Quince Seeds Research Articles

Preconcentration of Some Heavy Metals with Novel Electrospun Nanofiber Including Quince Seed Mucilage

Preconcentration of Some Heavy Metals with Novel Electrospun Nanofiber Including Quince Seed Mucilage

Development of Antimicrobial Active Food Packaging Film Based on Gelatin/Dialdehyde Quince Seed Gum Incorporated with Apple Peel Polyphenols

Development of Antimicrobial Active Food Packaging Film Based on Gelatin/Dialdehyde Quince Seed Gum Incorporated with Apple Peel Polyphenols

Japanese Quince Seeds as a Promising Rich Source of Proteins and Essential Amino Acids

The Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) seeds (JQS) are generated in large amounts as a by-product in considerable quantities during industrial quince fruit processing. Due to economic, environmental, and nutritional reasons, the utilization of JQS as a protein source seems to be highly justified. Therefore, three cultivars were studied, 'Rasa', 'Rondo', and 'Darius' of JQS as a protein source during three harvesting years. The total protein content in JQS determined by the Kjeldahl method amounted from 24.6 to 33.2% and was significantly affected (p ≤ 0.05) by the cultivar and harvesting year. The protein isolation was most effective in the pH range of 6-9, and their profile was mainly characterized by a molecular weight of 54.1-57.7kDa and 70.0-77.6kDa. The amino acids profile of JQS turned out to be valuable from a nutritional point of view due to the relatively high content of essential and relatively essential amino acids such as histidine (6-9%), leucine (11-12%), lysine (10-16%), phenylalanine (12-16%), glutamine/glutamic acid (7-15%), and tyrosine (9-13%). The initial analysis of JQS indicates that they can be a good source of proteins characterized by a favorable amino acid profile.

Investigation of surface properties of quince seed extract as a novel polymeric surfactant

In recent years, there is a growing trend from both academia and the industry towards the use of “clean-labeled” ingredients obtained from renewable resources. Proteins and polysaccharides, in particular, are becoming increasingly popular as alternatives to already well-established synthetic surfactants. Quince seeds are a relatively novel hydrocolloid source that has recently raised interest among researchers due to their strong surface activity and viscosity-enhancing properties. This study investigates quince seed extract's surface properties (dynamic surface tension and dilatational surface rheology) and how they differ with varying concentrations (between 0.01% and 1%), pH's (3, 7, 9, and 11), and ionic strengths (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 M NaCl). By QSE addition alone, equilibrium surface tension could be lowered to ∼36 mN/m, which is lower than the lowest ST that can be achieved with many other surface active biopolymers. Critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was identified as 0.165% w/v, meaning a relatively low extract concentration was sufficient to provide complete surface coverage. Dynamic surface tension curves revealed almost instantaneous polymer adsorption for concentrations over 0.01% w/v, which demonstrates the strong potential of the gum as a foaming agent. As solution pHs get further from the isoelectric point of QSE proteins, the rate of adsorption of QSE molecules onto the interface and the equilibrium surface pressures increased. Surface properties were also significantly affected by the ionic strength of the medium, with eq. STs decreasing with increasing QSE concentration. pH and ionic strength induced conformational changes in the interfacial layer and also led to local minima and maxima in dilatational elastic and loss modulus within ranges studied. Considering these findings, QSE is a very promising natural alternative to other polymeric surfactants and stabilizers currently used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Fabrication and characterisation of a wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol and quince seed mucilage.

Providing a suitable environment to improve the healing process is the main target of wound dressing that also protects the wound from additional harms. In the present study, fabrication and characterisation of a new kind of electrospun wound dressing composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and quince seed mucilage (QSM) is reported. QSM was extracted from quince seeds, purified, freeze-dried and used to produce aqueous solutions containing different amounts of PVA and QSM. The wound dressings were fabricated via the electrospinning method and their characteristics were investigated with scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, tensile and swelling test, and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay against fibroblast cells. SEM images confirmed that proper, uniform, non-oriented nanofibres with an average diameter in the range of 60-240nm, depending on the QSM content had been fabricated. The tensile test showed that with increasing QSM content, the tensile strength of fibre increased while elongation at break was decreased, which was consistent with SEM images where the diameter of samples decreased by increasing QSM content. MTT assay showed significant biocompatibility against fibroblast cells; however, it was increased by increased QSM proportion. In addition, SEM images supported the proper adhesion of fibroblast cells on the sample one day after culturing. Overall, the findings of the current study support the potential of PVA/QSM nanofibres as a proper candidate for biomedical applications, especially as a wound dressing.

Storage Stability and Physicochemical Properties of Flaxseed Oil Microencapsulated with Chinese Quince Seed Gum

The main objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the potential of using the seed gum of Chinese quince (CQSG) as a wall material for flaxseed oil microencapsulation via freeze-drying...

Examination of interfacial properties of quince seed extract on a sunflower oil-water interface

Seeds of the plant quince are a natural hydrocolloid source whose extract has shown promising results in stabilizing emulsions. The study aims to discover how quince seed extract's interfacial properties (dynamic surface tension and dilatational surface rheology) on an oil–water interface change with varying concentrations (between 0.01% and 1%), pH's (3, 7, and 11), and ionic strengths (0.1, 0.3, 0.5 M NaCl). The lowest concentration that yielded a statistically significant drop in interfacial was found as 0.02 % w/v. QSE dropped interfacial tension down to 16 mN/m at the highest concentration examined (1% w/v). Critical aggregation concentration (CAC) was identified as 0.23 % w/v, which is relatively low compared to hydrocolloids of similar nature. In the end, QSE was demonstrated to be an effective emulsion stabilizer and possesses some unique properties that help it distinguish itself from other macromolecular emulsifiers commonly employed in the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries.

Antifungal activities of quince seed mucilage hydrogel decorated with essential oils of Nigella sativa, Citrus sinensis and Cinnamon verum.

Background and Objectives:Candidiasis and pityriasis versicolor are opportunistic fungal infections that are caused by Candida spp. and Malassezia spp. yeasts. Conventional drugs like azole and amino derivatives are known to treat fungal skin diseases. However, drawbacks like long-term side effects and drug resistance lead to investigate on antifungal properties of phytochemicals as an alternative to available synthetic drugs.Materials and Methods:The herbal nano hydrogel was successfully synthesized from Quince Seed extract followed by ultrasonic treatment and it has been formulated using a mixture of essential oils. We evaluated the antifungal in vitro assay for a mixture of essential oils in combination with herbal nano hydrogel against Candida albicans and Malasezia furfur strains by micro dilution method.Results:The results indicated that essential oils possess antifungal activity with the MIC value of 12.5 and 6.24 mg/ml against C. albicans and M. furfur, respectively. No fungicidal effect was reported for the herbal hydrogel before nanofabrication while it shown some antifungal activity after ultrasonic treatment for 5 and 10 minutes. As anticipated; the antifungal property of essential oil mixture was appreciably improved when it combined with herbal nano hydrogel where the highest level of inhibition was observed at concentration of 3.125 mg/ml for both strains. The loss in biological activity observed when the ultrasonic treatment on herbal nano hydrogel performed for longer time.Conclusion:The proposed plant-based nano formulation shown promising in vitro antifungal activities against C. albicans and M. furfur strains and its antifungal properties were comparable with commercially available agents like clotrimazole. The new formulation expected to be safe with minimum long-term side effects. Further investigations are underway to confirm the safety and the mechanism of the action of this new herbal formulation.

Improvement of functional and rheological features of tigernut tuber starch by using gum derived from Chinese quince seeds

In this study, we investigated the influence of Chinese quince seed gum (CQSG) on the functional and rheological features of tigernut tuber starch using a rapid visco-analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy, and rheometry. The addition of CQSG markedly increased the pasting temperature, peak, breakdown, final viscosities, and the setback value. The freeze-thaw stability of the gum/starch blends significantly (p < 0.05) increased as the gum concentration increased, thus suggesting the importance of CQSG in controlling the syneresis of the gel. The addition of CQSG decreased the gelatinization enthalpy, ranging from 16.57 J/g to 12.98 J/g, and the solubility at 75 °C and 85 °C. Structure measurements revealed CQSG decreased the recrystallization of the gel, thus suggesting that it prevented starch gel retrogradation by likely coating the granules of starch and/or influencing the interactions of the amylose. Behavior index values (n) indicated pseudoplastic flow increased ranging from 0.46 to 0.29 as the CQSG content increased. Overall, CQSG improved the properties of the tigernut starches, in particular by increasing freeze-thaw stability, viscosity, and pseudoplasticity and by preventing retrogradation in the starch gel. CQSG is promising to improving the properties of starch-based products in the food industry.

Impact of Genotype on Carotenoids Profile in Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Seed Oil

AbstractThe Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) is a fruit crop that is processed for industry nearly 100% and generates considerable quantities of seeds. The seeds of Japanese quince can be an alternative raw material for the recovery of oil rich in phytosterols, tocopherols, and carotenoids. Despite having been reported for high content of carotenoids, their composition has not been determined yet. Therefore, in the present study, the profiles of carotenoids in the seed oil of 12 genotypes Japanese quince were studied. Overall, seven carotenoids were identified (β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, trans‐, and cis‐neoxanthin), and one was unidentified. In eight and three of the investigated genotypes of Japanese quince all eight and seven forms of carotenoids, respectively, were found. While in genotype SR‐1‐1A only three carotenoids were detected. The content of total carotenoids in different seed oils of Japanese quince measured via HPLC was in the range of 2.05–3.81 mg/100 g of oil. The PCA showed that most of the studied samples (83%) were located in one group providing a similar composition and concentration of carotenoids in most genotypes of Japanese quince. A critical finding for industrial/manufacturing processes that require similar and reproducible quality parameters.

Effects of Quince Seed Mucilage and Green Tea Extract as Active Edible Coatings on Quality of Pacific White Shrimps During Cold Storage

Effects of Quince Seed Mucilage and Green Tea Extract as Active Edible Coatings on Quality of Pacific White Shrimps During Cold Storage

Associations between Oil Yield and Profile of Fatty Acids, Sterols, Squalene, Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Seed Oil of Selected Japanese Quince Genotypes during Fruit Development

AbstractTocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and squalene are present in mature seeds of Japanese quince. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these compounds and oil yield during fruit and seed development. The profile change of lipophilic compounds during fruit and seed development in Japanese quince cultivars “Darius,” “Rondo,” and “Rasa” is investigated. It is shown here that during fruit and seed development, there is a significant reduction, three‐ to over tenfold, in the concentration of minor bioactive compounds in seed oil. It is recorded that delay between synthesis of tocopherols and oil in Japanese quince seeds during the fruit development results in a logarithmic relationship between the oil content and tocopherols concentration in the seed oil (R2 = 0.980). Similar trends are observed between oil yield and phytosterols, and carotenoids (R2 = 0.927 and R2 = 0.959, respectively). The profile of fatty acids during the development of the seeds significantly is changed. The reduction of linoleic, palmitic, and gondoic acids levels and increment of oleic acid is noted. The oil content, profile of fatty acids, and concentration of bioactive compounds in all three genotypes of Japanese quince do not change significantly statistically during the last month of fruit development.Practical Applications: Some fruits are harvested at different degrees of maturity mainly due to a logistic issue and uneven ripening of fruits, which affects the chemical composition of whole fruit including seeds. Therefore, it would be good to know how the chemical composition is changing in plant material during development especially in the last month before harvest. Production of Japanese quince continues to rise year to year and with it the volume of generated by‐products such as seeds. This study demonstrates how it changes the oil content, profile of fatty acid, and concentration of tocopherols, squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids in the seeds and seed oil of three Japanese quince cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa” during plant development. The provided information can be very useful for the manufactories oriented on the processing of by‐products, mainly seeds, generated by other branches of industry, for instance, fruit‐processing.

The Fatty Acid Composition and Quality of Oils from Post‐Industrial Waste of Quince Chaenomeles japonica

In the food industry, quince seeds are discarded as waste in the production process. Their use therefore creates added value and opens up the possibility of using no-waste processing technologies. Three types of waste were investigated: after juicing, after the manufacture of puree and syrup. The results showed that the yield of quince seeds (Chaenomeles japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. ex Spach from waste left after different production methods varies from 29.8 to 38.3 %. The cold pressed oil yield ranges from 4.9±0.03 to 7.1±0.06 %. The oil yield obtained by Soxhlet extraction varies from 14.6±0.64 to 17.3±0.9 %. Unsaturated fatty acid, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid is predominant in quince seed oil. The linoleic acid content of the quince seed oils was between 47.12 % and 58.49 % of the total fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of oils from post-industrial waste is more appropriate in the skin care industry than in the food industry because of the high ratio of omega-6/omega-3 and high linoleic acid content.

Green synthesis of 99mTc-labeled-Fe3O4 nanoparticles using Quince seeds extract and evaluation of their cytotoxicity and biodistribution in rats

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), with sizes in low ranges, have been satisfactorily synthesized through an environmental green approach that is introduced in this study. We have dealt with the green synthesis of SPIONs by the utilization of Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) seeds extract in the role of a bio-stabilizer. For the purpose of obtaining more data on the morphology and size of Cydonia oblonga seed extract/SPIONs, we have performed characterization through the means of field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) analysis and in accordance with the results, the magnetite nanoparticles have contained a spherical shape and prepared to be well-defined with less than 50 nm, which had been measured by the usage of FESEM and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques while the purity had been based on the characteristic X-ray diffraction (XRD) planes. The saturation magnetization of magnetite nanoparticles, through the utilization of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), has been determined to be ∼53 emu/g. Next to being employed as a chemical analysis procedure, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been applied to substantiate the magnetite construction. It has been displayed through the obtained FTIR spectra that the absorption bands have appeared around 637, 580.4, and 440.9 cm−1, which had been in correlation with the available characteristic absorption bands of Fe3O4. The in vitro cytotoxicity studies on A549 cells has mentioned low toxic and non-toxic SPIONs, respectively in low ranges of concentrations (100 μg/ml), as well as being labeled with the application of 99mTcpertechnetate (Tc-99 m) for bio distribution in regards to the in vivo conditions, thus, it is believed that the synthesized SPIONs can help in a variety of medical applications.

Impact of the Extraction Technique and Genotype on the Oil Yield and Composition of Lipophilic Compounds in the Oil Recovered from Japanese Quince (Chaenomeles japonica) Seeds

The impact of the extraction technique and genotype on the oil yield and profile/concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols, and squalene in oil obtained from the seeds of three Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivars (“Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) are studied. The oil recovery from Japanese quince seeds is affected by two factors; extraction technique, and genotype. The lowest oil recovery is recorded for the cold‐press method and cv. “Rondo,” and the highest for ultrasonic extractions and cv. “Rasa.” The profile of fatty acids in Japanese quince seed oil is dominated by three fatty acids C18:2, C18:1, and C16:0. The extraction method does not impact fatty acid and tocopherol composition as well as squalene content, as opposed to genotype, which has a statistically significant impact. The composition of tocopherols in the Japanese quince seed oil is dominated by the α‐T (97%), while the β‐T and γ‐T constituted only minor level (below 2% of each). The extraction type and genotype have a significant impact on the composition of the most of sterols. Regardless of the type of extraction and genotype, the β‐sitosterol consists of over 80% of total sterols in Japanese quince seed oil. The plant genotype is the key factor, which determines the profile of the fatty acids and the concentration of bioactive compounds in the extracted oil from Japanese quince seed, while the extraction technique plays a secondary role.Practical Applications: The agro‐industrial by‐products generated by the fruit industry, for example, seeds, continue to rise year to year. One of the more popular processed fruit crop is Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica). This study demonstrates the impact of the extraction technique (four methods of extractions: cold‐pressing, supercritical CO2 fluid, ultrasound‐assisted, and Soxhlet) and genotype (three cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) on oil yield, fatty acid profile, and concentration of tocopherols, sterols, and squalene. Provided information can help with more efficient utilization of the tonnes of seeds generated by the fruit industry and consequently contributing to the more effective use of harvested plant material as well as health, economic, and environmental benefits.The impact of the extraction technique and genotype on the oil yield and profile/concentration of fatty acids, tocopherols, sterols and squalene in oil obtained from the seeds of three Japanese quince (Chaenomeles japonica) cultivars (“Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa”) are studied. The plant genotype is the key factor which determines the profile of the fatty acids and the concentration of bioactive compounds in the extracted oil from Japanese quince seed, while the extraction technique plays a secondary role.

Characterizations and rheological study of the purified polysaccharide extracted from quince seeds.

The functional characteristics of hydrocolloids are mainly dependent on their physicochemical properties. Thus, it is essential to characterize the new sources of hydrocolloids. Quince seed gum (QSG) is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide (9.61×106 g mol-1 ) composed of 85.04±2.87% carbohydrate (6.39% l-arabinose, 40.43% d-xylose, 5.60% d-galactose, 5.75% d-glucose and 31.11% d-mannose), 13.16±1.73% uronic acid, 5.77±0.83% moisture, 2.78±0.21% protein, 5.64±0.21% ash, and 0.75±0.09% fat. Our findings indicated that this gum could be introduced as a value-added by-product in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested a highly substituted xylan structure for QSG. In the dilute regime, an increase in the ion concentration was accompanied by a decrease in intrinsic viscosity of QSG. When the salt concentration increased from 0 to 50 mmol L-1 , the consistency coefficient (as a measure of apparent viscosity) declined. On the other hand, with further increasing of salt concentration, the consistency coefficient (as a measure of apparent viscosity) values increased. Similarly, the G' and G″ values for 10 and 50 mmol L-1 calcium chloride concentrations were less than in control samples. The rheological behavior of the QSG studied in this paper can provide insight into its potential application in food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Possibility of utilizing natural coagulants (Trigonella foenum-graecum and Astragalus gossypinus) along with alum for the removal of turbidity

Water, especially drinking water, might need to be treated before being utilized. Coagulants play a significant role in water treatment. In spite of having adverse effects on human health, aluminum sulfate, alum and other chemical coagulants are commonly used in coagulation processes. Utilization of natural and herbal materials such as quince seeds, fleawort, tragacanth, starch and yeast as coagulant aids has been experimentally investigated in this study. The aims of the present paper are: (1) to determine the optimal dose of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) and Astragalus gossypinus (tragacanth) seeds as coagulant aids along with alum for the coagulation of raw water from Minab water treatment plant) located 7 km away from Bandar Abbas–Minab road at the east of Bandar Abbas in Iran, with a total area of 11.5 ha) and (2) to study their influence on reducing the water turbidity at a pilot scale. According to the obtained results, the optimum amount of alum (without additives) was calculated as 35 mg/L for water with the initial turbidity of 70–75 NTU, as the average turbidity interval. Using A. gossypinus and T. foenum-graecum seeds as coagulant aids, the optimum amount of alum reached 22 mg/L. The performance of A. gossypinus, as a coagulant aid, was much better in low concentrations. It was used in doses of 0.25, 1 and 2 mg/L along with 20, 22 and 28 mg/L of alum for low, intermediate and high turbidity levels (28, 70 and 120 NTU) and led to turbidity removal percentages of 85, 94.5 and 96.4, respectively. The optimum amounts of T. foenum-graecum seeds for the three mentioned turbidity levels were calculated as 1, 2 and 4 mg/L. The turbidity removal percentages of 91.5, 95.7 and 97.8 were obtained using the mentioned amounts of T. foenum-graecum seeds along with 20, 22 and 25 mg/L of alum, respectively. Similar results were obtained by using both additives along with alum.

In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities of pumpkin, quince, muskmelon and bottle gourd seeds

Ethanol and chloroform extracts of pumpkin, quince, muskmelon, and bottle gourd seeds were studied for in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Crude protein and fat contents of all the seeds compared favorably with high protein legumes and high oil containing oilseeds. Ethanol and chloroform extracts of bottle gourd seeds had highest phenolic content. A direct positive relationship between antioxidant activities and extract concentration was observed with the relationship being more pronounced in chloroform extract of quince seeds (R2 = 0.9685 and 0.9829) followed by ethanol extract of pumpkin seeds (R2 = 0.9666 and 0.9685) as per 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) method, respectively. Seed extracts were also studied for in-vitro antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhii, Enterococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Ethanol extract of pumpkin seeds inhibited the growth of all bacteria; however, both the extracts of quince seeds did not show any activity against S. typhii, E. coli and S. aureus.

Phenolic profiles and metal ions analyses of pulp and peel of fruits and seeds of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.)

Six hydroxycinnamic acids were identified and determined quantitatively in methanol and acetone extracts from quince peel and pulp, namely 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3-CQA), 4-p-coumaroylquinic acid (HC1), 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4-CQA), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), derivative of p-coumaroylquinic acid (HC2) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-diCQA). The most abundant hydroxycinnamic acid was 5-CQA (neochlorogenic acid) with 259.12–481.4mg/kgf.w. in peel and 97.33–217.36mg/kg in quince pulp. Six flavonols were determined in the extracts from quince, quercetin-3-galactoside (Q-Ga), quercetin-3-rutinoside (Q-Ru), quercetin-3-glucoside (Q-Glu), kaempferol-3-rutinoside (K-Ru), kaempferol-3-glucoside (K-Glu) and derivative of quercetin produced in the reaction between quercetin-glucoside and p-coumaric acid (Q-Glu-p-CouA). Elemental analysis of quince seeds has not been performed previously. Also, using principal component and cluster analyses, we determined a strong negative relationship between total phenols and flavonoids, and Ni and Pb, specifically higher concentrations of these compounds were associated with lower concentrations of these metals.

Subcritical Fluid Extraction of Chinese Quince Seed: Optimization and Product Characterization.

Chinese quince seed (CQS) is an underutilized oil source and a potential source of unsaturated fatty acids and α-tocopherol-rich oil. Subcritical fluid (SCF) extraction is executed at lower pressures and temperatures than the pressures and temperatures used in supercritical fluid extraction. However, no studies on the SCF extraction of CQS oil are reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of SCF for the extraction of CQS oil and to compare the use of SCF with the classical Soxhlet (CS) and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction methods. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate the extraction conditions: temperature (45–65 °C), time (30–50 min), and solvent/solid ratio (5–15 mL/g). The optimization results showed that the highest yield (27.78%) was obtained at 56.18 °C, 40.20 min, and 12.57 mL/g. The oil extracted by SCF had a higher unsaturated fatty acid content (86.37%–86.75%), higher α-tocopherol content (576.0–847.6 mg/kg), lower acid value (3.97 mg/g), and lower peroxide value (0.02 meq O2/kg) than extractions using CS and SC-CO2 methods. The SCF-defatted meal of oilseed exhibited the highest nitrogen solubility index (49.64%) and protein dispersibility index (50.80%), demonstrating that SCF extraction was a promising and efficient technique as an alternative to CS and SC-CO2 methods, as very mild operating conditions and an eco-friendly solvent can be used in the process with maximum preservation of the quality of the meal.