R2 Treatment Research Articles

Canopy Apparent Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield of Two Spike-Type Wheat Cultivars in Response to Row Spacing under High Plant Density.

In northern China, large-spike wheat (Triticum aestivum L) is considered to have significant potential for increasing yields due to its greater single-plant productivity despite its lower percentage of effective tillers, and increasing the plant density is an effective means of achieving a higher grain yield. However, with increases in plant density, the amount of solar radiation intercepted by lower strata leaves is decreased and the rate of leaf senescence is accelerated. Row spacing can be manipulated to optimize the plant spatial distribution under high plant density, therefore improving light conditions within the canopy. Consequently, field experiments were conducted from 2010 to 2012 to investigate whether changes in row spacing under high plant density led to differences in canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP), individual leaf photosynthesis and grain yield. Two different spike-type winter wheat cultivars, Jimai22 (a small-spike cultivar as a control cultivar) and Wennong6 (a large-spike cultivar), were grown at a constant plant density of 3,600,000 plants ha–1 (a relatively higher plant density) over a wide range of row spacing as follows: 5-cm row spacing (R0), 15-cm row spacing (R1), 25-cm conventional row spacing (R2), and 35-cm row spacing (R3). The two-year investigations revealed that increased row spacing exhibited a significantly higher light transmission ratio (LT), which improved light conditions within the canopy; however, excessive light leakage losses in R2 and R3 treatments were not favorable to improved irradiation energy utilization efficiency. Aboveground biomass accumulation was influenced by row spacing. Two spike-type wheat accumulated greater biomass under 15-cm row spacing compared to other row spacing treatments, although a markedly improved photosynthetic rate (PN), effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and maximal efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm) in the penultimate and third leaves were observed in R2 and R3 treatments. At the same time, a longer duration of CAP and green leaf area was maintained in R1 during grain filling. Compared with conventional row spacing, Wennong6 in R1 treatment obtained 21.0% and 19.1% higher grain yield in 2011 and 2012, respectively, while for Jimai22 it increased by 11.3% and 11.4%, respectively. A close association of yield with CAP and LAI at mid-grain filling was observed. In conclusion, for the tested growing conditions, decreasing the row spacing to an optimal distance (15 cm) maintained a longer duration of LAI and CAP during grain filling, made a better coordination of group and individual leaf photosynthesis, and accumulated higher aboveground biomass, leading to a greater grain yield. In addition, Wennong6 had a more rational canopy architecture than Jimai22 (improved LT and higher LAI) and CAP under 15-cm row spacing, leading to a higher grain yield, which indicated that the large-spike type cultivar has the potential to obtain higher yields by increasing plant density through optimum row spacing allocation (15 cm).

PENGARUH PENGGANTIAN SEBAGIAN JAGUNG DENGAN TEPUNG KULIT PISANG RAJA (Musa paradisiaca) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMAN BROILER

ABSTRACT EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION OF YELLOW CORN WITH BANANA (Musa paradisiaca) PEELS IN THE DIETS ON BROILER PEERFORMANCE. A study has been conducted to determine the effect of substitution of yellow corn with banana (Musa paradisiaca) peels in the diets on broiler performance. The present study used 60 broiler chicks and reared for 5 weeks. A Completely Randomized Design was used as an experimental design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0: diet without substitution of banana peels or 0% in the diet; R1: diet with the substitution of 7,5% or 4,28% in the diet; R2: diet with the substitution of 15,0% or 8,55% in the diet; and R3: diet with the substitution of 22,5% or 12,83% in the diet. Variables measured were: daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversion. Research results showed that daily feed consumption, daily gain, and feed conversionratio were all significantly (P < 0,05) affected by treatments. Daily feed consumption at R3 significantly (P < 0,05) lower compared with R0 and R1 treatments, but no differences (P > 0,05) were observed between R2 and R3. No significant (P > 0,05) was observed between R0 and R1, but there was a significant difference (P < 0,05) between R2 and R3 and between R1 and R2. Feed conversion ratio was significantly (P < 0,05) lower for R0 compared with R1, R2 and R3, but no differences (P > 0,05) were observed among R0, R1, and R2 treatments. It can be concluded that banana (Musaparadisiaca) peels meal can be used up to 15% replacing yellow corn or 8,55% in broiler diet. Key words: Broiler chicks, Banana (Musaparadisiaca) peels, Daily feed consumption, Daily gain, feed conversion ratio.

PERSENTASE KARKAS DAN LEMAK ABDOMEN BROILER YANG MENGGUNAKAN DAUN MURBEI (Morus alba) SEGAR SEBAGAI PENGGANTI SEBAGIAN RANSUM BASAL

CARCASS PERCENTAGE AND ABDOMINAL FAT OF BROILER CHICKEN CONSUMING DIETS PARTLY REPLACED WITH FRESHMULBERRY (Morus alba) LEAVES. An experiment was conducted to elaborate carcass percentage and abdominal fat of broiler chicken consuming diets partly replaced with fresh Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves. The present study was conducted for 3 weeks using 60 day old chicks (DOC) CP 707 broiler chicks. Birds were placed in battery cages and were assigned to each dietary treatment (4 treatments) which was replicated five times in a completely randomized design (CRD) arrangement and data were all submitted to the ANOVA procedure.Treatment diets were formulated as follow: R0 = basal diet + 0% fresh Mulberry leaves; R1 = 98% basal diet + 2.0% fresh Mulberry leaves; R2= 96.0% basal diet + 4.0% fresh Mulberry leaves; and R3 = 94.0% basal diet + 6.0% fresh Mulberry leaves. Variables measured were carcass percentage and abdominal fat. Research results showed that treatments gave a non-significant different (P>0.05) on carcass percentage; where as treatments significantly (P<0,05) affected abdominal fat. R0 (basal diet + 0% fresh Mulberry leaves) gave a significantly (P < 0.05) higher abdominal fat compared with R1, R2, and R3 treatments; while among R1, R2, and R3 treatments gave a non-significant difference on abdominal fat indices. It can be concluded that fresh Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves can be used up to 6.0% as a replacement of basal diet of broiler chicken in this study. Key words: Broiler chicken, Mulberry leaves,carcass percentage, abdominal fat.

绿洲棉田UV-B辐射增强对棉花生长发育的影响

在大田试验条件下，研究UV-B辐射增强对棉花生长发育的影响。通过人工增加对棉花UV-B辐射，设置4个处理，每个处理的辐射剂量分别为0 W/m2 (R0)、0.5 W/m2 (R1)、1.0 W/m2 (R2) 和1.5 W/m2 (R3)，研究了UV-B辐射增强对棉花株高、茎粗、叶面积、叶片表观伤害、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：随着UV-B辐射增强，R1、R2和R3处理组的株高、茎粗、叶面积分别与对照达到了极显著水平(P The objectives of this research were to study the influences of enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UV-B, 280 - 320 nm) on physiological indicator, yield and quality of cotton. We set four treatments of 0 w/m2 (R0), 0.5w/m2 (R1), 1w/m2 (R2), 1.5 w/m2 (R3) by increasing artificial UV-B radiation and studied the effect of enhanced Ultraviolet-B radiation on plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index (LAI), apparent injure in leaf, yield and quality of cotton. The results showed that the plant height, stem diameter and LAI had significant correlation with the increasing Ultraviolet- B radiation (P < 0.01), and the difference between R3 and other treatments also had statistically significance (P < 0.01). The apparent injury in leaf of cotton became more serious and the quantity and quality was also at the lowest level as followed. The relationship between UV-B radiation and cotton growth was closer. The higher intensity of UV-B radiation would have more negative effects on cotton growth.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KONSENTRAT DALAM PAKAN BERBASIS RUMPUT (Panicum maximum) TERHADAP KECERNAAN HEMISELULOSA DAN SELULOSA PADA KAMBING LOKAL

ABSTRACTTHE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATE UTILIZATION IN GUINEA GRASS (Panicum maximum) FEED ON HEMIELLULOSE AND CELLULOSE DIGESTIBILITIES IN LOCAL GOATS. Research was conducted to evaluate the effects of concentrate utilization in guinea grass (Panicum maximum) feed on hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities in local goats. Twelve male local goats were used in this experiment and raised in 12 unit individual pens. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were R1 = 100 % guinea grass, R2 = 75 % guinea grass + 25 % concentrate, R3 = 50 % guinea grass + 50 % concentrate, R4 = 25 % guinea grass + 75 % concentrate. The results showed that effects on hemicellulose and cellulose digestibilities were significantly different among treatments (P &lt; 0,05). Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) showed that R1 treatment was significantly lower compared to R3 and R4 treatments. There was no different between R1 and R2, and among R2, R3, and R4. It was concluded that concentrate could be utilized up to 75 %, however the best treatment was utilization of 25 % concentrate.Key words: guinea grass, concentrate, digestibility, hemicellulose, cellulose, and local goats.

免耕稻田氮肥运筹对土壤NH3挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

NH3volatilization is an important process of N loss from fertilizer nitrogen( N) applied to no-tillage rice fields.It has been demonstrated that no-tillage promotes NH3volatilization. However,few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of N management on NH3volatilization from no-tillage paddy fields. Therefore,a field experiment was conducted on a clay loam soil( Anthrosol,World Reference Base for Soil Resources) to study the effects of N management on NH3volatilization and N use efficiency from no-tillage rice fields in the city of Wuxue in central China during the 2012rice-growing season. In this study,five experimental treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Five treatments were applied including five application rates of N fertilizer in the seedling,mid-tillering,flowering and heading stages of rice: 2∶2∶3∶3( R1),3∶2∶2∶3( R2),4∶2∶2∶2( R3),4∶3∶1∶2( R4) and 0∶0∶0∶0( CK). The NH3volatilization fluxes were determined 20 times using a venting method during the 2012 rice growing season. NH+4concentrations and pH of the soils and field surface water were also measured. The obtained results showed that application of N fertilizer significantly enhanced both NH+4concentrations of the soils and field surface water and the soil pH. Compared with the other fertilized treatments( R2,R3 and R4),R1 significantly decreased NH+4concentrations of the soils and field surface water. In the fertilized treatments,during the rice growing season,each application of N fertilizer led to NH3volatilization fluxes peaking after 1—3 days,and then dropping rapidly to those in the unfertilized treatment levels within1—2 weeks. The NH3volatilization fluxes in the CK treatment were relatively low,and remained nearly unchanged. The NH3volatilization fluxes ranged from 2. 0 to 21. 94 mg·m-2·d-1for the CK treatment and from 2. 21 to 209. 6 mg·m-2·d-1for the fertilized treatments. Mean NH3volatilization fluxes in the R1,R2,R3 and R4 treatments were( 13. 8±2. 0),( 15. 3±0. 2),( 15. 8± 0. 1) and( 14. 2 ± 0. 1) mg·m-2·d-1,respectively,which were 1. 57,1. 81,1. 88 and 1. 69 times,respectively,that in the CK treatment. The cumulative amounts of NH3volatilization were( 8. 52±0. 20)( CK),( 19. 59±2. 30)( R1),( 21. 85 ± 0. 68)( R2),( 21. 98 ± 0. 45)( R3) and( 23. 79 ± 1. 15) kg N / hm2( R4). For fertilized treatments,the highest cumulative NH3volatilization was observed at the mid-tillering stage( accounting for 11. 9% —14. 7% of the total),followed by the heading stage,with the minimum being found at the seeding and booting stages.Compared with no N fertilizer,application of N fertilizer significantly increased NH3volatilization by 56. 5% —64. 2% from the no-tillage paddy fields. In fertilized treatments,N losses through NH3volatilization accounted for 6. 2% —8. 5% of the applied N. Among the four fertilized treatments,the cumulative NH3volatilization was significantly reduced by 9. 1% —17. 7% under R1 than under the other fertilized treatments. Linear correlation analysis indicated that NH+4concentrations and pH in the soils and field surface water were significantly related to the NH3volatilization fluxes. Application of N fertilizer significantly affected N uptake of rice,where,compared with the CK treatments,fertilized treatments significantly increased N uptake of rice by 46. 5% —89. 3%. Compared with the other fertilized treatments,R1 significantly enhanced N use efficiency by 28. 4% —74. 9%. Therefore,our results suggest that N application at the late growth stage of rice can decrease NH3volatilization,thus improving N use efficiency of rice under no-tillage rice fields.

Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and shoot and cluster thinning on grapevine cv. Tempranillo. Water relations, vine performance and berry and wine composition

The effects of crop level and irrigation on water relations, yield, grape and wine composition were studied during two seasons in a Tempranillo vineyard in Spain. Irrigation was applied at two levels: R2 (with mild deficit irrigation applied during all the season) and R1 (with more severe water stress applied before veraison). Deficit irrigated vines were compared to a non-irrigated control. Crop levels imposed resulted in 11, 20, and 27 clusters per vine. Over all treatments, yield and ratio of leaf area to yield (LA: Y) were different between years: 4.4 and 16.3 t ha−1 and 1.72 and 0.88 m2 kg−1 in 2005 and 2006, respectively. In 2005, large differences in grape and wine composition occurred among non-irrigated and the irrigated treatments, but not between R1 and R2 treatments. Wines from non-irrigated vines were more acid, had higher total anthocyanins, and higher color intensity. In 2006, irrigation had less effect on grape and wine variables. The effect of shoot and cluster thinning on wine composition was different between seasons due to the different crop load values between years. Grape composition was negatively affected by high crop level only for values of LA: Y lower than 1.5 m2 kg−1.

EFFECT OF FEEDING EXTRUDED HATCHERY WASTE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SOVIET CHINCHILLA RABBITS.

Seventy five, Soviet Chinchilla 6 week-old rabbits just weaned were divided into 5 treatments, R1 , R2, R3, R4 and R5. Each group was further divided into 5 replications of 3 rabbits raised in the same cages and fed with extruded hatchery waste mixed with soja meal (40:60) at 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 or 6% level replacing fish meal from rabbits diet at 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% level. The body wt. gains were 978, 998, 1030, 899 and 908 g in R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 treatments, respectively indicating no statistical difference. The FCR and PER values were 3 .79, 3.64, 3.53, 3.71 and 3.46 and 1.641, 1.712,1 .764, 1.674 and 1.798 in R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5 treatments, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the carcass traits between the treatments. The cost of producing I kg live wt. gain was lowest (Rs, 14.39) in R5 and highest in R1 (Rs.16.47) indicating the EHWM incorporation in rabbits diet totally replacing the fish meal is most economical.

RECIRCULATING NUTRITIVE SOLUTION IN SOILLESS CULTURE OF ROSE USING SALINE ALKALINE WATER

RECIRCULATING NUTRITIVE SOLUTION IN SOILLESS CULTURE OF ROSE USING SALINE ALKALINE WATER

Changes in soil chemistry and aggregate stability induced by fertilizer applications, burning and trash retention on a long‐term sugarcane experiment in South Africa

SummaryThroughout the world there is a trend towards retaining crop residues rather than burning them. For this reason, changes in soil chemistry and aggregation in a Vertisol induced by 59 years of burning or green cane harvesting with or without annual fertilizer applications were investigated. Crop residues were either burnt prior to harvest with the harvest residues raked off (R1), burnt prior to harvest with the harvest residues left on the soil surface (R2), or left unburnt with all the trash left on the soil surface (R3). Concentrations of organic C in the surface 10 cm of soil increased with fertilizer applications and with increasing amounts of crop residue returned in the order R1 &lt; R2 &lt; R3. Fertilizer applications caused an accumulation of residual P in both inorganic (Pi) and organic (Po) forms. A sequential P fractionation showed that fertilizer P accumulated in both labile and recalcitrant Pi and Po forms, and trash retention caused an accumulation of recalcitrant Po. Concentrations of K decreased in the unfertilized R1 and R2 treatments because K reserves were depleted. By contrast, there was an increase in the concentrations of K in the fertilized R3 treatment. The soil became more acid on the fertilized and, to a lesser extent, trash retention plots. We attribute this to nitrification and subsequent nitrate leaching. Acidification resulted in a loss of exchangeable Ca and Mg, a decrease in ECEC, and an increase in the concentrations of total and monomeric Al in soil solution, in exchangeable Al3+ and in the buffering reserve of non‐exchangeable Al associated with organic matter. Aggregate stability was increased by increasing crop residues but decreased by fertilizer applications. The decrease was attributed to an increase in the proportion of exchangeable cations present in monovalent form due to applications of fertilizer K and leaching of Ca and Mg. We conclude that trash retention and annual fertilizer applications have substantial long‐term effects on both organic matter status and soil pH and therefore on other soil chemical and physical properties.

Growth of Radiata Pine after Row Thinning Compared with Selective Thinning

SUMMARY In a replicated trial near Canberra, first thinnings of a 16-year-old plantation of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were carried out by felling every second row (R2), felling every third row (R3), felling every fifth row plus individually selected trees in intermediate rows (SR), and felling only individually selected trees (S). The trees individually selected for felling were those of poorest vigour or form. At the time of thinning, the stands had, on average, a predominant height of 22.3 m and a basal area of 41.7 m2/ha before thinning and 20.4, 27.9, 24.1 and 24.5 m2/ha after the R2, R3, SR and S thinnings, respectively. There was no significant difference in growth between the R2 and R3 treatments or between the SR and S treatments. During the six years after thinning the overall growth in volume of the row thinned plots (R2 and R3) was estimated to be 17 per cent less than that of the selectively thinned plots (SR and S). This lower growth was due to the retention on the row thinned plots...

The effect on bacon pig backfat iodine number and calorific value of feeding barley or maize based diets to give different growth rates

SUMMARYIn an experiment involving sixty Large White pigs fed maize or barley based diets either ad libitum (AL) or to one of two restricted scales (R1 and R2), between 55 and 86 kg live weight, there were no significant cereal × feeding interactions for growth rate and the mean growth rates for the main effects were 0·62, 0·63, 0·81, 0·73 and 0·35 kg/day for the maize, barley, AL, R1 and R2 treatments respectively. There were no significant cereal × feeding treatment interactions for iodine number or calorific value of carcass backfat and the only significant differences between the main effects were those of lower iodine numbers for the barley (cf. maize) and the AT. (cf. R1) treatments.