Quilombola Children Research Articles

Mathematical model for predicting handgrip strength in Quilombola children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Objective: To determine which variables have the ability to predict hand grip strength in Quilombola children and adolescents. Methods: We calculated the sample seeking an R2 between 0.1 and 0.2 for a single dependent variable (handgrip strength), with 6 predictor variables (age, body mass, stature, BMI, fat, and lean mass), alpha of 0.05 and beta of 0.80; and included children and adolescents between the ages of 6 and 17 (n=82). We measured handgrip strength using the Jamar dynamometer and built a model and evaluated the association between the predictor variables (i.e., independent, x-axis) and the outcome variable (i.e., dependent, y-axis [dynamometry]) by analysis of variance of mathematically adjusted models (F-value >60, p <0.05). Results: We noted an increasing gain in strength over the years, although between the ages of 11 and 12 and between 13 and 14, there was an apparent loss of strength on the part of Quilombola adolescents, passing from 18.75 to 16.12 and from 23.5 to 19.83, respectively. We observed that the variables age, stature, and lean mass contributed significantly (p <0.05, β coefficient ranging from 3.050 to 3.844) to the performance of the built model (F [7.74] = 62.16, p <0.001; R2 = 0.84). Conclusion: Age, stature, and lean mass significantly contribute to the performance of the built model. Namely, 84% of the variation in the mean handgrip strength may be explained by the independent variables. Therefore, the predicted handgrip strength, in kg, corresponds to: -29.530 + 1.103 + 0.196 + 0.011 × (age [years] + stature [cm] + lean mass [kg]).

Health care practices with Quilombola children: caregivers’ perception

Resumo Objetivo analisar, na percepção dos cuidadores, as práticas de cuidado em saúde prestadas às crianças quilombolas. Método estudo exploratório-descritivo, qualitativo, realizado na comunidade quilombola Santa Rita de Barreira, São Miguel do Guamá, Pará, Brasil. Os dados foram produzidos entre julho e setembro de 2021, com cuidadores de crianças de zero a cinco anos, por meio de entrevistas individuais guiadas com instrumento semiestruturado. Para análise, utilizou-se o Microsoft Office Excel 2019 e o software Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires 0.7, alpha 2, por meio da Classificação Hierárquica Descendente. Resultados participaram 18 cuidadores do sexo feminino, com idade entre 20 e 67 anos. Relacionaram o cuidado à prevenção e ao tratamento de doenças, aos hábitos de vida, ao acesso aos serviços de saúde e às práticas populares que valorizam a medicina tradicional. Conclusões e implicações para a prática os saberes e as ações das mulheres expressaram influências de sua cultura, suas crenças e seus modos de interpretar e simbolizar a realidade. Reconhecer e problematizar as práticas quilombolas no cuidado às crianças é um desafio que ultrapassa o discurso biomédico, reducionista e estigmatizante, contexto no qual é preciso ampliar o debate interdisciplinar sobre o tema.

Identidade negra/quilombola: diálogos intergeracionais de autoafirmação em uma comunidade do sertão nordestino

ABSTRACT This work registers a research carried out with quilombola children, preadolescents and elderly people presenting the following topic: the construction processes of black and quilombola identities and self-affirmation. The research aimed to identify racial- and cultural-defined factors of these individuals’ identities; presenting the relations between racial identity and quilombola identity, in order to comprehend how such social constructions are related to each other and how they are managed by individuals from different generations. The research was conducted at the quilombola community Serra das Viúvas (Alagoas). A qualitative research was carried out with group workshops inspired by focal groups. A group of two elderly people and 37 children and preadolescents participated in the research. The results show generational factors involved in racial self-affirmation, as well as in being a quilombola, factors which were presented differently by young and elder participants.

Práticas de cuidado em saúde com crianças quilombolas: percepção dos cuidadores

Abstract Objective to analyze, in caregivers’ perception, the health care practices provided to Quilombola children. Method an exploratory-descriptive, qualitative study carried out in the Quilombola community Santa Rita de Barreira, São Miguel do Guamá, Pará, Brazil. Data were produced between July and September 2021, with caregivers of children aged zero to five years, through individual interviews guided with a semi-structured instrument. For analysis, Microsoft Office Excel 2019 and the Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires 0.7, alpha 2 were used, through Descending Hierarchical Classification. Results eighteen female caregivers participated, aged between 20 and 67 years. They related care to disease prevention and treatment, life habits, health services access and popular practices that value traditional medicine. Conclusions and implications for practice women’s knowledge and actions expressed influences from their culture, their beliefs and their ways of interpreting and symbolizing reality. Recognizing and questioning Quilombola practices in child care is a challenge that goes beyond the biomedical, reductionist and stigmatizing discourse, a context in which it is necessary to expand the interdisciplinary debate on the subject.

Quality of primary health care for quilombolas' Afro-descendant in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of primary health care services through self-reports by caregivers of children and adolescents living in quilombola communities in Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study in accordance with the STROBE (STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology). Exposure variables included sociodemographic characteristics; and outcome variable was the quality of primary health care offered to quilombola children and adolescents. A total of 68 individuals participated in the survey. Quilombolas have a low income, a lower level of education, do not work, and receive government benefits. Our results showed that the quality of primary health care, measured by the experience of caregivers of quilombola children and adolescents, generally presents satisfactory values. The quality of primary health care has generally satisfactory values. However, as these results differ from most studies, more research should be conducted.

Hypertension in Quilombola children and adolescents.

To determine the prevalence of prehypertension (PH) and hypertension (AH) in quilombola children and adolescents, as well as to analyze sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics.Prevalence study conducted in random samples of quilombola children and adolescents from 06 to 19 years of age, in remaining quilombo communities in Cachoeira-Bahia. Identification, sociodemographic, behavioral, anthropometric, and blood pressure (BP) data were used. Descriptive analyses of the variables of interest were performed based on absolute (N) and included frequencies (percentage, prevalence). Pearson's Chi-square (χ2) and Fisher Exact tests determined possible differences.Of the 668 participants, 54.3% were children, 51.2% were male, and 29.4% presented alterations in BP. PH and AH were found in 12.7% and 14.3% of the children, respectively; for adolescents, these values were 12.5% and 15.4%, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of AH in the 2 population groups, nor between the PH measurements. Most families reported a low socioeconomic status. Among children, 6.6% were underweight, 14.6% were overweight, 10.7% were obese, 12.7% presented a Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) > 0.5; 70.1% were inactive and 88.4% had a sedentary lifestyle; 5.6% of the adolescents were underweight, 12.8% were overweight, 9.2% were obese, 11.5% presented a WHtR > 0.5; 78% were inactive and 92.1% had a sedentary lifestyle. Normotensive children and adolescents, and those with alterations in BP differed only in terms of the Body Mass Index (P = .007) and WHtR (P < .001). The consumption of unhealthy foods was high.The high prevalence of PH and AH, as well as of exposure to potential risk factors for AH in quilombola children and adolescents, reveals a worrisome situation, and demands further studies to identify risk factors for this disease and the need for interventions beyond the health sector, especially as regards disease prevention and control in the early stages of life, aiming to reduce its prevalence as adults.

(In)visíveis? crianças quilombolas e a necropolítica da infância no Brasil

O texto discorre sobre a invisibilidade em torno das condições de vida das crianças quilombolas no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, a partir da constatação da omissão do Estado na implementação de políticas públicas de proteção e defesa das vidas em seus territórios. Diante da ausência de dados sobre os efeitos da pandemia na vida das crianças quilombolas, alcançou-se a realidade das comunidades de que são parte, e os efeitos da necropolítica que, historicamente, nega-lhes direitos sociais e territoriais. Em diálogo com teorias e pesquisas da Sociologia da Infância e Antropologia da Criança, compreende-se a infância como categoria que revela as múltiplas experiências das crianças, e desse modo, amplia a compreensão das injunções sociais, políticas e institucionais que atravessam seus territórios e identidades.

Molar-incisor hypomineralization in quilombola children and adolescents: A study of prevalence and associated factors.

This cross-sectional observational study determined the prevalence and factors associated with molar-incisive hypomineralization (MIH) in quilombola children and adolescents in north-eastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 251 children and adolescents (8 to 14 years old) living in the rural quilombola community Lagoas in São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí (census population). Sociodemographic and health-related data were collected from pre-, peri- and post-natal health records and a clinical examination for MIH diagnosis was performed by four previously trained and calibrated examiners. Descriptive data analysis and Poisson regression were performed. The magnitude of the association was determined by adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95% CI). The prevalence of MIH was 46.6%. The presence of MIH was associated with gestational diabetes (PR = 2.49, 95% CI 2.08-2.99; p <0.001) and acute foetal distress (PR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.04-1.86; p = 0.025). It was concluded that the prevalence of MIH in the quilombola community was high and associated with gestational diabetes and acute foetal distress.

Entre a crise pandêmica e a invisibilidade política

Grande parte das famílias brasileiras não tem acesso aos recursos tecnológicos. Entre elas, as famílias quilombolas que possuem parcas condições financeiras e vivem distantes, o que implica o não acesso à internet. Este texto discute as ambiguidades decorrentes de um ensino fragmentado, improvisado e excludente, resultante da crise pandêmica. Trata-se de um estudo etnográfico de análise documental sobre as crianças quilombolas, que considera a crise política neoliberal, a qual aumenta a vulnerabilidade das infâncias que são vilipendiadas pelos governantes, principalmente quando se trata de educação.

Entre cercas, brincadeiras e feitiços: os conflitos e as apropriações do território por crianças e jovens quilombolas

brazil has gone through a long process of colonization that still leaves violent marks in the ways of relating to quilombola communities, producing the devaluation of their cultures and knowledge. Through colonization, the lives of quilombola children and young people have become invisible in the face of scientific knowledge that uses European authors as a reference and the urban middle classes as a model. In this text, we present the results of an interventional research carried out between 2017 and 2019, with about 30 children and young people living in a quilombola community in Cafuringa, in Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ. We seek to understand how the experiences of childhood and youth are constituted from the relationships that children and young people establish with the territory, their uses and appropriations, and the modes of subjectification in the face of conflicts experienced in the community. Children take ownership of the territory through collective games held outdoors, in which they explore community spaces, and interact with the land, animals, plants and trees. For these children, these spaces can be "bewitched", "haunted", "sacred", and while fascinating, also generate fear. These ways of relating to the territory are in conflict with the agricultural produce and horse breeding farms, which consider the land as a business, and animals and plants as goods. The children's estrangement in encountering of the electric fence placed by the farm, which symbolizes the private use of the land, social inequalities, and the racial discrimination experienced in their daily lives, leads us to question the project of the overall “civilizing” project built into modernity

A ÁRVORE É DA VIDA, O SABER É ANCESTRAL, A TRADIÇÃO É ORAL: NARRATIVAS DAS CRIANÇAS E NEGRAS QUILOMBOLAS DE MUQUÉM, AL

The objective of this article is, from the interest of the children of the Quilombola Community of Muquém, about the identity stories of their group, to re-elaborate and re-memorize, in a process of ritualization, narratives passed on to them by the elders, especially those who through mitanalysis, we identify those that are central to educational and individuation processes. We conclude that the stories that give identity, through memory, are instruments of imagination and identification by quilombola children, with the characters in the story, that is, essential elements to arouse curiosity, imagination and the hope of resolving their conflicts, experienced in the community, as well as, from them, work the different dimensions of the person's formation process, especially the cognitive, the affective, the ethical and the relational with the other and with the ancestry.

Identidades Quilombolas: estudo de caso com as crianças da comunidade de Nova Esperança

Neste artigo, apresentamos algumas considerações de uma pesquisa do tipo estudo de caso, realizada com um grupo de crianças de uma escola quilombola no interior do estado da Bahia. Discutimos como elaboramos e realizamos a pesquisa, especificamente no que tange aos instrumentos que utilizamos para compreender as percepções das crianças sobre ser quilombola. Empregamos desenhos produzidos pelas crianças e entrevistas para a produção dos dados. As conclusões assinalam a importância dos desenhos para o processo de compreensão do reconhecimento construído pelas crianças pesquisadas.

Modos de ser e sentir: entrelaçando narrativas das crianças e professoras quilombolas

A proposta pedagógica da escola da comunidade quilombola de Linharinho em Conceição da Barra-ES tem sido formulada observando sua inserção dentro dessa comunidade tradicional. Este texto traz as reflexões das professoras pesquisadoras que se debruçam sobre a seguinte pergunta: o que as crianças quilombolas têm a nos dizer em seus modos de ser e de sentir a escola e comunidade? O objetivo do nosso trabalho é valorizar as narrativas das crianças para se pensar ações pedagógicas e implementação de políticas públicas na comunidade. Concluímos que a escola e comunidade estão na busca de alternativas, ouvindo as narrativas dos estudantes, para que com eles e para eles se construam novos horizontes, valorizando os saberes, as culturas e tradições da comunidade.

Factors related to quilombola attendance to child follow-up appointments.

To understand factors interfering with the attendance of quilombola children to growth and development follow-up appointments. It is a qualitative research based on Symbolic interactionism, during which 14 mothers of children bellow 1 year-old were interviewed, who attended to the Family Health Unit at Ilha de Maré, Bahia, Brazil. Appointment attendance is affected by factors intrinsic to mothers (meaning of child health follow-up; association between appointments and children falling ill; personal issues) and extrinsic factors, related to the service (availability, long waiting time for appointments and its quality). An administration prioritizing the service's organization is required, which can prioritize attendances and the reduction of waiting time, specially given the personal issues that compromise going to the unit.

Jongo e Educação Escolar Quilombola: diálogos no campo do currículo

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar alguns diálogos, no campo do currículo, entre o jongo - prática cultural afro-brasileira - e a Educação Escolar Quilombola - nova modalidade de ensino institucionalizada no Brasil - a partir de um estudo de caso em uma comunidade quilombola (Santa Rita do Bracuí), localizada na região sul do estado do Rio de Janeiro, no município de Angra dos Reis. Para tanto, foi realizado um trabalho de campo de cunho etnográfico ao longo de dois anos, na perspectiva de uma descrição densa. Percebemos que as crianças e jovens quilombolas vêm construindo suas identidades étnicas por meio da inserção na prática do jongo, o que vem contribuindo e legitimando a demanda das lideranças políticas de Bracuí pela entrada dessa prática no currículo da escola local.

ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E CRESCIMENTO DE CRIANÇAS QUILOMBOLAS DE DIFERENTES COMUNIDADES DO ESTADO DO PARÁ

Neste artigo são avaliados o estado nutricional e o crescimento de crianças de três comunidades quilombolas vivendo em diferentes condições sócio-ecológicas no Estado do Pará. Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento transversal constituído por 48 crianças de 0 a 5 anos de idade, representando mais de 70% desta faixa etária nos quilombos Santo Antônio, África/Laranjituba e Mangueiras. A antropometria seguiu técnica padronizada internacionalmente e os dados foram convertidos em escores-Z utilizando-se o programa WHO-Anthro. Os índices Peso/Estatura (P/E), Estatura/Idade (E/I), Peso/Idade (P/I) e o Índice de Massa Corporal/Idade (IMC/I) foram os descritores do estado nutricional. Observa-se que um elevado percentual de crianças apresenta desvios em relação aos padrões de crescimento preconizados nas curvas internacionais de referência. Ao avaliar os índices P/E e IMC/I, se encontram percentuais consideráveis de crianças acima do escore-Z +1, totalizando 29,9% da amostra, evidenciando casos de sobrepeso e obesidade. Entretanto, ao analisar E/I, 31,1% das crianças estão abaixo do escore-Z -2, mostrando que o déficit estatural ainda é um problema entre a população infantil destes remanescentes de quilombos. Nota-se que as crianças quilombolas analisadas ainda apresentam dificuldades em atingir seus potenciais de crescimento, entraves potencialmente relacionados com as características sócio-demográficas, sanitárias e ecológicas nas quais estas populações se encontram. Concomitantemente a casos de desnutrição, observa-se também excesso de peso em algumas crianças, ratificando o processo de transição nutricional ocorrendo na região amazônica. Palavras-chave: Crianças, quilombolas, avaliação nutricional, transição nutricional, Amazônia

Molecular Characterization of Noroviruses and HBGA from Infected Quilombola Children in Espirito Santo State, Brazil

Noroviruses (NoV) are the main etiological agents of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide and susceptibility to NoV infection has been related to the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of NoV strains and to evaluate the HBGA phenotype and genotype of children from semi-isolated Quilombola communities, descendents of black slaves in Brazil. A total of 397 children up to eleven years old, with and without diarrhea, from Quilombola Communities in the Espirito Santo State, Brazil, were investigated for the presence of NoV from August 2007 to September 2009. Feces were collected from all the children, and blood from the NoV positive children. NoV was screened by reverse transcription-PCR with primers for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region; genogroup was determined by PCR with primers for the C and D regions and genotyped by sequencing. HBGA phenotype was performed by gel-spinning and FUT2 and FUT3 were analyzed by PCR or sequencing analysis. NoV were detected in 9.2% (12/131) of diarrheic and 1.5% (4/266) of non-diarrheic children (p<0.05, Fisher’s exact test). GI and GII genogroups were present in 12.5% and 87.5% of the samples, respectively. The following genotypes were characterized: GII.4 (25%), GII.12 (25%), GII.6 (12.5%) and GI.1 (6.3%), GI.3 (12.5%) and GI.4 (6.3%). Children infected with NoV showed the A (n = 6), O (n = 6), and B (n = 2) HBGA phenotypes, and 13 of them were classified as secretors (Se) and one as a non secretor (se). Mutations of Se 40, 171,216,357,428,739,960 were found for the FUT2 gene and mutations of Le 59, 202, 314 for the FUT3 gene. The only se child was infected by NoV GI, whereas the Se children were indiscriminately infected by GI or GII. This study showed rates of NoV infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic Quilombola children consistent with other studies. However, children under 12 months were seven times more affected than those between 1 and 5 years old. GII.12 was as frequent as GII.4 and GI.1 and GI.4 were described for the first time in Brazil. Owing to the small number of cases studied, no clear pattern of susceptibility and/or HBGA resistance could be inferred.

Affirmative Action and Ethnic Identity in Black and Indigenous Brazilian Children

Two studies of children aged between five and ten years old investigate the impact of affirmative action programmes on the ethnic identity of black and indigenous children in Brazil. The participants in the first study were children supported by affirmative action programmes: black Quilombola (n= 33) and indigenous (n= 32). Study two was carried out on black children (n= 77) not supported by affirmative action programmes. In the first study the children used nine different categories of skin colour to define themselves. The majority of the indigenous children defined themselves as “morena”, while black Quilombolas defined themselves as “preto” (dark). In the second study the children used six different colours, and dark colours were rarely used. Although the children in both studies liked belonging to their group, most, particularly the Quilombola children, would like to be whiter.