Quick Evaluation Research Articles

Real-Time Quantification of Crude Protein and Neutral Detergent Fibre in Pastures under Montado Ecosystem Using the Portable NIR Spectrometer

The Montado is a Mediterranean agro–forestry–pastoral ecosystem. Knowledge of pastures’ nutritional value is critical for farm managers’ decision-making. Laboratory determinations are very expensive, destructive and costly, in terms of time and labour. The objective of this experimental work was to calibrate and validate a portable near-infrared spectrometer (micro-NIR) to predict the nutritive value (neutral detergent fibre, NDF and crude protein, CP) of pastures in the peak of spring 2021. Thus, a total of 87 pasture samples were collected at eight experimental fields located in the Alentejo, Southern region of Portugal. The results show good correlations between in-situ micro-NIR measurements and pasture NDF reference values (R2 of 0.73 and 0.69 for calibration and validation models, respectively), and a moderate correlation between micro-NIR measurements and pasture CP reference values (R2 of 0.51 and 0.36 for calibration and validation models, respectively). These results show the potential of this tool for the quick evaluation of pasture quality and constitute a starting point for future work, which should include the monitoring of temporal variability (throughout the entire vegetative cycle of the pasture) and spatial (with geo-referenced information) diversity of pastures characteristic of the Montado ecosystem in the Mediterranean region.

Multiresolution analysis and deep learning for corroded pipeline failure assessment

The assessment of the safety of corroded pipelines is considered a vital task in the oil and gas industry. This research aims to develop an efficient system to accurately predict the burst pressure of corroded pipelines with complex corrosion profiles through hybrid models using multiresolution analysis, numerical analysis and meta-models. The work addresses the parametrization of real corrosion shapes and its use as input to a neural network system that can predict the burst pressure accurately and quickly. Ultrasonic inspections provide the thicknesses in the corrosion area and with that data the river-bottom profile (rbp) can be constructed. A set of scripts creates finite element models from the rbp, which are then subjected to non-linear analyses to determine the failure pressure. In this work, the Finite Element models and analysis procedure are validated against experimental tests and are compared to semi-empirical assessment methods. A discrete wavelet transform is performed for the parametrization of the remaining thicknesses and it is used as a filter bank to reduce the amount of data that describes the defect. The coefficients obtained from the wavelet transform are used as inputs to feed a neural network to provide a quick evaluation of the failure pressure. This neural network is trained with the results of finite element analyses performed on synthetic models built with statistical properties similar to those of real corrosion defects The results from the neural networks are obtained very fast and accurate for all cases presented in this work.

System Analysis of Counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems Kill Chain in an Operational Environment

The proliferation of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) capabilities in the commercial sector is posing potentially significant threats to the traditional perimeter defense of civilian and military facilities. Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) UAS are small, cheap, and come with multiple types of functions which have growing interest among hobbyists. This has prompted the need for facility commanders to have a methodology to conduct quick evaluation and analysis of the facility and the existing Counter-Unmanned Aerial System (CUAS)’s effectiveness. This research proposes a methodology that follows a systems engineering perspective to provide a step-by-step process in conducting evaluation and analysis by employing Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tools to understand the CUAS’s effectiveness and limitations. The methodology analyzes the CUAS’s operating environment and effects of the dominant factors and impacts that CUAS may pose to other stakeholders (e.g., adjacent allied forces, civilians, etc.) within the area of operation. We then identify configuration candidates for optimizing the CUAS’s performance to meet the requirements of the stakeholders. A case study of a hypothetical airport with existing CUAS is presented to demonstrate the usability of the methodology, explore the candidates, and justify the implementation of a candidate that fits the facility and the stakeholders’ requirements.

Preparing anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent EIDD-2801 by a practical and scalable approach, and quick evaluation via machine learning

EIDD-2801 is an orally bioavailable prodrug, which will be applied for emergency use authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of COVID-19. To investigate the optimal parameters, EIDD-2801 was optimized via a four-step synthesis with high purity of 99.9%. The hydroxylamination procedure was telescoped in a one-pot and the final step was precisely controlled on reagents, temperature and reaction time. Compared to the original route, the yield of the new route was enhanced from 17% to 58% without column chromatography. The optimized synthesis has been successfully determinated on a decagram scale: the first step at 200 g and the final step at 20 g. Besides, the relationship between yield and temperature, time, and reagents in the deprotection step was investigated via Shapley value explanation and machine learning approach-decision tree method. The results revealed that reagents have the greatest impact on yield estimation, followed by the temperature.

A REVIEW ON MUSCULOSKELETAL SCREENING IN GIRLS AND BOYS AGED BETWEEN 5 AND 12 YEARS

Musculoskeletal complaints are very common in pediatrics. It is important to treat musculoskeletal disorders as soon as possible. Paediatric Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine (pGALS) is a rapid, quick musculoskeletal evaluation method evaluated in school-aged children to recognize joints that are abnormal. Musculoskeletal disorders may be associated with many diseases that interfere with everyday activities, from flat legs, genus valgum to extreme conditions as such infectious or juvenile idiopathic arthritis. It is easy to understand and quick to conduct the pGALS screening test. Initially, pGALS was created as a simple technique for non-specialists and adapted for adult patients from the early Gait, Arms, Legs, and Spine (GALS) test. Three questions about pain and function are included in pGALS, accompanied with a chain of basic manoeuvres to test all crucial joints to distinguish normal from abnormal. An effective strategy to improve understanding about the diseases of joint, enhance early identification of joint issues and also helps in promoting referral to the specialists team in order to improve clinical result is the learning of pGALS along with basic information. In spite of the time taken and pain caused, pGALS is useful to patients and parents. With a sensitivity and specificity of more than 97 percent, pGALS has been shown to be an easy-to-use top-to-toe musculoskeletal diagnostic tool for children. For both kids and their parents, it is appropriate and can be carried out easily, even by new examiners. Proper understanding of screening techniques for musculoskeletal disorders would allow for rapid diagnosis and early referral and care where appropriate.

Determination of pre-wetting procedure of coriander seeds for tetrazolium test

ABSTRACT Searching to determine the quality of seeds using rapid and effective tests, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-wetting procedures on determining the viability of coriander seeds by the tetrazolium test. Ten seed batches of coriander were used. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 10x2 factorial scheme (10 batches x moistening and soaking in water) with four replications. Seeds of each batch were previously evaluated through water content, germination with and without fungicide treatment, and the emergence of seedlings in the sand. The seeds were pre-wetted in two ways: rolls of filter paper and directly in water for 16 hours at 20oC temperature. Despite the numerical difference between the pre-wetting forms, these differences were not significant. Thus, we considered that both ways of pre-wetting are appropriate. Coriander seeds were influenced by pre-wetting, resulting in a quick availability evaluation through the tetrazolium test. Thus, pre-wetting can be carried out by water immersion or paper through longitudinal cutting.

QUICK EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE EVALUATION METHOD FOR RC PIERS USING ACCELERATION MEASUREMENTS

This study proposed a quick earthquake damage evaluation method for RC piers using the short-time transfer function (STTF) obtained from acceleration measurements. This research aims to confirm whether the damage occurrence can be detected from the STTF and the damage degree (maximum displacement) can be estimated from the predominant frequency of the STTF. First, the method was applied to the shaking table test results. The predominant frequency decreased when the crack of concrete or the yielding of the reinforcing bar occurred. Therefore, it was confirmed that the damage occurrence could be detected as the reduction of the predominant frequency. The lowest predominant frequency during excitation was sensitive to the maximum displacement, while the predominant frequency at the end of the exaction was not sensitive to the maximum displacement.The method was also applied to the numerical analysis results. In conclusion, it was confirmed that the method could detect damage occurrence, damage progress, and non-occurrence of damage progress from the transition of the predominant frequency. Also, it was found that the maximum displacement is proportional to the square of the ratio of the initial predominant frequency to the lowest predominant frequency. The possibility to estimate the maximum displacement from the lowest predominant frequency was illustrated.

Evaluating spectral indices for water bodies extraction in western Tibetan Plateau

Waterbody extraction in the high-elevated region of the Tibetan Plateau from remote sensing imagery is an efficient way to investigate and monitor water resources. The intrusion of shadows, snow/ice, and other impediments are still unconvincing in cryospheric regions. Landsat 8 OLI images were used to extract water bodies by applying various spectral indices such as; Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI), Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI_sh), New Water Index (NWI), Water Ratio Index (WRI), and LST based Water Extraction Index (LBWEI). The result showed that the LBWEI index has high accuracy in all weather conditions from 93.66% to 97.63% and improved consistency around 3% to 7% as compared to other techniques. The study suggests the LBWEI technique may be used in the cryospheric region for quick evaluation and provide the baseline information for researchers in algorithm developments.

1D Mathematical Model Development for Prediction and Mitigation of Vehicle Pull Considering Suspension Asymmetry and Tire Parameters

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Error in suspension asymmetry or tire parameters may lead to vehicle drifting laterally from its intended straight-line path, which is called vehicle pull. Driver then needs to apply constant steering correction to maintain the vehicle in straight line which will lead to high driver fatigue and deteriorate driving experience. Manufacturing a perfectly symmetric suspension system is impractical, however an insight into the manufacturing tolerances of suspension system at the early design stage can be extremely useful. Also tire force and moment parameters at straight line operation and its maximum allowable variations will help in defining the tire parameter specifications and tolerances.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The objective of this study was to develop a 1D model of suspension and tire system which can predict the torque experienced in steering and drift of the vehicle from straight line due to the tire force and moment and asymmetric suspension geometry. The model assumes small tire slip angles (as the vehicle is running in straight line), rigid steering system and constant vehicle speed. Second part of the work focused on the sensitivity of suspension and tire parameters on vehicle pull and identifying the tolerance limits to mitigate vehicle pull. The developed model has been validated against the observation from physical testing for different tire combinations.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Modelling of suspension asymmetries in Multi Body Dynamics (MBD) domain is time consuming and Pacejka formulation of tire will for manufacturing variations will require multiple tire testing. The tool discussed in this paper can be used for quick evaluation of vehicle pull, within a fraction of time of that required for MBD. Additionally, the tool is can be used to predict the limits of suspension camber, caster, kingpin inclination (KPI) and tire parameters such as conicity, plysteer and ply residual aligning torque (PRAT) etc. This information can further be used for defining the tire manufacturing tolerances.</div></div>

744 THE USE OF IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TO EVALUATE THE PERFUSION OF THE GASTRIC PLASTY DURING OESOPHAGECTOMY.

Abstract Anastomotic leakage in oesophageal cancer surgery is one of the most serious complications and occurs mainly at the cervical level between 10–30% according to series. The use of immunofluorescence could help to select a better vascularized area in which to perform the anastomosis more safely. We present the initial experience (between July and December 2020) of our group. Methods Prospective and descriptive study of patients with oesophageal neoplasia who underwent a 3 stage oesophagectomy with cervical anastomosis using immunofluorescence with indocyanine green (dose: 7,5 mg) for quick evaluation of vascularization in the theoretical anastomosis zone in gastric plasty. Intravenous injection of the indocyanine green dilution was performed intraoperatively in a peripheral line, once the plasty was positioned in place to perform the anastomosis. The route of ascent was transmediastinal in all cases. 9 patients with a mean age of 61 ± 7.6 years were included in the study. Results The mean heart rate was 83 ± 16 bpm, the mean systolic blood pressure was 111 ± 17 mmHg. The time and mean speed it took for the fluorescence to reach the marked area to perform the anastomosis was 30 ± 28 seconds and 1.83 cm/sec; and at the apex of the plasty it was 93 ± 79 seconds and 0.75 cm/sec. In all patients in whom the anastomosis was performed in the area where ICG arrived between 30 and 90 seconds, there was no leakage. In two patients, due to anatomical needs, the anastomosis was performed in areas where ICG took more than 100 seconds and in the postoperative period leaked. Conclusion Immunofluorescence is a technique that allows an immediate visual image to evaluate the vascularization of the gastric plasty during an esophagectomy. It allows characterizing the adequate vascularization of the future anastomotic area, being able to help decide the best place to carry out the anastomosis. Studies with a larger number of cases are needed to be able to define the range in which to establish the anastomosis or change the surgical strategy.

Impact of dietary porcine blood by-products in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) physiology, evaluated by welfare biomarkers and the antibacterial properties of the skin mucus

Tools are required for quick and easy preliminary evaluation of functional feeds efficiency on fisheries. The analysis of skin mucus biomarkers is a recent alternative approach providing a faster feed-back from the laboratory which is characterized by being less invasive, more rapid and with reduced costs. The effect of replacing fishmeal and fish protein hydrolysates by means of two porcine by-products, the porcine spray-dried plasma (SDPP) and pig protein hydrolysate (PPH), in compound diets (50.4% crude protein, 16.2% crude protein, 22.1 MJ/kg feed) was evaluated in juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius) during a two-months period. To determine the impact of these dietary replacements, growth and food performance were measured together with digestive enzymes activities and filet proximal composition. Additionally, skin mucus was collected and characterized by determining main mucus biomarkers (protein, glucose, lactate, cortisol, and antioxidant capacity) and its antibacterial properties, measured by the quick in vitro co-culture challenges. In comparison to the control group, the inclusion of PPH and SDPP, in meagre diets reduced growth (7.4–8.8% in body weight), increased feed conversion ratios (9.0–10.0%), results that were attributed to a reduction in feed intake values (24.2–33.0%) (P < 0.05). Porcine blood by-products did not modify the activity of gastric and pancreatic digestive enzymes as well as those involved in nutrient absorption (alkaline phosphatase) nor liver oxidative stress condition (P > 0.05). In contrast, a reduction in fillet lipid content associated to an increase in fillet protein levels were found in fish fed SDPP and PPH diets (P < 0.05). As compared to the control diet, the dietary replacement did not alter the levels of the skin mucus biomarkers related to stress (cortisol and antioxidant capacity) or nutritional status (soluble protein, glucose and lactate) (P > 0.05). Interestingly, regardless of the worst performance in somatic growth, meagre fed diets containing both tested porcine by-products showed a significantly improved antibacterial capacity of their skin mucus. This enhancement was more prominent for fish fed with the PPH diet, which may be attributed to a higher content of immunomodulatory bioactive compounds in PPH. Further research will be necessary to provide insights on how the inclusion of SDPP and PPH, at the expense of dietary fishmeal and fish protein hydrolysates, affects feed intake and growth performance in meagre. However, the use of skin mucus biomarkers has been demonstrated to be an excellent methodology for a preliminary characterization of the functional feeds, in particular for their prophylactic properties by the study of mucus antibacterial activity.

High Frequency Electromagnetic Shielding by Biochar-Based Composites

We report on the microwave shielding efficiency of non-structural composites, where inclusions of biochar—a cost effective and eco-friendly material—are dispersed in matrices of interest for building construction. We directly measured the complex permittivity of raw materials and composites, in the frequency range 100 MHz–8 GHz. A proper permittivity mixing formula allows obtaining other combinations, to enlarge the case studies. From complex permittivity, finally, we calculated the shielding efficiency, showing that tailoring the content of biochar allows obtaining a desired value of electromagnetic shielding, potentially useful for different applications. This approach represents a quick preliminary evaluation tool to design composites with desired shielding properties starting from physical parameters.

Label-free microfluidic enrichment of cancer cells from non-cancer cells in ascites

The isolation of a patient's metastatic cancer cells is the first, enabling step toward treatment of that patient using modern personalized medicine techniques. Whereas traditional standard-of-care approaches select treatments for cancer patients based on the histological classification of cancerous tissue at the time of diagnosis, personalized medicine techniques leverage molecular and functional analysis of a patient's own cancer cells to select treatments with the highest likelihood of being effective. Unfortunately, the pure populations of cancer cells required for these analyses can be difficult to acquire, given that metastatic cancer cells typically reside in fluid containing many different cell populations. Detection and analyses of cancer cells therefore require separation from these contaminating cells. Conventional cell sorting approaches such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting or Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting rely on the presence of distinct surface markers on cells of interest which may not be known nor exist for cancer applications. In this work, we present a microfluidic platform capable of label-free enrichment of tumor cells from the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients. This approach sorts cells based on differences in biomechanical properties, and therefore does not require any labeling or other pre-sort interference with the cells. The method is also useful in the cases when specific surface markers do not exist for cells of interest. In model ovarian cancer cell lines, the method was used to separate invasive subtypes from less invasive subtypes with an enrichment of ~ sixfold. In ascites specimens from ovarian cancer patients, we found the enrichment protocol resulted in an improved purity of P53 mutant cells indicative of the presence of ovarian cancer cells. We believe that this technology could enable the application of personalized medicine based on analysis of liquid biopsy patient specimens, such as ascites from ovarian cancer patients, for quick evaluation of metastatic disease progression and determination of patient-specific treatment.

Incremental value of compression ultrasound sonography in the emergency department.

The quick evaluation of venous thromboembolism is a key point of modern medicine since the delayed diagnosis is associated with a worse prognosis. Venous ultrasound (VU) is a sensitive and rapidly performed test in cases of suspected deep venous thrombosis. Various protocols have been proposed for its execution, such as the study of the whole deep venous circulation of the lower limb or the analysis of the femoral-popliteal area. The aim is to detect a vessel thrombus and the most sensitive element is the non-compressibility with the probe. Initially, the thrombus is hypoechogenic and adherent to the vessel; later, it tends to organize and recanalize. Usually, in the early stages, the risk of embolism is higher. The role of studying the iliac axis and calf veins is still uncertain. VU is not useful for assessing response to anticoagulation therapy and it is unclear whether the persistence of thrombotic abnormalities can guide on a possible prolongation of therapy.

Quick evaluation of hot air ageing resistance for natural rubber

Quick evaluation of hot air ageing resistance for natural rubber

Characteristics of minor head trauma in toddlers

The objective of present study is to evaluate mechanisms and causes of head trauma, factors influencing management of pediatric minor head trauma, to highlight decision making processes in diagnostic imaging as well as searching for preventive measures for head trauma. Children younger than two years of age who were admitted to emergency department in one-year study period due to minor head trauma were included to the study. To be inside or outside of house did not significantly change the incidence of falls for children younger than two years of age (p=0.096). Incidence of falls was significantly increased at living rooms (p=0.01) and bathrooms (p=0.036). Incidence of scalp hematomas was significantly higher in symptomatic patients (p=0.006). Asymptomatic admission after a minor injury was not a significant factor on decision of diagnostic imaging. A patient’s asymptomatic presentation should not be used as a criterion to rule out cerebral injuries. A lack of obvious signs and symptoms during evaluation does not exclude TBI. Existing serious symptoms should lead to a quick evaluation of patient to rule out a possible surgical emergency. Scalp hematomas are significantly associated with cerebral injury and are a predictor of brain injury. Clinicians should have a lower threshold for imaging in children&lt;2 years of age.

Algorithm of the diagnosis and treatment of enteral insufficiency syndrome in peritonitis

RELEVANCE. The early diagnosis and correction of enteral insufficiency syndrome influence the treatment outcomes in patients with abdominal sepsis and multiple organ failure.The OBJECTIVES was to improve the effectiveness of diagnosis and correction of enteral insufficiency syndrome in patients with generalized peritonitis using the express assessment scale of the severity of enteral insufficiency and the treatment algorithm based on this.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The express assessment scale of the severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome was developed along with the treatment algorithm depending on the detected degree for systematic approach to the management of patients with generalized peritonitis. The study included 39 patients with generalized peritonitis (GP) who had received treatment in the Surgery Department of Samara Regional Clinical Hospital named after V. D. Seredavin in the period of 2019–2020. A computational program was created for quick severity evaluation of enteral insufficiency syndrome and choosing the best treatment strategy.RESULTS. When comparing the severity of enteral insufficiency in patients immediately after the first operation and in 96 hours, a positive dynamics was registered: the number of patients with III degree of severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome decreased from 19 to 4 people, and the number of patients with I degree of severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome changed from 3 to 29 people, this indicated the stabilization of the condition of patients with GP (p&lt;0.05). The statistically significant reduction in the number of points in the limits of each severity was evaluated as the proof of clinical efficacy of the algorithm applied for the enteral insufficiency syndrome correction (p&lt;0.05).CONCLUSION. Due to the correct choice of the treatment algorithm according to the identified severity of enteral insufficiency syndrome, the regression of clinical signs of generalized peritonitis was registered in all patients on the 5th postoperative day (96 hours after surgery).

Development of an in vitro Microtuberization and Temporary Immersion Bioreactor System to Evaluate Heat Stress Tolerance in Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.).

High temperature (heat) stress reduces tuber yield and quality of potatoes. Screening potatoes for heat tolerance is increasingly important, considering the climate change scenario and expansion of potatoes to countries where heat stress is an issue. In vitro screening for tolerance to abiotic stresses offers several advantages, including quick evaluation of numerous genotypes (clones) in reduced space, controlled environmental conditions (temperature and photoperiod), and free from confounding variables inherent to greenhouse and field conditions. In this study, we explored the feasibility of using a temporary immersion bioreactor system for heat tolerance screening of potatoes. We determined the best hormone-free microtuberizing media for this system (MSG with 8% sucrose) to enhance microtuber number and size. Comparisons of microtubers produced at 30°C as heat treatment, with 16°C as normal condition, allowed to identify heat tolerant and susceptible potato clones. The use of bioreactors allowed distinguishing well-formed (non-deformed) from deformed microtubers. Heat stress increased the total biomass of plant tissues in all the clones. However, the effect of heat stress on microtuber number and weight varied among the clones. Incubation at 30°C decreased the weight and number of non-deformed microtubers in all the clones except for Reveille Russet in which the weight of non-deformed microtubers was significantly increased and the count of non-deformed microtubers was not affected. The potato variety Reveille Russet, which was selected under high-temperature field conditions in Texas, had many non-deformed microtubers per explant and the highest microtuber weight among four clones evaluated under heat stress. We described a faster and reliable in vitro microtuberization system for abiotic stress tolerance screening, identified Reveille Russet as a promising heat-tolerant potato variety, and confirmed Russet Burbank and Atlantic as susceptible heat-tolerant checks.

Evaluation of Operating Schemes on Municipal Rail Transit with Express/Local Mode

The express/local train mode has made municipal rail more competitive in connecting the city center with its suburbs. Therefore, how to design operating schemes is of concern to decision makers. Unlike earlier line planning optimization, this paper aims to provide a quick and comprehensive evaluation of operating performance in all feasible options through reasonable reduction of the scope of the operating schemes, rather than optimization for a single objective. To achieve this, the paper constructs a travel topology network structure based on the separation of trains, which regards express and local trains running on the common line as independent competitors. Focusing on the problems of uneven departure intervals and inconsistent dwell times caused by overtaking, a generalized cost model suitable for the express/local train mode is established. To solve the express/local line problems of multi-routes and high-overlapping, the improved Multinominal Logit (MNL) Model is used to construct a passenger flow assignment model, with the solution achieved by the Method of Successive Averages algorithm. Taking a municipal rail line in Guangzhou as a case study, this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of feasible operation schemes with different characteristics in the express/local train ratio, the location and number of overtaking stations based on passenger flow assignment results and also the impacts of crowdedness on passenger flow dynamics. The results verified the effectiveness of our approach in the comprehensive evaluation of the express/local train mode and shed light on potential practical applications in determining a reasonable operating scheme.

Estimation of Short Circuit Capability of GaN HEMTs Using Transient Measurement

Wafer level transient voltage measurement (WLTVM) to estimate the short circuit capability of AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices is suggested. Two groups of samples with similar DC and switching properties but different short circuit capabilities of 4-7 and > 10μs were evaluated. The extracted junction temperature and the measured saturation/linear current under repeated short circuit stresses suggest that the short circuit failure is attributed to the degradation in the drift region. The WLTVM could measure the transient potential change along the drift region during short circuit condition. The sample with lower short-circuit survivability showed a faster propagation of the high field traveling from the gate to the drain. The time the high electric field reaches the drain coincides with the time of the short circuit failure. In addition to providing the insight into the short circuit failure mechanism, wafer-level method can provide a quick and non-destructive evaluation of the short circuit capability before packaging devices.