Quota Policy Research Articles

The institutionalization of labor migration in Israel

In this paper we shed light into the process of institutionalization of labor migration in Israel. Specifically, we show the ways by which state regulations created a fertile ground for the creation of a precarious and captive labor force of non-citizens in the Israeli labor market. We focus on the following four main dimensions: (1) the policy of quotas, work permits, and subsidies; (2) the binding system which regulates employment relations; (3) the creation of an infrastructure for manpower agencies that over time became the main stakeholder in the institutionalization of labor migration; and (4) the creation of a complementary mechanism for the “discipline” and control of workers in the form of the deportation policy.

Assessing Motor Vehicle Quota Policies in China: Social Welfare Perspective

Seven cities in China employ vehicle quota policies (VQPs) to mitigate urban traffic congestion. In these cities, vehicle licenses are allocated through a lottery, auction, or a mixture of the two. This study performs a policy assessment of China’s VQP with a social welfare perspective. It is argued that the issue is relevant to the selection of different modes of resource allocation, since an auction can match the precious resource with the individuals who value it most whereas a lottery meets the social expectation of equity. From the broad perspective of urban transportation, both auction- and lottery-based VQPs can be further improved by changing supplemental policies relevant to lottery entry, auction revenue usage, and vehicle purchase timing. VQPs should be used to help but not to replace travel demand management. As more cities in China adopt VQPs, this research can inform future policy making.

IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN KUOTA BAGI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS UNTUK MENDAPATKAN PEKERJAAN DI KOTA YOGYAKARTA

This article aims to describe the implementation of the quota policy 1 percent ofemployment opportunities for persons with disabilities in the city of Yogyakarta as stated in Government Regulation No. 43 Year 1998 on Efforts to Increase Social Welfare of Persons with Disabilities. In addition, a study of the obstacles encountered and efforts made by the Government of the city of Yogyakarta is also a goal of writing this article. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The author uses interview, observation and documentation for data collection. The results showed that the implementation of the quota policy 1 percent for disabled for agencies that have hired employees more than 100 people, has not run optimally in the city of Yogyakarta. This is demonstrated by the limited number of disabled absorbed in government and private agencies. Various obstacles encountered in the implementation of this policy, namely: training materials for the disabled less up to date, enforcement of regulations about 1 percent quota has not run optimally; low awareness of state agencies and private companies to employ persons with disabilities; and the lack of willingness of the disabled to find jobs.Keywords: Quota Policy, Employment, Disabled

Resource control in ATLAS distributed data management: Rucio Accounting and Quotas

The ATLAS Distributed Data Management system manages more than 160PB of physics data across more than 130 sites globally. Rucio, the next generation Distributed Data Management system of the ATLAS experiment, replaced DQ2 in December 2014 and will manage the experiment's data throughout Run 2 of the LHC and beyond. The previous data management system pursued a rather simplistic approach for resource management, but with the increased data volume and more dynamic handling of data workflows required by the experiment, a more elaborate approach is needed. Rucio was delivered with an initial quota system, but during the first months of operation it turned out to not fully satisfy the collaboration's resource management needs. We consequently introduce a new concept of declaring quota policies (limits) for accounts in Rucio. This new quota concept is based on accounts and RSE (Rucio storage element) expressions, which allows the definition of hierarchical quotas in a dynamic way. This concept enables the operators of the data management system to implement very specific policies for users, physics groups and production systems while, at the same time, lowering the operational burden. This contribution describes the concept, architecture and workflow of the system and includes an evaluation measuring the performance of the system.

Book Review: Faces of Discrimination in Higher Education in India: Quota Policy, Social Justice and the Dalits (Routledge Research in Educational Equality and Diversity)

Book Review: Faces of Discrimination in Higher Education in India: Quota Policy, Social Justice and the Dalits (Routledge Research in Educational Equality and Diversity)

On the Fast Track: The Spread of Gender Quota Policies for Elected Office

What has driven the worldwide adoption and subsequent revision of gender quota policies? This study argues that this phenomenon can be best understood as exemplifying ‘glocalization’ – with policies adopted due to a combination of changing international discourses and regional diffusion combined with domestic political activists. Moreover a process of policy learning is evident; where the initial policies were relatively ineffective, by failing to ensure a more equitable gender balance in elected office, this spurs subsequent revisions. Empirical analysis supporting this interpretation draws on a new comprehensive cross-national dataset, The Gender Quota Database (GQD, Release 1.0 May 2014). Part I of the paper provides the theoretical framework and literature review. Part II summarizes the research design, data and evidence. Part III describes the use of the main types of gender quotas in politics in various regions of the world (as of May 2014), and discusses trends (waves) in the adoption and amendment of quotas. Part IV presents the results of the analysis of drivers behind the initial adoption of legal gender quotas. Both regional and domestic forces play a role in the initial adoption of gender quota policies, controlling for fixed socio-economic, political and cultural conditions. Part V considers policy-learning processes leading to subsequent revisions strengthening quota laws, focusing upon the lack of success when implementing earlier policies. The conclusion summarizes the key findings and considers their implications.

Comparing size-limit and quota policies to increase economic yield in a lobster fishery

To advance economic and sustainability objectives in a lobster fishery, four broadly different management policies were evaluated: minimum and maximum size limits, constant catch quotas, and quota set yearly in proportion to the previous year’s catch per unit effort (CPUE). The performance of each policy was evaluated based on its discounted economic yield, together with egg production, catch, and catch stability. Maximum size limits performed poorly for all indicators. Raising the minimum size increased economic yield by improving yield-per-recruit. Output controls, both constant and dynamic, uniformly outperformed size limits, leading to substantially higher economic yield and egg production. A dynamic harvest control rule, setting quota in proportion to the previous year’s catch rate, achieved the highest economic yield, catch, and egg production over 20 years. The optimal (30%) exploitation rate under this policy produced a 182% improvement in economic yield compared with a baseline strategy of only minimum size, but led to a mean year-to-year change in quota of 11.5% in response to yearly variable recruitment. This quota-setting management regime is straightforward to implement, using only catch rate as input. When absolute exploitation rate estimates are not available, this quota-setting harvest control rule can be constructed using only a target level of effort.

Política de cotas para ingresso em instituições federais de ensino superior: um estudo interdisciplinar da Lei n. 12.711/2012

The policy of quotas to admission in federal universities is based on the need to democratize the access to such institutions. This policy has undergone changes in relation to their beneficiaries, because it has emerged with the racial character and passed to contemplate the social and economic aspects. A documental and bibliography's study, this work aims criticize the aspects about the constitutionality of quotas system deployed in Brazilian universities and evaluating whether this law is according to the law and in line with the Brazilian social economic reality.

The Increasing Effectiveness of National Gender Quotas, 1990–2010

National gender quotas—policies that require a certain percentage of women candidates or legislators—are becoming more effective over time. Using data on 145 countries from 1990 to 2010, we document this trend with latent growth‐curve models. Part of the explanation for increasing effectiveness is that countries have ratcheted up targets for women's inclusion and that quotas are increasingly written in ways that make them more effective at achieving stated goals. Activists, political elites, and policy makers have learned over time which quota policies are most effective, resulting in quotas with provisions that more often lead to success. But, changes in rules alone do not account for the increasing effectiveness of quotas over time. It appears that changing norms about women's incorporation in politics are also increasing quota effectiveness regardless of policy design.

방송 외주정책의 제작인력 동기구축 성과

지난 25년 동안 외주 정책에 대한 평가는 다양하게 이루어졌지만, 제작 인력에 대한 성과 평가는 상대적으로 미흡했다. 본 연구에서는 그간 외주 정책 논의에서 배제되었던 제작 인력에 초점을 맞추어, 이들의 만족도와 동기 부여에 외주 정책이 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가를 고찰해보고자 하였다. 연구 결과, 현업인과 예비 방송인은 모두 외주정책이 제작시장이나 인력 시장의 왜곡을 가져왔다고 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 외주정책은 현업인들의 제작 동기부여를 위축시키고, 예비인력이 제작 현장을 기피하고 나아가 일치감치 꿈을 접는데 영향을 미친 것으로 평가된다. 제작 인력의 창의력이 문화 산업의 핵심 가치로 인식되고 있는 오늘날의 규제 패러다임에 비추어 볼 때, 외주 정책은 제작 인력의 동기를 부여할 수 있는 적극적 유인과 보상 정책으로 선회할 필요가 있다. During the last 25 years, independent TV production programing quota policy has been actively evaluated in various aspects except in the field of production personnel. This study focuses on production personnel who has been neglected among the debate of independent TV production programing policy. Especially, this study tries to explore the effect that the policy has brought to production personnel's motivation. After in-depth interviews with 4 professionals and 6 media major senior college students, this study finds that both broadcasting and independent company professionals evaluated the policy performance in negative way. They insist the policy constricts their motivation for production. College students agreed they become unwilling to entering the production filed. The policy should be reconsidered and turn to positive incentives and rewards to motivate production personnel.

Thirty Years of Gender Quotas in Germany: Policy Adoption between Mainstreaming and Minimal Compliance

This paper reviews three decades of gender quota policies in Germany and assesses policy adoption in parties, public administration, as well as on corporate and public boards. Germany was an early adopter of quotas for women in political parties and in public administration. Even though both measures were controversial when first enacted in the 1980s and early 1990s, they have since become rather low-profile gender equality strategies. A recent initiative to adopt quotas for women on corporate and public boards, by contrast, produced substantial public discussion. The mainstreaming of positive action plans in public institutions that include decision quotas, fixed quotas and goal quotas has given gender advocates formally strong leverage to advance a gender equality agenda. At the same time, a culture of minimalist compliance has pervaded the public sector and parties. Male institutions and organizations tend to exhibit more passive resistance than vocal opposition, thus making it difficult for feminists to engage effectively with non-compliance. A lack of sanctions as well as intricate strategies to circumvent quota decisions add to a sense among German feminist activists that quotas are one, but by no means the only strategy for gender equality in public life.

Impact of policies regulating foreign physician migration to Switzerland: a modelling case study in anaesthesia.

BackgroundSeveral countries have developed policies that restrict or limit duration of stay, clinical privileges or the number of residency permits allocated to migrating physicians. Switzerland is currently preparing a new law limiting overall foreign immigration. The impact of such restrictive policies is currently unknown. In a case study of anaesthesia care in Switzerland we modelled, trends in the size of physicians’ workforce until 2024, following the implementation of a strict quota policy for foreign medical trainees.MethodsWe developed a computer-based Markov model with Monte-Carlo simulations to project, in the context of a strict quota policy for foreign trainees, supply and demand for anaesthesia positions until 2024. We used data from a cross-sectional study performed in the French- and Italian-speaking cantons of Switzerland and the Health dataset from the OECD.ResultsWith 8 to 12 (95 % CI 4–20) anaesthetists retiring per year, the implementation of strict quotas of foreign graduates would result in a 38 % decrease in the number of anaesthetists in intermediary (senior registrars) positions by 2024. This decrease would be particularly important in district hospitals where nearly half (49 %) of the non-Swiss anaesthetists are practising. Swiss graduates are unlikely to balance the shortage. Despite efforts by Swiss universities to increase the number of medical graduates, their number has dropped from 10.5 to 9.7/100 000 inhabitants between 2000 and 2012, due to the growth of the population.ConclusionsThis case study in Latin Switzerland shows that a restrictive policy limiting foreign immigration of trainees would result in a major deficit in the number of anaesthetists available to meet population needs. These aspects should be carefully considered when countries develop restrictions and limitations of foreign immigration.

A política de cotas raciais e as mudanças na prática pedagógica

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar as mudanças na prática pedagógica após a implantação da política de cotas raciais, com ênfase na população negra em um curso técnico. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, desenvolvida com sete professores. Como práticas pedagógicas que contribuem para a implantação do sistema de cotas raciais, evidenciaram-se as metodologias ativas de ensino e a leitura de materiais acadêmico-científicos. Como práticas que desfavorecem a implantação da política estão a postura do docente e o modelo convencional/tradicional de ensino. Sugere-se a formação continuada dos docentes como estratégia que pode auxiliar para um repensar coletivo dos professores, atentando para as questões étnico-raciais e construindo uma prática pedagógica contextualizada.Palavras-chave: política de cotas, ensino, práticas pedagógicas.

THE MONTH IN BRIEF: Oil prices down; further violence in Iraq, Libya, and Yemen; and Iran denounces OPEC's quota policy

This section summarizes downstream developments of the previous month. Exploration & Production are covered in “Upstream Review.”

EDUCAÇÃO E AÇÕES AFIRMATIVAS COMO DIREITO À PARTICIPAÇÃO E AO PROCEDIMENTO.

This article aims to examine affirmative action in the form of quota policies for access to higher education by Afro-descendants in light of the right to participation and the procedure. To this end, seek to question the fundamental right to education, demonstrating with its purposes as well as its peculiar and multifaceted character, from the analysis of its dimensions, especially its social dimension, with respect to the objective and subjective aspects, aiming to clarify its legally required content. In addition, it seeks to emphasize that the fundamental right to education by integrating the various dimensions of fundamental rights, is focused on the satisfaction and human development in its broadest sense, rather than conceive of it only as a production process human capital, as merely supporting various economic and utilitarian conceptions. Based on this understanding of education as a process intended for holistic human development, seeks to defend the thesis, according to which affirmative action in the form of quota policies for access to higher education by Afro-descendants are configured in correction tools and adequacy of the right to participate in selection processes and procedures of access to higher education, highlighting the possibility of relativization of republican criterion of merit (pure) in view of the realization of other fundamental rights and freedoms of minority under discussion, as well as benefits the entire body social, since, given the public nature of education par excellence, it is this instrument of political action.

Analisis Permintaan Karet Alam Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

The development of the natural rubber market in three years was relatively favorable for producers, which was indicated by the relatively high price level. This was due to increasing demand. Of course this will be a good opportunity for Indonesia to export processed rubber and rubber industry in Indonesia to other countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that can affect demand for Indonesia's natural rubber exports in each country's export destinations. The data used was secondary data years 1980-2013 time series derived from IRSG, BPS, FAO, Gapkindo, UN Comtrade, BI, and the World Bank. Methods of analysis using dynamic demand model "Stock Adjustment Principle", Nerlove (1983) and the model of Ordinary Least Square (OLS), Auto Correlation Models and Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) with modifications to several independent variables. The results showed that Indonesia's natural rubber demand in the market of the United States, China, Japan, Singapore, and South Korea is positively influenced by the volume of exports last year, the population of a country, and per capita income of a country. As well as negatively affected by the exchange rate of a country's currency against the US dollar and the implementation of the export quota policy.

Debates on Women's Representation in Austria. Or: The Development of the Pitfalls of a Conservative Gender Regime

Nearly 30 years after the first gender quota regulation was introduced in Austria and the establishment of gender equality legislation and institutions, the proportion of women in public offices rose within this time, but has stagnated roughly at 30% for the recent years. To understand this cleavage of the gender equality claim and the stagnation regarding women’s participation in decision-making processes, we will critically explore the gender quota policies in Austria from the perspective of substantive equality and gender democracy. Gender quota claims inherently entail the potential to deepen democracy and transforming societies towards more substantive justice and equality. To be able to analyse if and how gender quota regulations can become transformative measures, we would like to argue for a stronger theorization of the concept of gender regime to more deeply and precisely understand the workings and specifics of power relations within a society supporting gender inequalities as well as to assess possibilities of change. Taking Austria’s debates about women’s representation as an example, the paper will develop the argument that a conservative gender regime with elements fostering an corporate, breadwinner model and difference-narrative orientated topography will very unlikely implement gender quota regulations as transformative measures, but will try to integrate and shape them accordingly, unless the meaning of quota regulations are framed and understood to support the logic of the gender regime or an element of the gender regime in the process of changing. As a conclusion, the reverberations of Austria’s conservative gender regime will be assessed in regards to the implementation of its quota regulations, suggesting that transformative politics needs to include and consider the specific relational logic of the gender regime to transmit its transformative leverage.

Was macht eine effiziente Gleichstellungspolitik aus? Das Instrument Frauenquote im internationalen Vergleich

WSI-Mitteilungen , Seite 25 - 34

Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) Examination: A Critical Review

An efficient civil service is the sine qua non for effective implementation of public policies and delivery of public services. This study analyses Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) examination system, pinpoints problems and provides some recommendations for having a sound recruitment system in Bangladesh. In fact, BCS job is the most prestigious job in Bangladesh. The findings of the study demonstrate that BCS examination system in Bangladesh lengthy, quota-dominated and politically patronised. Graduates of Bangladesh are, thus, becoming increasingly frustrated. Predominance of quota policy is also a hindrance against merit system. This paper intends to help policymakers to apprehend the nagging problems of BCS examination in Bangladesh and the recommendations will help to have a merit based and transparent examination system for recruiting competent and meritorious personnel in the service.

Distortion effects of export quota policy: an analysis of the China-Raw Materials dispute

The China-Raw Materials dispute recently arbitrated by the WTO opposed China as defendant to the US, the EU and Mexico as the claimants on the somewhat unusual issue of export restrictions on natural resources. For the claimants, Chinese export restrictions on various raw materials, of which the country is a major producer, create shortages in foreign markets increasing the prices of these goods. China defends export limitations by presenting them as a natural resource conserving policy. This paper offers a theoretical analysis of the dispute with the help of a model of a monopoly extracting a non-renewable resource and selling it on both the domestic and foreign markets. The theoretical results focus on the effects of imposing an export quota on quantities, prices and price distortion. Given the crucial importance of demand elasticities in this theoretical understanding of the conflict, the empirical part of the paper provides estimates of import demand elasticity of the parties for each product concerned in the case. The model and the empirical results challenge the ideas that an export quota always favors conservation of natural resource, that a higher foreign price necessarily follows this policy and that it inherently increases price distortion and therefore discrimination.