rabies, a lethal viral disease caused by the rabies virus, presents a critical public health challenge globally. The disease's etiology involves transmission through the bite or scratch of infected animals, primarily dogs, with the virus targeting the central nervous system and leading to devastating neurological symptoms. Early diagnosis is crucial but challenging due to the disease's non-specific initial manifestations. Vaccination strategies serve as the cornerstone of rabies prevention, encompassing pre-exposure prophylaxis for high-risk individuals and post-exposure prophylaxis for those bitten or scratched by potentially rabid animals. In this article we provide an in-depth exploration of vaccination therapy as a pivotal strategy in the deterrence and management of rabies. The evolution of rabies vaccines, particularly inactivated virus vaccines, is explored, underscoring their role in reducing human rabies cases. The article concludes by emphasizing the significance of continuous research to enhance vaccine effectiveness and promote a comprehensive approach to rabies prevention.

Estimation of Owned and Street Dog Population by Quesionnire Survey and Mark-Recapture Method in Three Urban Areas: Bishoftu, Dukem and Modjo Towns

The understanding of the structure of free-roaming and owning dog population’s estimation is of extreme importance for the planning and monitoring of dog population control strategies, animal welfare and health. The methods used to estimate the abundance of this group of dogs are more complex than the ones used with domiciled owned dogs. We point to enhancements necessary for the implementation of the studies and to potential updates and revisions to the recommendations of the World Health Organization with respect to the estimation of free-ranging and owning dog populations. Rabies is a fatal viral disease of animals and people. People usually infected via bites from an infected animal (e.g. dog). Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) has to initiate immediately after bite wounds of suspected rabid animals in order to avoid fatalities. The situation of rabies poorly known in Ethiopia. Questionnaire survey was conducted in selected blocks in Dukem, Bishoftu and Modjo towns in order to capture information on dog population size estimates using mark-resight surveys has provided useful baseline data for understanding the population dynamics of dogs at the study sites. Mark-resight surveys provide useful information for designing and managing the logistics of dog vaccination or assessing vaccination coverage and for evaluating the impact of neutering programs on the size and structure of dogs’ populations over time. As part of a dog born zoonosis disease risk assessment project, surveys conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A markedrecapture method employed and the number of unowned dogs estimated. A total of 599 dog owning households and 276 non-dog household interviewed from at selected 19 blocks at study sites. Owned dogs were more likely male, local breed and for the purpose of used to guard. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi and free roaming but full restriction have reported only at the higher percentage of the total dog households. By counted method, study the ownerless dogs higher than owning and semi-restricted dogs.

Etiopathogenic theories of nervous system diseases in Vilnius in the early 19th century: “insanity and epilepsy exacerbate when the moonlight shines”

Neurology as a separate branch of clinical medicine was not yet formed in Europe in the early 19th century. However, in the medical writings of the Vilnius University (VU) authors of that time, the brain was already called the “noblest organ of the human body”, the seat of the soul, the centre of external senses, and the primary beginning of all bodily movements. The aim of the present study is to reveal various etiopathogenic theories of diseases of the nervous system (NS) in Vilnius region, since this knowledge may indicate that there were some beginnings of clinical neurology in the early 19th century in Vilnius. First, we analysed old doctoral dissertations on NS diseases defended at VU in 1803-1832; we then turned to Consessus Caesareae Societatis Medicae Vilnensis (The Protocols of Vilnius Medical Society) and analysed clinical reports recorded in 1806-1842. Our study revealed that although humoralism was the most popular system of medicine, the main causes of NS diseases were believed to be in the solid parts of the human body (influence of solidism theory). It was also assumed that some NS diseases may be inherited or caused by fetal diseases in utero. On the other hand, one of the oldest theories, imaginatio gravidarum, was still prevalent in Vilnius at the time. It was also stated that some NS diseases may be triggered by physical and mechanical causes, concomitant diseases, medications and drinks, strong emotions, or violation of sleep hygiene. “Inflammatory agents” were reported to cause traumatic tetanus as inflammation spread upwards from the nerve endings, tendons, and ligaments to the brain. The authors also described the theory of “poison, specifically acting on the NS” that was transmitted by a rabid animal to a bitten patient. To describe the etiopathogenesis of spinal cord diseases, the concept of “diminishing vital spirits through the loss of bodily matter” was used (it was claimed, e.g., that excessive number of sexual intercourses dried out the spinal cord). In addition, the astrological causes of NS diseases were also believed to be of great importance (“somnambulism, insanity, and epilepsy exacerbate when the moonlight shines”). Finally, cutting off the Polish plait (plica polonica) was considered to be an essential etiological factor of various NS diseases in Vilnius in the early 19th century.

A passive ‘One Health’ surveillance system to track canine rabies in urban India

Abstract Robust and widely implementable ‘One Health’ surveillance systems are required to detect and control the spread of zoonotic infectious diseases. Using technological tools coupled with a rapid field response and rapid diagnostics can help in the surveillance of deadly diseases such as rabies, even in densely populated urban areas. Here, we describe the use of an animal rescue system (Hawk Data Pro) that was adapted as a passive surveillance tool for rabies in a large metropolis in India. We used a Webline and helpline that reported injured or sick animals to an animal rescue facility to determine possible rabies cases in street animals in Pune city in western India. Suspected rabid animals were tested using lateral flow assays and this information was used to direct awareness materials on rabies as well as in conducting mass dog vaccinations in areas that reported multiple cases. Over a ~4-year period, we received over 90,700 calls or reports, of which 1162 calls were for suspected rabies cases in dogs, and 6 for other animals (cats, goats and cattle). Of these, 749 dogs and 4 other animals tested positive for rabies. Most of the cases were reported from the densely human-populated central Pune region. In response, ~21,000 people were provided with educational materials on post-bite management, and ~23,000 dogs were vaccinated. We show that the adoption of the Hawk Data Pro system as a passive surveillance tool allowed us to document an ongoing outbreak of rabies in a large metropolis in India. Such systems can be modified or adapted to other areas as well to meet the surveillance and reporting requirements of the WHO’s Zeroby30 strategy to eliminate rabies globally. One Health impact statement India is a priority country for the action plan for rabies elimination by 2030. Yet, systematic surveillance for rabies in the primary reservoir remains weak. Here, we showcase a collaboration with an animal welfare organization and adaptation of their bespoke animal rescue system for passive surveillance of rabies in dogs and other animals in Pune city in western India. This method allowed us to improve the detection of potentially rabid animals, rapidly ensure post-exposure prophylaxis and provide awareness materials for exposed human victims. To the best of our knowledge, this collaboration between scientists and civil society organizations resulted in the detection of the largest number of rabies cases reported in an urban area anywhere in the world. The use of this system highlights the scope of the problem in urban India and also provides practical guidance on how to improve surveillance using basic technological tools.

A cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice regarding rabies among patients attending a tertiary care centre, Solapur Maharashtra

Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic tropical disease. Rabies is one of the world’s deadliest diseases which has 100% fatality and at the same time 100% preventable. The present study is an attempt to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding rabies among animal bite patients and sociodemographic factors associated with it. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care centre, Solapur after taking IEC approval during 1st October 2022 to 31st October 2022, among all adult patients (≥18 years age) attending anti-rabies OPD, in a pre-tested, structured, questionnaire. Results: Among 194 participants 51 (26.29%), 101 (52.06%) and 42 (21.65%) of participants had high, moderate and low knowledge regarding rabies respectively; 75 (38.66%), 106 (54.64%) and 13 (6.7%) had high, moderate and low attitude towards rabies respectively; 160 (82.47%), 33 (17.01%) and 1 (0.52%) had high, moderate and low practice towards rabies prevention and control respectively. In this study knowledge is significantly associated with age, family size, education and socio-economic status; attitude is significantly associated with education and practice is significantly associated with family size. Conclusions: Majority of the participants (101) had moderate knowledge regarding modes of transmission of rabies, fatality of rabies, symptoms of rabid animal, incubation period of rabies and PEP after animal bite, etc. Most of the participants (106) had moderate attitude towards completion of Inj. ARV schedule and the necessity to promote knowledge about rabies in the community. Majority of the participants (160) had high practice regarding first aid after animal bite and anti-rabies vaccination.

Evaluation of potential rabies exposure among Japanese international travelers: A retrospective descriptive study.

Although Japan has been a rabies-free country for >50 years, a few cases have been reported among people traveling abroad. This study aimed to investigate animal exposure among Japanese travelers using the Japanese Registry for Infectious Diseases from Abroad (J-RIDA). In this retrospective analysis, we examined Japanese overseas travelers with animal exposure, as included the J-RIDA database, reported from October 1, 2017, to October 31, 2019, with a focus on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) administration and the animals to which the patients were exposed. Among the 322 cases included in the analysis, 19 (5.9%) patients received PrEP and 303 did not. The most common purpose of travel was a non-package tour (n = 175, 54.3%). Most trips (n = 213, 66.1%) were to a single country for <2 weeks. Most patients (n = 286, 87.9%) traveled to countries with a rabies risk. The majority of patients with and without PrEP were injured in rabies-risk countries [n = 270 (89.1%) for non-PrEP and n = 16 (84.2%) for PrEP]. Animals associated with injuries included dogs (55.0%), cats (25.5%), and monkeys (15.5%). Most patients were classified as World Health Organization Category II/III for contact with suspected rabid animals (39.5% and 44.1% for categories II and III, respectively) and had exposure within 5 days of travel. Southeast Asia (n = 180, 55.9%) was the most common region in which travelers were exposed to animals. Japanese overseas travelers had contact with animals that could possibly transmit the rabies virus, even on short trips. Promoting pre-travel consultation and increasing awareness of the potential for rabies exposure are important for prevention of rabies among Japanese international travelers.

Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2021.

To provide epidemiological information on the occurrence of animal and human rabies in the US during 2021 and summaries of 2021 rabies surveillance for Canada and Mexico. State and territorial public health departments and USDA Wildlife Services provided data on animals submitted for rabies testing in 2021. Data were analyzed temporally and geographically to assess trends in domestic animal and wildlife rabies cases. During 2021, 54 US jurisdictions reported 3,663 rabid animals, representing an 18.2% decrease from the 4,479 cases reported in 2020. Texas (n = 456 [12.4%]), Virginia (297 [8.1%]), Pennsylvania (287 [7.8%]), North Carolina (248 [6.8%]), New York (237 [6.5%]), California (220 [6.0%]), and New Jersey (201 [5.5%]) together accounted for > 50% of all animal rabies cases reported in 2021. Of the total reported rabid animals, 3,352 (91.5%) involved wildlife, with bats (n = 1,241 [33.9%]), raccoons (1,030 [28.1%]), skunks (691 [18.9%]), and foxes (314 [8.6%]) representing the primary hosts confirmed with rabies. Rabid cats (216 [5.9%]), cattle (40 [1.1%]), and dogs (36 [1.0%]) accounted for 94% of rabies cases involving domestic animals in 2021. Five human rabies deaths were reported in 2021. The number of animal rabies cases reported in the US decreased significantly during 2021; this is thought to be due to factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rabies postexposure prophylaxis: What the U.S. emergency medicine provider needs to know.

Approximately 55,000 patients per year in the United States are exposed to potentially rabid animals and receive rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) and these patients commonly present to the emergency department (ED) for wound care and PEP. Despite the number of rabies exposures seen in EDs each year, there appears to be a knowledge gap among health care providers with regard to prescribing and administering rabies PEP. The following review aims to bridge that knowledge gap by discussing the importance of obtaining a comprehensive exposure history to determine the category of the encounter, the type of animal, and the location of the bite and of consulting outside expert resources to determine whether the rabies PEP series is indicated. In addition, this article will discuss dosing, administration, and schedule of the rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin to ensure patients are fully protected from developing rabies. Lastly, this article discusses the potential cost associated with rabies PEP and provides information on managing this barrier.

Risk of Rabies and Implications for Postexposure Prophylaxis Administration in the US

In the US, rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is often administered without a comprehensive and regionally appropriate rabies risk assessment. For low-risk exposures, this can result in patients incurring out-of-pocket expenses or experiencing adverse effects of PEP unnecessarily. To use a model to estimate (1) the probability that an animal would test positive for rabies virus (RABV) given that a person was exposed, and (2) the probability that a person would die from rabies given that they were exposed to a suspect rabid animal and did not receive PEP, and to propose a risk threshold for recommending PEP according to model estimates and a survey. In this decision analytical modeling study, positivity rates were calculated using more than 900 000 animal samples tested for RABV between 2011 and 2020. Other parameters were estimated from a subset of the surveillance data and the literature. Probabilities were estimated using Bayes' rule. A survey was administered among a convenience sample of state public health officials in all US states (excluding Hawaii) plus Washington, DC and Puerto Rico to determine a risk threshold for PEP recommendation. Respondents were asked whether they would recommend PEP given 24 standardized exposure scenarios while accounting for local rabies epidemiology. A quantitative and regionally appropriate approach for helping health care practitioners and public health professionals determine whether to recommend and/or administer rabies PEP. A total of 1728 unique observations were obtained from the model for the probability that an animal would test positive for RABV given that a person was exposed, and 41 472 for ) the probability that a person would die from rabies given that they were exposed to a suspect rabid animal and did not receive PEP. The median probability that an animal would test positive for RABV given that a person was exposed ranged from 3 × 10-7 to 0.97, while the probability that a person would die from rabies given that they were exposed to a suspect rabid animal and did not receive PEP ranged from 1 × 10-10 to 0.55. Fifty public health officials out of a target sample size of 102 responded to the survey. Using logistic regression, a risk threshold was estimated for PEP recommendation of 0.0004; PEP may not be recommended for exposures with probabilities below this threshold. In this modeling study of rabies in the US, the risk of death|exposure was quantified and a risk threshold was estimated. These results could be used to inform the decision-making process as to the appropriateness of recommending rabies PEP.

Epidemiologic Survey Around Dog Bites in Plateau State, Central Nigeria

Rabies is a zoonotic viral fatal disease of warm-blooded animals and occurs due to the bites of animals like dogs, cats, hyenas, jackals against their victims. Rabies remains threat to more than half of the world’s population, killing more than 59,000 people yearly mostly in Asia and Africa whilst most of the victims are children. Domestic dogs are responsible for causing over 99% of all human cases. Rabies can be transmitted through biting, scratching wounds, licking of broken skin and mucous membrane from rabid animal saliva to humans and other animals. In this study, ten farmers were randomly chosen and participated from the list of willing farmers from 5 local government areas LGAs, making a total of 50 farmers from the Berom, Tarok and Fulani communities in Plateau state. The population of those farmers who had no form of education combine with those who had least form of education 29(58%) are higher than those who attended secondary and tertiary 21(42%). 36(72%) revealed that ruminants have been the major victim of dog bites cases in the various communities and only 8(16%) said dogs are the most victims. 25(50%) of the respondents says animal can survive and live a normal life after bitten by a dog and 40(80%) believe that human can survive and live a normal life after bitten by a dog. Only 25(50%) of the respondents take their human victims of dog bites to the hospital for proper medical attention; 13(52%) of them had no idea on what to do with their human victims to dog bites before visits to the hospital, 5(20%) wash and dress the wounds of dog bites only and 6(28%) of the respondents’ resorts to using traditional methods of caring to dog bites wounds before hospital visits. In conclusion, this present study revealed that dog bite is an indiscriminate public health menace in both humans and animals, with ruminants being the most affected. Majority of the farmers had no idea on what to do with the wounds of dog bite on humans and their animals and this require for more public enlightenment/awareness about the fatality of the disease, its transmission and how the virus persists amongst human and animal populations. The dangers and risks, dog bites pose to the public health in any given community must be clearly explained to the public across all communities in the state and the whole country

Knowledge Regarding Rabid Animal Bite among Rural Community People

Background: Rabies is an important public health problem in Bangladesh and is at the top of the list among the zoonotic diseases. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge regarding rabid animal bite among rural community people. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted among 345 rural community people from 1st January to 31st December, 2019 in several villages of Kaligonj in Gazipur district. Convenience sampling was adopted and a semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 39.63 ±13.35 years where majority (84.1%, n=290) of them were female and 81.7% (n=282) were literate. Only 4.9% (n=17) heard about rabies from health personnel, 14.2% (n=49) from mass media, 20.0% (n=69) from books and 60.9% (n=210) from general people. Most of the respondents 98.8% (n=314) knew that rabies is caused by infection from bite of rabid animal. Most of the respondents (97.7%, n=337) had knowledge that one should be vaccinated after bite of an animal. Majority of the respondents (92.8%, n=320) knew that rabies is preventable, 84.6% (n=292) knew about fatality of the disease.Half of the respondents (50.7%, n=175) had knowledge that rabies can be prevented by vaccination of rabid animals.Majority of the respondents (58.8%, n=203) had average knowledge regarding rabid animal bite while others had good (38.8%, n=134), and poor (2.3%, n=8) knowledge. Statistical significancewas found regarding level of knowledge and educational status (p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Majority of the rural community people had average level of knowledge regarding rabid animal bite. There is strong need for educational initiatives involving the local population and the public health authorities to support the rabies elimination program in Bangladesh.

Analysis of available animal testing data to propose peer-derived quantitative thresholds for determining adequate surveillance capacity for rabies

Historical targets for country-level animal rabies testing volumes were abandoned due to ethical and welfare concerns, and interpretation challenges of testing healthy animals. To-date, no quantitative threshold has been established for evaluating adequate surveillance capacity specific to suspected rabid animals. The purpose here is to establish quantitative testing thresholds for rabies suspected animals to assess a country’s rabies surveillance capacity. Animal rabies testing data was obtained from official and unofficial rabies surveillance platforms from 2010 to 2019 and supplemented with official country reports and published literature. Testing rates were determined for all-animal and domestic animals, and standardized per 100,000 estimated human population; the domestic animal rate was also standardized per 100,000 estimated dog population. There were 113 countries that reported surveillance data eligible for analysis. Countries reporting the most data were under WHO categories as having endemic human rabies or no dog rabies. The annual median all-animal testing rate for all countries was 1.53 animals/100,000 human population (IQR 0.27–8.78). Three proposed testing rate thresholds are an all-animal rate of 1.9 animals/100,000 humans, a domestic animal per human rate of 0.8 animals/100,000 humans, and a domestic animal per dog rate of 6.6 animals/100,000 dogs. These three peer-derived rabies testing thresholds for passive surveillance can be used to facilitate assessment of a country’s rabies surveillance capacity.

Knowledge Regarding Rabid Animal Bite among Rural Community People

Knowledge Regarding Rabid Animal Bite among Rural Community People

Rabies: who should care?

Rabies is the deadliest viral infection known, with no reliable treatment, and although it is entirely preventable, rabies continues to kill more than 60,000 people every year, mostly children in countries where dog rabies is endemic. America is only 1 generation away from the time when rabies killed more than 10,000 animals and 50 Americans every year, but 3 to 5 Americans continue to die annually from rabies. Distressingly, > 50,000 Americans undergo rabies prevention therapy every year after exposure to potentially rabid animals. While enormous progress has been made, more must be done to defeat this ancient but persistent, fatal zoonosis. In the US, lack of public awareness and ambivalence are the greatest dangers imposed by rabies, resulting in unnecessary exposures, anxiety, and risk. Veterinarians have a special role in informing and reassuring the public about prevention and protection from rabies. This summary of current facts and future advances about rabies will assist veterinarians in informing their clients about the disease.

La Rabia, una enfermedad ancestral muy vigente

Rabies is an acute and fatal infectious disease. It mainly affects the central nervous system and the virus usually enters the body through the bite of a rabid animal. It is a zoonosis that still kills between 40,000 and 70,000 people each year and 40% of them are children. This disease has been known and referred to since the time of the Greeks. In several countries, urban rabies transmitted by dogs continues: however, in 2019, Mexico was recognized as “free of canine rabies by the World Health Organization. After the transmission of canine rabies to humans was controlled, bat rabies has become the leading cause of rabies in humans and animals in several Latin American countries. Vampire bat rabies is a problem that challenges public and animal health authorities, and solutions must be implemented in a coordinated manner, using and improving detection of the virus and antibodies in vaccinated animals, carrying out active surveillance. It is urgent to implement the “One Health” vision to combat this and other common diseases.

Estimation of Owned and Street Dog Population by Quesionniresurveyand Mark-Recapture Method in Three Urban Areas Bishoftu, Dukem and Modjo Towns

The understanding of the structure of free-roaming and owning dog population’s estimation is of extreme importance for the planning and monitoring of dog population control strategies, animal welfare and health. The methods used to estimate the abundance of this group of dogs are more complex than the ones used with domiciled owned dogs. We point to enhancements necessary for the implementation of the studies and to potential updates and revisions to the recommendations of the World Health Organization with respect to the estimation of free-ranging and owning dog populations. Rabies is a fatal viral disease of animals and people. People usually infected via bites from an infected animal (e.g. dog). Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has to initiate immediately after bite wounds of suspected rabid animals in order to avoid fatalities. The situation of rabies poorly known in Ethiopia. Questionnaire survey was conducted in selected blocks in Dukem, Bishoftu and Modjo towns in order to capture information on dog population size estimates using mark-re sight surveys has provided useful baseline data for understanding the population dynamics of dogs at the study sites. Mark-re sight surveys provide useful information for designing and managing the logistics of dog vaccination or assessing vaccination coverage and for evaluating the impact of neutering programs on the size and structure of dogs’ populations over time. As part of a dog born zoonosis disease risk assessment project, surveys conducted to estimate the size of the dog population and to describe dog management practices of households belonging to different ethnic groups. A marked-recapture method employed and the number of unowned dogs estimated. A total of 599 dog owning households and 276 non-dog household interviewed from at selected 19 blocks at study sites. Owned dogs were more likely male, local breed and for the purpose of used to guard. These households kept their dogs either fully restricted, semi and free roaming but full restriction have reported only at the higher percentage of the total dog households. By counted method, study the ownerless dogs higher than owning and semi-restricted dogs.