Rabbit Breeding Research Articles

An Android-Based Rabbit Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis Expert System Utilizing Forward Chaining Method

Rabbits are animals prone to diseases, mainly affected by digestive system conditions. According to the author's experience, the interviews with rabbit breeders and veterinarians were located in Tangerang, if disorders in the digestive system do not receive proper treatment and will quickly result in death for the rabbit. Rabbit owners sometimes don't know what to do. Obstacles often encountered are limited time, costs, and the number of veterinarians who are still small so that they cannot handle the rabbit immediately. Based on the above problems, it is necessary to design an expert system application with an Android base. The purpose of creating a system is to diagnose diseases in the digestion of rabbits, accompanied by a solution. The method used is to use the forward chaining method to design a digestive disease diagnosis system. This study resulted in the design of an application based on android to diagnose diseases in the digestion of rabbits.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic disease and eimeriosis of rabbits

The rabbit breeding industry in Ukraine is an important element of animal husbandry, most of the rabbits are in private households. In the absence of systematic veterinary care, accurate postmortem diagnosis of the causes of death of rabbits in households is important. Rabbit eimeriosis is widespread in Ukraine and with mixed intestinal and hepatic forms of eimeriosis against the background of unsatisfactory feeding and maintenance in young rabbits can cause death. Viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits is also common in Ukraine and causes the death of rabbits of all ages. The aim was to study the pathomorphological changes in eimeria and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the use of other methods to confirm the diagnosis. The article presents the results of pathological, coprological and microbiological diagnosis of rabbit eimeriosis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits with the simultaneous establishment of the genotype of the pathogen. The effectiveness of the use of additional methods of postmortem diagnosis of eimeria (coprological, microscopic) and viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits (polymerase chain reaction) was established. In rabbits that died from rabbit hemorrhagic disease the infection was caused by the virus of the first type. Key words: pathological and anatomical diagnosis, coproscopy, PCR, liver damage.

THE REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF MALE RABBITS DEPENDING ON THE INFLUENCE OF PARATYPICAL AND GENOTYPICAL FACTORS

THE REPRODUCTIVE ABILITY OF MALE RABBITS DEPENDING ON THE INFLUENCE OF PARATYPICAL AND GENOTYPICAL FACTORS

VITALITY AND BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF LIPTOV BOLD-SPOTTED RABBIT SEMEN

Since semen quality is important for the successful artificial insemination (AI) or cryopreservation, we focused on the evaluation of Slovak national rabbit breeds, New Zealand rabbit and Liptov Bold-Spotted rabbit semen as a possible source of gene reserve. Besides standard sperm traits such as motility, viability, acrosome integrity, and oxidative damage (ROS), bacterial profiles were also assessed in semen samples of New Zealand rabbit (control; n=2; N1 and N2) and Liptov Bold-Spotted rabbit (experimental; n=2; L2 and L4). After initial analysis, samples were divided into good (>70%) and poor (<70%) quality samples according to motility and viability. The results showed significantly higher (P<0.05) totally motile spermatozoa in N1, N2 (76.53±1.22%; 77.30±1.22%) compared to L2 (35.86±5.39%) as well as higher progressively motile spermatozoa in N1 (60.53±1.35%) and N2 (68.13±4.14%) compared to L2 (24.16±1.95%). However, no significant differences in L4 (45.11±4.05%) compared to other groups were recorded. The proportion of dead/live, apoptotic, acrosome damaged, mitochondrial active and ROS produced rabbit sperm was assessed via flow cytometry using fluorescent dyes: DRAQ7, SYBR-14, Yo-Pro-1, PNA, MitoTracker and CellROX, respectively. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of live sperm was observed in L4 (42.73±6.89%) compared to N1 (75.22±5.75%) sample. In adittion, significant (p<0.05) increased presence of dead sperm was in L4 (41.20±10.16%) group compared to N2 (11.16±3.01%). The activity of rabbit sperm mitochondria assessed via mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly (p<0.05) higher in N1 (93.37±1.46%) and N2 (94.35±0.74%) compared to L4 (57.34±1.92). The results from the bacteriological analysis showed that the sperm in good quality (N1 and N2) contained mainly microbial genus such as Brevundimonas, Brevibacterium, Bacillus or Achromobacter. Other samples with poor quality (L2, L4) contained different kind of bacterial genus such as Pseudomonas, Delftia, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter or Staphylococcus. Although the microorganism profile appeared different, obligate pathogenic species were not present. Therefore, further analyses are needed to find out the reason of poor semen quality.

Selection and validation of reference genes for the normalization of quantitative real-time PCR in different muscle tissues of rabbits

BackgroundIn molecular biology studies, the selection of optimal reference genes is of vital importance for accurately quantifying gene expression. The purpose of the present study was to screen the most stable reference genes in different muscle tissues of New Zealand white rabbits and Yufeng yellow rabbits.Methods and resultsResults indicated that the most stable reference genes in the muscle tissues of New Zealand white rabbits were HPRT1, ACTB and PPIC, while HPRT1, PPIC, and RPL13A were the most stable reference genes in muscle tissues of Yufeng yellow rabbits. However, in the longissimus dorsi muscle and the abdominal wall muscle of both varieties, the most stable reference genes were HPRT1, RPL13A, and SDHA. In the quadriceps femoris muscle, the most stable reference genes were ACTB, HPRT1, and SDHA. Furthermore, the relative abundance of MYOG, MYH3 and MSTN was used to confirm the suitability and reliability of the selected most stable reference genes and the most unstable reference gene. Results revealed the same expression patterns of these myogenic genes when normalized according to the most stable genes, while normalization against the unstable reference gene altered the observed expression patterns.ConclusionsTaken together, our results demonstrated that the most stable reference genes varied among different muscle tissues and different breeds of rabbits. However, HPRT1, PPIC and SDHA presented high stability among all examined reference genes; thus, the combined analysis of HPRT1/ PPIC/ SDHA gene provides the best reference for RT-qPCR in muscle tissues of New Zealand white rabbits and Yufeng yellow rabbits, while HPRT1 is a better choice than other reference genes when using a single reference gene to assess target gene expression. Our results provide basic data for better measuring target gene expression profiles in muscle tissues of rabbits.

Modeling of growth curve in farm bred broiler rabbits in organized rabbitry

Rabbit rearing across the Indian subcontinent is growing rapidly. Growth traits are important parameters on which rabbits are being evaluated. Mathematical models have been tried to establish a relationship between body weight and time. Data spread over six years on the weekly body weight of Soviet Chinchilla and White Giant rabbits were collected and subjected to analysis for assessment of genetic parameters and factors which influence the weekly body weight. Three nonlinear growth models; Gompertz, Logistic, and Von Bertalanffy were fitted for both the breeds separately as well as collectively. The least squares mean for weekly body weights in rabbits from weaning to maturity showed an increasing trend. White Giant rabbits weigh higher than Soviet Chinchilla. The period and season of kindling had a significant influence on the weekly body weight of rabbits. The value of growth curve parameter k (an indicator of growth performance) was estimated to be higher for White Giant by all three models. All three models performed well with a high coefficient of determination values. However, Von Bertalanffy model fitted well for Soviet Chinchilla and Gompertz model for the White Giant as well as when both the breeds were fitted collectively.

Effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal on the reproductive indices of male rabbits

Abstract The study evaluated the effect of Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal on semen indices, serum testosterone and sperm reserve of male rabbits. Forty rabbit bucks were randomly assigned into four groups and fed the experimental diets containing Vernonia amygdalina (VLM) at 0, 5, 10 and 15 % levels for 84days. Reproductive indices were evaluated using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance at p<0.05. All semen in rabbits fed 0, 5 and 10 % VLM had milky colour while 14.8% light green and 85.2% milky semen colour was observed in bucks fed 15%VLM. Libido score reduced in rabbits fed VLM diets. Bucks fed 15%VLM had significantly higher semen volume (0.47ml). VLM had no significant effect on spermatozoa mass motility, progressive motility and sperm concentration. Live sperm cells significantly increased in bucks fed 5 and 10% VLM diets. VLM had significant (p<0.05) effect on spermatozoa morphology. Vernonia amygdalina leaf meal had no significant (p<0.05) impact on testosterone, testicular and epididymal indices. In conclusion, up to 10%VLM can be adopted as feed ingredient for male rabbit breeder stock without deleterious effect on reproductive indices.

Experimental study of the effect of Plantago major leaves extract on contaminated excisional wound healing in rabbits

The current study was performed to estimate the influence of topical application of 10% of Plantago major leaves extract (PMLE) on a healing process of contaminated excisional wound in local breed rabbits. Twenty adult local breed male rabbits were used. After the animals have generally anesthetized, two 2×2 cm full thickness wounds were created in thoracic region on right and left side (1wound/side) for each animal. Wounds on right side of animal were treated by topical irrigation with normal saline/daily, this consider as control (group A). While, left side wounds were treated by topical application of 10% PMLE ointment (once/day) that consider as treated (group B) dressing was used after each treatment for both groups. Wound healing was evaluated through macroscopic examination, wound contraction rate (WCR) assessment and histopathological examination. Results of macroscopic examination confirmed that PMLE has a role in acceleration healing when compared to control group. These outcomes were parallel with WCR results in which reflect the mean rate of wound contraction on days 7th, 14th, and 21st ‎in PMLE-treated group was ‎significantly higher (P<0.001) than that of ‎the normal saline-treated group. Histopathological examination results confirmed early increased in new blood vessels formation, fibroblasts proliferation, marked collagen precipitation and early epithelization in group PMLE compared to group A. This study confirmed that topical application of 10% of PMLE (once/a day) has an effective role in accelerate contaminated wound healing through its phenolic and flavonoid contents as recorded by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessment that act as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory substance which help in the enhancement the WCR through encourage early and additional fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis when compared to control group.

Rabbit Farming Management Practices: A Case Of An EmergingRabbit Farmer/Producer

Promoting rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) farming responses to the challenges in food security and agricultural sustainability. The purpose of this study is to describe the management practices of emerging rabbit farmers/producers in rural areas in relation to their housing practices, feeding, breeding, and healthand disease management. Also, it identifies the benefit and challenges of rabbitfarming. Furthermore, a framework was developed in capacitating the rabbitfarmers/producers to make rabbit farming ventures a sustainable livelihood in rural areas. Descriptive research was utilized; 33 rabbit farmers are the respondents of this study; a snowball sampling technique was used to identify the respondent. In- depth semi-structured interviews and observation were used in gathering the data. Findings revealed that farmers invest in galvanized wire cages but some use local materials like bamboo and used wood however they need to improve their housing design even its backyard rabbit raising. The majority uses a combination of rabbit pellets &amp; forages that are locally available for feeding the rabbit. Also, most of them acquire their rabbit breed from local rabbit breeders where the challenge to the farmers is the quality and the inbreeding. Skin disease and diarrhea are common diseases in rabbits andfarmers have knowledge of identifying the symptoms and also curing them. Themajor benefit of rabbit production it gives an additional source of income forrabbit farmers/producers while the major challenges are inadequate/limited knowledge of rabbit production and an unreliable market for rabbit breeds and meat.

Influences of Pelled Feeds Formulated with Vegetables, Household and Industrial Residues on the Performance of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

In Côte d’Ivoire, the challenges facing rabbit breeders are essentially food-related. The aim of this study is also to produce low-cost mixed foods based on residues that can feed rabbits in the same way as those sold on the market. To do this, plants, agricultural and industrial residues were collected, treated, and powdered. Dietary supplements (F1, F2, F3, and F4) are formulated and granulated. They were tested on 5 lots of 10 rabbits each, in comparison to a commercial food. Physicochemical characteristics of diet, zootechnical parameters, mortality and morbidity rates of the animals were determined. The biochemical parameters and the organoleptic quality of the meat were determined. The dry matter contents of the diets range from 82 3.10% for diet F3 to 89.2 1.95% for diet F2. All results are significantly different at P&lt;0.05. The mean protein content ranged from 20.47 ±2.52 to 23.27 ±1.56% DM for F1 and F2 respectively. The crude fiber contents vary from 16.23 ±2.50 to 26.71 ±5.73% DM for F1 and F4 respectively. The carbohydrate contents varied from 15.03 ± 1.25% DM (for F3) to 21.6 ±1.80% DM (for F2). The cost of feeding a rabbit for 56 days on the F2 diet was 724 FCFA, which was the least expensive, followed by the F1 diet (744 FCFA) and the F3 diet (845 FCFA). Of the experimental diets formulated, diet F4 was obviously the most expensive (1163 FCFA). However, its price was lower than the amount paid for the control diet (1628 FCFA). For the carcass, there were no significant differences in the values obtained for weight and yield at P &gt; 0.05. The average scores obtained for odor were 3.42 ± 0.93, for taste, 3.45 ± 1.10 and for tenderness, 3.48 ± 1.07. The overall scores for F1, F2 and F4 were statistically identical and significantly higher than F3 and the control. Cholesterol, creatinine, and urea levels were within the range of the standard, whereas triglyceride levels were above the standard.

Exosomes Derived from Dermal Papilla Cells Mediate Hair Follicle Stem Cell Proliferation through the Wnt3a/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway.

Both hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) and dermal papilla cells (DPC) are essential for hair follicle growth and proliferation. In this study, HFSCs and DPCs that made signature proteins like KRT14, KRT15, KRT19, α-SMA, and Versican were obtained. Cell coculture systems between HFSCs and DPCs were used to measure the increased PCNA protein content in HFSCs. Additionally, exosomes from dermal papilla cells (DPC-Exos), the overexpression and silencing of Wnt3a, could regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway downstream genes. After collecting DPC-ExosOE-Wnt3a, the treatment of HFSC with DPC-ExosOE-Wnt3a showed that DPC-ExosOE-Wnt3a could upregulate the mRNA expression of downstream genes in the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and that DPC-ExosOE-Wnt3a enhanced the proliferation of HFSCs while inhibiting their apoptosis. These findings suggest that DPC-Exos could regulate HFSC cell proliferation via the Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling pathway. This research offers novel concepts for the molecular breeding and efficient production of Angora rabbits, as well as for the treatment of human hair problems.

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the WIF1 Promoter Region Regulates the Wool Length in Rabbits

Wool length is an important trait in the rabbit wool industry. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), a key gene, regulates hair follicle growth and development. This study explores the WIF1 gene relationship with wool production traits in three different rabbit breeds, Rex rabbit, New Zealand rabbit, and Angora rabbit. The rabbit WIF1 gene sequence was obtained from GenBank, and PCR and Sanger sequencing were applied to screen SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) from the gene exons and promoter regions. Sequencing results found no SNP in the PCR products of 10 exons from the rabbit WIF1 gene, indicating that the WIF1 gene was not polymorphic. Thus, the gene was conserved in all three rabbit breeds. Only one SNP was found in the WIF1 promoter region, associated with wool-producing traits in rabbits. Luciferase activity assays showed that the AA genotype had higher transcriptional activities than the AG or GG genotype (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, WIF1 was significantly upregulated in the Rex rabbit compared to the New Zealand rabbit and Angora rabbit (p &lt; 0.01). In summary, a key SNP in the WIF1 promoter region was found to be associated with rabbit fiber length trait.

Efficiency of using industrial crossbreeding to increase rabbits meat productivity

Rabbit farming is a powerful source of dietary meat, rabbit fluff, and rabbit skins. The research was conducted at the rabbit farm of the Precarpathian State Agricultural Research Station of the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. The article describes the creation of new highly productive genetic populations of rabbits identified as the best options for crossing maternal and paternal forms. Three breeds of rabbits and their hybrids were used for industrial crossbreeding, which are maximally suitable for industrial conditions of intensive production of rabbit meat: rabbit breed Poltava silver, Soviet chinchilla, and New Zealand white rabbit. After the result of the conducted research was found that the combination of crossbred females of the rabbit breed Poltava silver, Soviet chinchilla, and New Zealand white rabbit with purebred males of the Soviet chinchilla and New Zealand white rabbit has a positive effect on the reproductive qualities of female rabbits. Due to combinatorial heredity and compliance with the conditions of keeping in the farm of the Cherkasy Research Station, the best genetic combinations of rabbits, such as 1/2 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/2 New Zealand white rabbit x New Zealand white rabbit, and 1/2 rabbit breed Poltava silver, 1/2 Soviet chinchilla x New Zealand white rabbit prevails the control group (rabbit breed Poltava silver x rabbit breed Poltava silver) by multiple fertility on 9.2 %, by high fertility on 5.1 %, milk production probably on 8.5 % and the number of weaned rabbits on 14.0 % (P &lt; 0.05), the weight of the nest that was weaned at 28 days of age on 41.2 % (P &lt; 0.01; P &lt; 0.001). The local young rabbits of the third and fourth research groups (1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/4 New Zealand white rabbit, 2/4 Soviet chinchilla, and 1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 3/4 New Zealand white rabbit) at 28 days of age probably prevailed (P &lt; 0.001; P &lt; 0.01)) analogs of the first control group by the indicator of live weights accordingly of 107 and 83 grams, The highest intensity of development up to 28 days of age (P &lt; 0.001) had the young hybrid rabbits of origin 1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/4 Soviet chinchilla 2/4 New Zealand white rabbit (609 ± 28.26 g), which has more control on 116 gram. By the indicator of live weight at 90 days of age, the local young rabbits of the second research group (1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 3/4 Soviet chinchilla) probably (P &lt; 0.05) prevailed over the young rabbits of the first control group (rabbit breed Poltava silver) on 117 and the third research group (1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/4 New Zealand white rabbit 2/4 Soviet chinchilla) – on 156, and the fourth (1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 3/4 New Zealand white rabbit) – on 80 and the fifth (1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/4 Soviet chinchilla 2/4 New Zealand white rabbit) – on 207 grams. Better tendency to high lifetime fattening, meat, and constitutional indicators had young hybrid rabbits of origin: 1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 3/4 New Zealand white rabbit, 1/4 rabbit breed Poltava silver 1/4 Soviet chinchilla 2/4 New Zealand white rabbit.

Relationships amongst carcass traits in some breeds of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bucks

Thirty-two (32) rabbit bucks of 15-16 weeks (105-112 days) of age comprising of 10 bucks of New Zealand white (NZ), 11 bucks of Chinchilla (CH), and 11 bucks of Dutch (DH) breed with an average weight of 1266 g were used and the experiment lasted for 56 days with each rabbit in a pen. The study to determine relationships amongst carcass traits in some breeds of domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) bucks. All the parameters were weighed in grams with a digital weighing scale while the dressing percentage was calculated. The carcass traits taken were heart, liver, kidney, caecum, lungs, stomach, intestine, live weight, slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb, thoracic cage, loin, skin, head, shank, hind limb, testis, body weight, dressing per cent. The degree of relationships amongst the carcass traits was determined using the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Procedure of SAS. There were several relationships with correlation coefficients ranging from high to low and positively and negatively correlated. The results obtained for relative organs gave positive and significantly (p&lt;0.05) high correlation coefficients between heart and liver (r=0.663) and between intestine and stomach (r=0.570). There was no significant (p&gt;0.05) difference amongst other relative organs but with positive correlation coefficients except between liver and lungs, kidney and caecum, caecum and lungs, caecum and intestine, lungs and stomach, lungs and intestine. For the other carcass traits (live weight, slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb, thoracic cage, loin, skin, head, shank, hind limb, testis, body weight, and dressing per cent), the highest and positive correlation coefficient was obtained between live weight and slaughtered weight (r=0.992), and the least was between shank and testis (r=0.025). It also revealed that live weight had a highly significant (p&lt;0.01) effect on slaughtered weight, dressing weight, fore limb thoracic cage, loin, skin, and hind limb. Therefore, selection for improvement should be carried out on carcass traits with high and positive correlation. More research should be conducted on relationships between carcass traits of domestic rabbit bucks of different breeds and ages.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM PEMBERSIH KOTORAN OTOMATIS PADA KANDANG KELINCI BERBASIS IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS)

Rabbits have their charm for breeding because of the benefits they get from rabbits. However, rabbit farming has a fairly high challenge, namely rabbits die easily because of the cleanliness of the cage. The accumulation of rabbit droppings results in increased levels of ammonia gas which are harmful to rabbits, breeders, and even the environment. In cleaning the cage, rabbit breeders still use manual methods that are ineffective and inefficient. For this reason, a systemwas created to create an automatic feces cleaning system in the rabbit cage based on IoT (Internet of Things) by utilizing loadcell sensors to detect the weight of rabbit droppings that are accommodated on the conveyor belt. Belt conveyor as a medium that transports rabbit droppings. The MQ-135 sensor is used to detect the concentration of ammonia gas and the MCUESP8266 Node as a controller and IoT as a notification and as a system control via a smartphone. Based on testing of the system, the loadcell sensor as a measure of the weight of rabbit droppings has an accuracy rate of 97.43%. The MQ-135 sensor as a measure of theconcentration of ammonia gas in rabbit cages has an accuracy rate of 99.19%. The conveyor belt can move to dispose of rabbit droppings when the weight is &gt; 1000 grams or the ammonia gas content is &gt; 25 ppm. Then the Telegram application bot can 100% control the system by inputting commands and can receive notifications from the system. From testing the system as a whole, the system can work according to the desired function with a 100% success rate.

The effectiveness of the use of the probiotic complex Subtilis-C in the field of industrial rabbit breeding

For the successful development of the livestock industry, including rabbit breeding, it is necessary to reveal the genetic potential of breeding facilities by balancing feed rations and including dietary supplements in their composition that help maintain their homeostasis and reduce the negative impact of various stress and feed factors on the body of farm animals. Currently, there are a number of feed components that stimulate the productivity and growth of animals, birds, and animals. One of them are probiotic drugs that have a positive effect on strengthening immunity, strengthening health and increasing productivity of various types of farm animals. The aim of the work is to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of the probiotic drug Subtilis - C as part of a full-fledged granular compound feed for young rabbits to increase their meat productivity. To study the effect of the probiotic drug Subtilis - C, 45 rabbits aged 30 days were selected. Rabbits of the control group were fed according to the scheme adopted by the farm with a full-grain granular feed PZK-92 UAH, experimental groups of rabbits received feed rations based on the feed PZK-92 (obtained on the basis of cereals, sunflower cake, wheat bran, herbal flour from alfalfa and premix KVP P90-1K), which included probiotic the additive "Subtilis-S" (2 · 109) in a dosage of 0.6 and 1.0 g / kg of compound feed and hydrolysate of oats in a dosage of 2% as a binder instead of molasses. It is proved that the use of the probiotic drug "Subtilis-S" in a dosage of 1.0 g / kg by weight of compound feed increases the average daily gains and, as a consequence, meat productivity and protein content in the muscle tissue of rabbit carcasses.)

Histopathological study to determine the effects of platelet rich fibrin membrane crafting on skin healing compared with MEBO scar ointment in rabbit

The present study aimed to compare between the use of platelet rich fibrin membrane (PRFM) and MEBO scar ointment for cutaneous wound healing as a model treatment. For this reason, forty two local breed rabbits have been divided into four groups, the first three groups were subjected to full thickness skin wound using biopsy punch instrument (diameter 8 mm) on the dorsal thoracic side. Rabbits in the first group leaved without treatment, while in the second group we planted the PRFM in biopsy site, the third group treated with MEBO scar ointment. Wound healing process was observed grossly and microscopically at day 3, 7, 10 and 12 post operation. All groups showed normal healing process with competitive advantage to PRFM and MEBO groups respectively compared with untreated group, PRFM was better than the MEBO group, the advantage characterized by less inflammatory reaction, fast reepitheliazation, granulation tissue formation, fibroplasias and angiogenesis.

TESTING METHODS FOR APPLICATION OF A BIOSTIMULATOR FROM CATTLE BRAIN TISSUE ON THE BASIS FROM FILM-FORMING SUBSTANCES

An important step in the manufacture of ophthalmic medicinal films is the method of applying the active substance to the base of the film former. As a result of the analysis of available methods, it is necessary to choose a method in which the prolonged action of medicinal substances remains the same, and the molecular structure of the active component does not change. A number of researchers suggest adding an active component to a film former immediately before film production. Some developers apply active ingredients to a ready-made base. Based on the foregoing, we set a goal - to test methods for applying a biostimulator from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles to a base of film-forming substances. As laboratory models for testing the methods of applying the active substance to the film-forming base, we chose polyvinyl alcohol in a ratio of 1/15 with distilled water and gelatin in a ratio of 1/7 with distilled water. To prepare the active substance for its introduction into the film-forming agent, NaCl solution was added with a micropipette to the biostimulator from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles and gently but thoroughly mixed. To determine the dissolution rate of the eye medicinal films obtained as a result of the experiment, the obtained samples were placed on the surface of the cornea of laboratory animals. 10 giant rabbits and two outbred dogs were chosen as experimental animals. As a result of the study, we found that the preferred method for applying a biostimulant from the brain tissue of cattle with the addition of silver nanoparticles to the base of film-forming substances (polyvinyl alcohol and gelatin) is the introduction of the active substance into the film-forming agent immediately before the production of films. Forms based on gelatin completely dissolved in the eyes of the subjects in 45 minutes, from polyvinyl alcohol - in 95 minutes.

Antioxidants status and physiological responses to early and late heat stress in two rabbit breeds.

Early life heat stress negatively affects rabbit production and well-being. However, the physiological response to acute heat stress in later life is not clearly defined. The present study aims to investigate the effects of early and late heat stress at 36°C on some blood constituents, antioxidant enzymes activity in the blood, and muscle in New Zealand white and Baladi Black rabbits. A total of sixty post-weaning rabbits of each breed were randomly divided into two groups; control groups (NZWC and BBC) and early heat-stressed groups for six hours at 36 ± 1°C and 62% relative humidity (RH) (NZWT and BBT groups). After heat stress, six rabbits from each group were slaughtered for blood and muscle tissue collection. The surviving rabbits were kept at 28 ± 1°C and 40% RH till 13 weeks of age. At the end of 13 weeks, all rabbits were exposed to late heat stress as precious described to perform four groups: single late stressed groups; NZWC2, BBC2, and double stressed groups; NZWT2 and BBT2. After late heat stress, six rabbits from each group were slaughtered for blood and muscle tissue collection. The early and late heat stress caused a significant reduction in the blood creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and high-density lipoprotein and antioxidant enzymes' activity in blood and muscle of both NZW and BB rabbits compared with the control groups. While, the blood total cholesterol, triglycerides, total lipids levels, and lipid peroxidation activity in blood and muscle were significantly increased due to the early and late heat-stressed both breeds compared with the control groups. It could be concluded that the early heat stress at 36°C has negative effects on several physiological indicators and antioxidant activities in the blood and muscle of NZW and BB rabbits.

Establishment of the gender of rabbits by craniometric and morphological features of the skull

Introduction. Sexual dimorphism in rabbits is poorly expressed, which creates a number of difficulties in determining the sex of the animal. The need to determine sex arises during forensic veterinary examination, archaeological and special morphological studies, as well as in the study of age and breed variability of animals using craniological material. This issue is especially relevant for veterinary and sanitary examination, since the sex of the animal can affect the quality of wool or the taste of meat, which affects the quality of the products obtained.Objects and methods. The objects of the study were skulls (n = 4) of Californian breed ofrabbits and skulls (n = 4) of Soviet chinchilla breed. The stages of the study were: the creation of 8 bone preparations by boiling them in water with the addition of bicarbonate of soda, bleaching in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, comparison and morphometry.Results. Based on the study, it is possible to identify craniological features characteristic of male and female rabbits: the angle of the lower jaw in males is thicker and more massive, has a more pronounced masticatory fossa; supraorbital processes of male rabbits are more branched and wide; the zygomatic process of the zygomatic bone has a thin elongated shape in females, and a wide oval in males; on the horizontal plate of the palatine bone of femalerabbits there is large number of holes; in males, the lattice opening resembles a cello in shape, and the pituitary gland resembles an oval; the occipito-sphenoid fusion in male rabbits is convex, and the occipital crest has a thickening. Thanks to the use of several breeds of rabbits in the experiment, it can be proved that these patterns relate to sex, and not to breed. The results of the study can be used to determine the sex of an animal by the skull or its fragments, which is important for forensic veterinary examination when using a craniological method for determining the sex of various animal species.