Quota Setting Research Articles

Path Analysis of The Carbon Market's Impact on Corporate Carbon Emission Reduction

The focus of this study is to explore how carbon markets have been effective in motivating companies to reduce carbon emissions globally. Through the setting of emission quotas and a series of fair and strict trading rules, the carbon market not only stimulates the intrinsic motivation of enterprises to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also pushes forward climate governance on a global scale. This paper elaborates on the theoretical basis and operational mechanism of the carbon market, especially its key role in facilitating enterprises to reduce emissions through economic incentives, improving their ability to comply with environmental regulations, creating more market access opportunities, promoting innovation in environmental technologies, and enhancing the green brand image of enterprises in the eyes of the public. This study aims to provide insights for business managers to help them optimize their carbon reduction strategies and references for policymakers to promote corporate emissions reduction more efficiently and accurately when formulating relevant policies to jointly address global climate change challenges.

Green electricity product menu design for retailers without knowing consumer environmental awareness

Adverse selection problem due to asymmetry of consumer environmental awareness (CEA) could reduce electricity retailer's profit and obstructs renewable energy (RE) consumption. This study analyzes mechanism design problem of retailer constricted by RE consumption quota to incentive consumers display true CEA in competitive retail market. Based on principal-agent theory, we develop an extended principal-agent model with the addition of an RE consumption quota constraint to design a green electricity product menu which includes the green level, the price and electric quantity. Influence of information symmetry and quota setting on product attributes, retailer's profit, consumer utility, RE consumption is analyzed, and results show that: (1) Compare to symmetric information, under asymmetric information, green level of product provided to consumers with CEA (denoted as C1) distorts upward, information rent is greater than zero when quota is large, while green level of product provided to consumers without CEA (denoted as C2) distorts downward, with no information rent. (2) Under asymmetric information, unit environmental premium (UEP) of green electricity positively relates to proportion of C1, CEA level, and incremental WTP, and reaches the maximum value at a certain quota. (3) Under asymmetric information, retailer's profit and RE consumption positively relates to proportion of C1, and CEA level. (4) Under asymmetric information, quota difference could contribute to improve retail service quality under competitive retail market, and RE consumption elevation.

An assessment of survey techniques using unmanned aerial vehicles to monitor Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)

Monitored populations of the Nile crocodile Crocodylus niloticus at the southern end of its distribution, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, are largely in decline. Trophy hunting of wild Nile crocodiles is only permitted at Pongolapoort Dam in the province, and monitoring of this population is required to enable the setting of annual hunting quotas. The aims of this study were to determine the feasibility of using drones to count and measure Nile crocodiles in the inlet to the dam and evaluate the utility of photomosaics, individual photographs, and videos for this purpose. A total of 16.5 km of shoreline was surveyed and 183 sub-adult and adult crocodiles observed, averaging 10.74 crocodiles per kilometer. The use of drones was cost-effective compared to traditional survey methods even though a higher number of person hours were required for data collection and processing. We recommend that drones be used to acquire video footage, supplemented by photomosaics in areas where large aggregations of crocodiles occur, to regularly monitor this crocodile population.

Evaluasi Kebijakan Sistem Zonasi Dalam Penerimaan Peserta Didik Baru (PPDB) di SMPN Kabupaten Tanah Datar

This study is about the acceptance of new students (PPDB) at SMPN Tanah Datar by using a zoning system. As for the goals of this study is to find out how it is implemented, as well as the supporting and inhibiting factors in PPDB by using the zoning system at SMPN Tanah Datar Regency. This study uses qualitative methods with phenomenological types. The research instrument is the researcher himself and is added with notebooks, recording devices, and other documents as supporters. Sources of data were obtained from principals, teachers, parent and student at 7 SMPN Tanah Datar Regency. data collection using observation techniques, interviews and documentation. to check the validity of the data using the triangulation method and then analyzed using the Miles and Hubermen model consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that in the implementation of the zoning system policy in the acceptance of new students (PPDB) at SMPN Tanah Datar for 3 years, there were several problems encountered in the field such as zone mapping by the local government which was not yet accurate, the quota set was not in accordance with the needs. schools, regulations that are not yet firm so that there are still schools that violate the zoning provisions in the PPDB, there is still a lack of socialization to the community and the motivation and learning achievement of students / wi has decreased. The conclusion in this study is that the government as a stakeholder in education needs to evaluate especially in education policies in order to assess and measure whether the zoning system in PPDB has been implemented properly or not, what needs to be improved and addressed and can provide inputs. input so that the zoning system policy in this PPDB will be even better next time.

Changes in the productivity of US West Coast fish stocks

The California Current ecosystem is highly dynamic at interannual to interdecadal time scales. Variability has been documented in pelagic and other fish species, but climate change may be altering the historical models of variation. This study investigates changes in productivity of 31 fish stocks in the California Current ecosystem. Productivity was measured from recent stock assessments, as the per-capita recruitment rate, estimated with a dynamic stock-recruitment model. Contrary to expectations, the dynamic stock-recruitment model fit better than the corresponding stationary model for only seven of the 31 stocks. There was little evidence of linear drift in productivity that might be expected to result from climate change. Climate variables improved forecast accuracy for a few stocks, but there was no common climate signal in productivity. One explanation of these results is that most of the west coast stocks are above their biomass levels for maximum sustainable yield, making them less susceptible to environmental variation. On the other hand, the dynamic recruitment models improved short-term forecasts for all stocks, which may be useful for quota setting. Finally, results for the subset of stocks with dynamic recruitment models could be used to establish dynamic biological reference points.

Anthropogenic edge effects and aging errors by hunters can affect the sustainability of lion trophy hunting

Many large predator populations are in decline globally with significant implications for ecosystem integrity and function. Understanding the drivers of their decline is required to adequately mitigate threats. Trophy hunting is often cited as a tool to conserve large mammal populations but may also have negative impacts if not well managed. Here we use a spatially implicit, individual based model to investigate the threats posed to African lion populations by poorly managed trophy hunting and additive anthropogenic mortality such as poaching and retaliatory killing. We confirm the results of previous studies that show that lion trophy hunting can be sustainable if only older male lions are hunted, but demonstrate that hunting becomes unsustainable when populations are exposed to additional anthropogenic mortality, as is the case for most free ranging populations. We show that edge effects can be a critical determinant of population viability and populations that encompass well protected source areas are more robust than those without. Finally, errors in aging of hunted lions by professional trophy hunters may undermine the sustainability of the age-based quota setting strategies that are now widely used to manage lion trophy hunting. The effect of aging errors was most detrimental to population persistence in the ≥ 6 and ≥ 7 year-old age thresholds that are frequently used to define suitably aged lions for hunting. Resource managers should limit offtakes to older demographics and additionally take a precautionary approach when setting hunting quotas for large carnivore populations that are affected by other sources of anthropogenic mortality, such as bush-meat poaching, retaliatory killing and problem animal control.

Penerapan Algoritma Decision Tree Untuk Penentuan Pola Penerima Beasiswa KIP Kuliah

The Indonesian Smart College Card (KIP Lecture) is a government program that has been implemented from 2020 until now. KIP Lectures are distributed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology through universities in each region. Where each university gets a different quota - based on the level of progress of the college. The provision of quotas for each university based on the accreditation at each university raises its own problems for these universities. The problem faced is that the number of new prospective students who register to take the KIP Lecture program exceeds the quota set for each university. The provision of KIP Lecture assistance to the wrong person will lead to misuse of assistance and also inappropriate targets. The acceptance of the selection process for new prospective students can be seen from the previous process that has been carried out. Data mining is a technique used to solve problems in large data processing. Decision Tree is an algorithm that is included in the classification technique in data mining. The process in the decision tree aims to group or classify data against their respective classes. The results of the Decision Tree algorithm are in the form of decision trees and rules, the results obtained are in the form of rules that can be used for future decision-making processes

The future of marine fisheries management and conservation in the United Kingdom: Lessons learnt from over 100 years of biased policy

Marine wild-capture fisheries depend on the capacity of the ocean to provide a flow of harvestable resources to sustain the industry. Paradoxically, conventional fishing often undermines these resources by degrading the environment and overexploiting fish stocks. Many UK fisheries have declined for over a century due to a biased focus on their social-economic value and lack of recognition that they are social-ecological systems and need to be managed as such. With the UK’s recent transition to an independent coastal state, the Fisheries Act (2020) and associated Joint Fisheries Statement provide an opportunity to correct this. Focusing on the ecological foundations, a more sustainable future for UK fisheries may be achieved by: (1) implementing a conservative quota setting system based on Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY), defined as that which would occur when the biomass of a population of the target species is at 50% of that estimated at carrying capacity, to set catch limits rather than targets. The biomass of fish stocks should be allowed to regenerate to a minimum of 120% of that which will achieve MSY to provide a buffer against the uncertainty in ecological response to climate change. (2) Fishing capacity should be reduced while redistributing a greater share of the quota to sectors of the fleet that are demonstrably more sustainable; recognising that short term compensation may be required by some to mitigate the impacts of displaced activity until the benefits of stock recovery are realised. (3) Greater restrictions should be applied to ensure the most damaging fishing techniques (e.g. bottom trawling and dredging) are prohibited as appropriate in the network of marine protected areas. Protection should be enforced to promote the regeneration of degraded habitats and restoration of fish populations to help achieve the objectives as set out in the Act.

Reflecting on 25 years of quota management in a spiny lobster fishery: Lessons learned from a harvest strategy perspective

The Southern Zone rock lobster fishery of South Australia has been managed by individual transferable quotas since 1993, with annual catch limits set using harvest strategy decision rules. This work describes the performance of strategies over 25 years focusing on challenges experienced during periods of poor fishery recruitment. Early strategies identified indicators and performance ranges for the fishery but lacked detail on required management action when reference points were breached. Between 2002 and 2009, the fishery experienced a considerable decline in recruitment resulting in catch rate, the primary indicator, decreasing by 70%. The harvest strategy in place failed to reduce catch levels appropriately and despite consecutive years of decreasing catch rate, was unable to arrest the fishery decline. Explicit harvest control rules for quota setting were developed in 2010 and refined in both 2014 and 2019, with the specific focus of ensuring sustainability and rebuilding lobster biomass. Application of these strategies have been successful at achieving this objective, most notably since 2015. The study highlights that harvest strategies must include control rules that respond rapidly to recruitment declines. Specifically, based on harvest strategy testing and evaluation, required levels of quota reduction should be clearly defined. In combination with limit reference points that mandate the point of fishery closure, metarules and quota caps that promote biomass increase, such strategies serve to meet fishery objectives and ensure sustainability.

Dynamics of the global trade Asiatic Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770): Shifting trends in commerce and consequences for sustainability

Biodiverse countries such as Indonesia provide the exotic Asiatic Softshell Turtle (Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770) for the wildlife trade. Deciding which trade model is detrimental to species survival in the wild can be a major challenge for Management Authorities (MA) in implementing CITES. The consequences for conservation, long-term use, and livelihoods are uncertain. The study used the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) trade database. The collection of raw data is based on trade reports for the species of freshwater turtles (testudinidae) for the period 2011 to 2021, export countries from Indonesia, export destinations for all countries and sources of harvested turtles from the wild. This research aims to study the freshwater turtle trading trends over the decade, compare total quotas to actual harvest, and recognize how the precautionary principle is applied in harvesting A. cartilaginea. Harvesting and trading are following the quota regulated under the Indonesian government. However, conservation efforts were less emphasized, so it is feared that there will be a population decline and even extinction in the future, while the population in the wild cannot be ascertained. The larger the harvest quota set and the shorter the harvest period, the larger the natural population that must be available.

Pengaruh Kredibilitas, Kualitas Pendekatan Emosional, Dan Kualitas Isi Pesan Terhadap Efektivitas Kampanye “Love Myself”

A successful social campaign was created from elements such a specific targeted audience, campaign messages, developed theory of change, and use a proper communicator. The elements formulated in the rhetoric theory: credibility, emotions, messages. The elements were conducted in a campaign called “Love Myself” by BTS, a K-pop group. This study was conducted to figure out the effect of credibility, the quality of the emotional approach, and the quality of the messages from K-pop group BTS on the effectiveness of the campaign “Love Myself”. This study uses a rhetoric theory that focuses on the aspects of ethos (credibility), pathos (emotions), and logos (logic). This study uses a survey method, especially an online questionnaire. Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where not every population has a chance to become a sample. Quota sampling where the quota set first by the researcher. The population is total followers of Twitter account @armyindonesiaa2 and the number of sampling, 395. The analysis technique uses path analysis. The result presents the final model where six relation variables are not significant. Based on the test model, the final model is no longer suitable for use as a research model compared to the hypothetical model. The largest total effect result, forming from variable effectiveness of the campaign “Love Myself”. The process of this research concluded that the credibility and emotional approach of K-pop group BTS has no contribution to the effectiveness of the campaign “Love Myself”.

Experimental assessment of the effect of net wing spread on relative catch efficiency of four flatfishes by a four seam bottom trawl

The northeast US fishing industry and other stakeholders have considerable interest in the quality of bottom trawl survey results because of their importance in the setting of quotas, especially those directly derived from bottom trawl indices measured in catch per area swept by the survey net. Net spread (also referred to as wing spread) impacts catches and thus indices and, for the federal northeast bottom trawl survey, it is correlated with the depth at which a tow is performed. As part of an ongoing partnership between the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, the New England and Mid-Atlantic Fisheries Management Councils, members of the fishing industry, and academics in the region, an experiment to evaluate the impact of wing spread on the catchability of a number of species was conducted in the Fall of 2019 on the F/V Karen Elizabeth. The experiment targeted four species of flatfishes using a twin trawl rigging to collect simultaneous observations of catch and wing spread relative to a controlled optimal net spread. We analyzed these data to estimate the effect of net spread on relative catch efficiency and to evaluate the hypothesis that relative catch efficiency decreases as net spread departs from the optimal configuration. We found that, while the total catch was impacted by net wing spread (catches increased with increasing swept-area), there was no evidence of a wing spread effect on relative catch efficiency for any of the flatfish species. These results suggest that bottom trawl surveys should account for swept-area of individual tows, but that it is not necessary to incorporate species- or length-specific efficiency conversions based on the width of the net.

A game theoretic perspective on the management of shared North Sea fishery resources: Pre and post Brexit

Since the introduction of the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) regime, North Sea coastal states have cooperated in the management of shared stocks. Norway and the EU have jointly managed six shared stocks through the 1980 Agreement which includes the annual setting of total allowable catch quotas (TACs), quota shares and access agreements. This article first attempts to explain in a game theoretic context why cooperative management of shared North Sea fish stocks has been stable for more than 40 years. Brexit represented a shock to the cooperative agreement, and there are now three parties to the negotiations. The UK EEZ is important not only for British fishermen, but also for Norway and the EU27. The UK and the EU have agreed on a Trade and Cooperation Agreement which includes fisheries, but Norway and the UK have not yet reached a fisheries agreement. In the second part of the article we analyse the UK-EU fisheries agreement, the continuation of the 1980 Agreement, and the future fisheries relationship between the UK and Norway.

English

There is a lack of consensus among conservationists regarding the association between trophy hunting and wildlife poaching. Anti-hunting groups argue that trophy hunting is against animal welfare and contributes to wildlife population decline so it must be refuted. On the other hand, pro-hunting groups for advocate regulated hunting as an essential tool for supporting habitat protection and reducing crimes. Regulated hunting creates incentives for conservation through direct and indirect methods and reduces wildlife poaching in areas where ecotourism cannot be practically viable. We used fifteen years' trophy hunting and poaching of African elephant (Loxodonta africana), lion (Panthera leo), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Common Zebra (Equus quagga), hippopotamus (Common Hippotamus amphibious) and Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) from Selous and Rungwa game reserves in Tanzania. The results showed that there is no evidence of influence of regulated hunting on poaching rate for all species with exception of African elephant. Poaching rate of African elephant was found to be higher than the rate of regulated hunting because of limited number of quota set by Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and international restriction of elephant hunting imposed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The study suggests that the contentions to stop trophy hunting because of an increase in poaching incidents have no empirical justification. Thus, more effort should be on anti-poaching activities ensuring the adherence to legal hunting regulations. Key words: Poaching, hunting, trophy, conservation, biodiversity.

The Melting Snowball Effect: A Heuristic for Sustainable Arctic Governance Under Climate Change

Climate change in the Arctic is occurring at a rapid rate. In Longyearbyen, Svalbard, the world’s northernmost city, deadly avalanches and permafrost thaw-induced architectural destruction has disrupted local governance norms and responsibilities. In the North Atlantic, the warming ocean temperatures have contributed to a rapid expansion of the mackerel stock which has spurred both geo-political tensions but also tensions at the science-policy interface of fish quota setting. These local climate-induced changes have created a domino-like chain reaction that intensifies through time as a warming Arctic penetrates deeper into responsibilities of governing institutions and science institutions. In face with the increasing uncertain futures of climate-induced changes, policy choices also increase revealing a type of “snowballing” of possible futures facing decision-makers. We introduce a portmanteau-inspired concept called “The Melting Snowball Effect” that encompasses the chain reaction (“domino effect”) that increases the number of plausible scenarios (“snowball effect”) with climate change (melting snow, ice and thawing permafrost). We demonstrate the use of “The Melting Snowball Effect” as a heuristic to create plausible scenarios for deliberative discussions among academics, citizens and policymakers. We apply this heuristic in a Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) framework to underscore anticipation, engagement and reflection needed by publics to increase the capacity of democracies to sustainably adapt to climate change. We observe generational differences in discussing future climate scenarios, particularly that the mixed group where three generations were represented had the most diverse and thorough deliberations.

Research on the dynamic linkage among the carbon emission trading, energy and capital markets

Facing the huge pressure of emission reduction, China officially launched a national carbon emission trading system at the end of 2017. The power industry is an important breakthrough in the construction of China's carbon emission trading system. To push the optimization of the power structure through carbon constraint is the necessary path to promote the transformation of the power industry from fossil energy to clean and low-carbon energy. From the perspective of power consumption, this paper constructs the linkage mechanism model of China's carbon emission trading market, energy market and capital market and applies the DCC-MVGARCH model to analyze the dynamic linkage mechanism of the three markets. The results show that the price fluctuation of the yield series of products in each market has clustering characteristics, and the dynamic correlation has significant time-varying characteristics and persistent characteristics. The dynamic conditional correlation between the carbon emission trading market and the oil market and between the carbon emission trading market and the natural gas market are basically consistent. The dynamic correlation coefficient between the carbon emission trading market and the capital market is negative, which is related to the unreasonable quota setting in China's carbon emission market. On the basis of empirical analysis, the optimal balance weight and the optimal hedging ratio of each asset are determined.

Changes in Shrimping Effort in the Gulf of Mexico and the Impacts to Red Snapper.

Despite a complex management landscape and decades of overfishing, Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) stocks have grown substantially in the Gulf of Mexico and restrictions on the fisheries that catch them are being loosened. This year, annual shrimping effort was allowed to increase by 21% after National Marine Fisheries Service scientists concluded that the resulting bycatch of Red Snapper would only reduce the annual allowable catch in other fisheries by ∼1% and have no impact on population growth. Nonetheless, the recreational fishing sector intensely campaigned against this rule, fueled by wild mischaracterization of shrimp trawl bycatch in media outlets targeting anglers. Here, we aim to elevate the debates surrounding Red Snapper management by presenting scientific and historical context for the potential impacts from shrimping. We discuss our views of the current problems facing Red Snapper and key ecological questions to address for more effective management of this resource.

Managing hunting quotas of African lions (Panthera leo): A case study from Zambia

Hunting lions while their populations are declining in much of Africa is a highly controversial issue. However, hunting for lions and other charismatic large mammals in Africa has contributed to maintaining large areas of wild land for lions and wildlife conservation. To minimise the impacts of hunting lions in some 150,000 km2 of Game Management Areas (total ∼190,000 km2) in Zambia an age-based quota setting system has been adopted. The approach involves reducing the number of lions taken to one per hunting block and limiting trophy hunting to past prime male lions. The age-based assessment criteria and the results from assessing the trophies taken in 2017 and 2018 are presented. Of the 18 trophies taken in 2017, 11% were judged to be under age, 17% were marginal and the remaining 72% were acceptable trophies of animals aged 6 years or older, with 28% being ≥7 years or older. The results for 2018 showed a higher proportion (42%) of older lions (≥7 years) being taken. Legal instruments to give force to the guidelines on trophies that can legally be hunted are being introduced to ensure the sustainable offtake of past prime male lions with minimal disruption of pride coalitions. These developments will contribute to improved management of lion hunting in Zambia and to meeting the non-detriment finding and conservation enhancement requirements of European and American regulations governing the importation of lion trophies.

Implementing ecosystem considerations in forage fisheries: San Francisco Bay herring case study

Ecosystem based fisheries management is a priority nationally and beyond, yet lack of robust approaches has hampered its implementation. Even though forage fishes are critically important in marine ecosystems, few examples of applied ecosystem-based information exist. We created a multi-pronged approach to ecosystem considerations in fisheries management and applied it to the San Francisco Bay Pacific herring Clupea pallasii fishery as a case history for use in other forage fisheries. The first step of our work used environmental parameters and recruitment indices to predict stock status (Sydeman et al., 2018) for use in setting fishing quotas. The second step, herein, was development of a qualitative predator indicator to further inform quota setting, which consisted of (1) the status of alternative forage species in the ecosystem and (2) predator population “health” and mortality events. This indicator, with “stoplight” management recommendations, is framed in relation to herring population cycles and climatic influences on population dynamics, and can inform potential predator stressors and predation levels on herring. We present a method to apply these metrics to fishing quotas and adjustments, geared toward the annual management cycle and leveraging existing ecosystem status reports. The resulting indicator matrix is flexible to incorporating future environmental and ecosystem change; indeed future research on trophic interactions and climate effects on the herring-based ecosystem is warranted.

Patterns and practices in fisheries assessment peer review systems

With wild-capture fisheries, important globally as a source of food and livelihood, and facing chronic overfishing, development of the best available science can reduce scientific uncertainty and improve the quality of science-based advice and the credibility to stakeholders of the management decisions based on that science. Fish stock assessments are complex scientific analyses used to provide critical, science-based advice for decision-making, such as quota setting. Building on findings from a 2017 American Fisheries Society (AFS) symposium, this paper describes and compares different national, multilateral, and private peer review systems to assess peer review characteristics and the role of peer review in the development of best available science and science-based advice. There is considerable diversity in how peer review systems are organized in terms of how reviewers are selected, use of internal or external expertise, the level of independence required of reviewers, and the steps in the assessment process at which peer review is conducted. Peer review systems face a number of challenges, including limited funding, a small pool of available expertise and the often highly technical nature of reviews, and trade-offs related to competing demands such as thoroughness versus timeliness, independent technical expertise versus local knowledge, and efficiency versus transparency, among others. The prevalence of peer review systems underscores the importance of objective, peer-reviewed, scientific-based advice across fishery management systems. The diversity of approaches to peer review demonstrates that there is no one ideal way to implement peer review, and there are tradeoffs inherent in designing a peer-review system.