Question Of Compatibility Research Articles

Criminal Responsibility for AI Crimes

The research focused on the issue of which crimes fall under the jurisdiction of artificial intelligence. The incorporation of AI programs into different aspects of life entails many challenges, especially regarding the liability for the actions performed by AI and the question of compatibility of the existing legislation with the characteristics of the AI technologies. The state of affairs means that the AI-powered robots may perform actions that prescribe criminal provisions of criminal law, thus raising the issue in the given article as to the possibility of direct criminal penalties for robots, the feasibility of putting the intelligent robots’ criminal responsibility into practice by the general principles of the Jordanian Penal Code and the receptiveness of the concept of recognizing the crime to be committed by artificial intelligence. From this perspective, the main research question of the study is: What are the aspects of criminal responsibility stemming from AI mistakes? Thus, its significance is derived from the fact that it explores a new and essential issue, namely, the criminal responsibility for AI crimes within Jordan’s legislation. It has great importance in so many spheres, and it is difficult to describe all the aspects of artificial intelligence. The most remarkable outcomes and suggestions of the study show that the legal guidelines for criminal responsibility in Jordan of artificial intelligence crimes remain unrecognized. Thus, it is advised that the legislator proceed with actions to create legislation controlling AI technologies and their use for the purpose of serving the state and citizens’ interests. This legislation will guarantee the proper application of the AI capacities within several spheres for the sake of the general public, while taking into consideration all the ethical and legal concerns that relate to using artificial intelligence.

Forming a new perspective: Post-structural approaches to determination of donor compatibility and post-transplant assessment of allograft health.

The purpose of this review is to encourage a new perspective on the question of donor-recipient compatibility and post-transplant assessment of graft health based on functional measures. The premise is that we should be better sighted on what (and how) the immune system responds toward rather than what is merely there. Continuance of the pursuit of further and better definition of antigens and antibodies is not however discouraged but seen as necessary to improved understanding of the structural correlates of functional immunity. There currently exists, in the opinion of the authors, an opportunity for histocompatibility and immunogenetics laboratories to develop and widen their scope of involvement into these new areas of laboratory activity in support and to the benefit of the transplant programmes they serve.

Eyewitness confidence in the interviewing context: Understanding the impact of question type and order

AbstractThe relationship between confidence and accuracy and the reliability of eyewitness identifications has attracted a lot of attention. In contrast, relatively little is known about the relationship between eyewitness confidence and the accuracy of recall memory in interview contexts. Here, we manipulated questioning approaches to investigate the impact of Free‐Recall and Cued‐Recall questions, whereby the latter were witness‐compatible (questions concerning details reported in the preceding Free‐Recall) or witness‐incompatible questions. We also manipulated the order these questions were asked. A sample of 124 mock witness participants watched a crime‐video and subsequently recalled the event to understand the impact of question type and order on confidence‐accuracy calibration. Our results show that a Free‐Recall invitation and compatible (compared to incompatible) questions promoted more stable confidence. Compatible questions yielded fewer errors, more accurate details, and promoted more reliable confidence‐accuracy calibration and discrimination, especially when they preceded the incompatible questions. Implications are discussed.

The Question of Compatibility between the Amoral Character of Modern-Institutions and the Moral Nature of Islamization-Movement

The Question of Compatibility between the Amoral Character of Modern-Institutions and the Moral Nature of Islamization-Movement

Cross connection compatible discrete normal categories

The concept of normal category was introduced by Nambooripad in his theory of cross connections for describing the structure of regular semigroups. These are essentially the categories of principal left ideals and the categories of principal right ideals of regular semigroups with appropriate morphisms. These categories also have an associated partial order on the set of objects. Discrete normal categories are normal categories in which the partial order on the object set is the identity relation. A cross connection relates two normal categories [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and produces a regular semigroup [Formula: see text] such that one is the category of principal left ideals and the other the category of principal right ideals of the semigroup [Formula: see text]. This paper considers the question of compatibility of two normal categories in order that they can be connected by a cross connection. It is known that given any normal category [Formula: see text] there is a normal category [Formula: see text] called the normal dual of [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text] is compatible with [Formula: see text]. The question of finding all normal categories [Formula: see text] that are compatible with a given normal category [Formula: see text] remains unsettled. Such categories [Formula: see text] are called compatible duals of [Formula: see text]. For the class of discrete normal categories the characterization of all compatible duals has been done here.

New Regulatory Force of Cyberspace: The Case of Meta’s Oversight Board

It’s been a few years since Facebook (Meta) instituted its Oversight Board as a new quasi-judicial and regulatory body of one of the most important contemporary cyberspaces. It’s long established that social media platforms, such as Facebook, pose certain challenges to democracies as they, among other issues, allow for spread of fake news and hate speech, shift our perception of reality, or create echo chambers. In reaction to talks of regulating similar platforms, Meta’s self-regulatory attempt of instituting the Oversight Board appears to tackle the issue of content moderation by the platform itself. As the content moderation is one of the main sources of Meta’s problematic reputation (taking down posts, pages of various more or less known persons), the board is potentially significant. The paper analyses the board’s mandate, governance structure and procedures. We look at standard elements of independence of decision-making bodies (such as courts) to establish whether the Oversight Board is structured in a way conducive to independent decision making. We conclude that that structure of the Oversight Board fulfils some of the elements of the de jure judicial independence, however there is a room for improvement. Independence of the Oversight Board from Meta is a vital element of the institution, however we detect connections and dependencies on Meta (Meta needs to agree on changes of the Charter as well as the Bylaws, Meta was profoundly involved in the initial selection of the members, etc.). The whole structure of Oversight Board is heavily impacted by the private law institutes – trust, company, contracts – which might not be able to fully facilitate all the needs of an independent quasi-judicial body. The private structure, lacking necessary participatory mechanisms, does not permit the Oversight Board to gain necessary legitimacy. We also review the Oversight Board’s setup in light of the EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA), which represents one of the most comprehensive regulations of the social media platforms, including content moderation issues. We conclude that the Oversight Board would also not be compliant with requirements set forth in the DSA. After the adoption of the DSA, a question of compatibility of the Oversight Board with the out-of-court dispute settlement bodies opened.

EVALUATION OF THE FOREIGN STUDENT ASSOCIATION BY THE MEMBERS VIA RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

A student association could be established in a university or between the students outside the university. It can be established in accordance with special laws in order to discuss and solve the common problems of the students. The first step to establish an association is to choose the representatives of the students. After discussing the common problems of the students, the solutions and decisions are made by the representatives of the association within group which is in charge according to slate and policy of the association. The representatives members could be ranked within a group less or more than 13 members as the president, vice president, general secretary, etc. One of the association representative’s duties is to find solutions to the problems and guide the students to be more effective in their study life. This study was carried out on the Yemeni Student Association in Karabuk University. The representatives of the association are 13 students, and the total number of Yemeni students in Karabuk University is around 600 students. According to the questionnaire shared with the students, the members who are getting helped by the association are approximately 303 students. In this study, to evaluate the internal consistency and impartiality among the association member answers using the reliability analysis, 18 questions were asked in a survey and the number of students who answered the questions was 109 students. The method used in the reliability analysis was the Cronbach Alpha method. If α (Cronbach Alpha) ≥ 0.70, then the content of the questions is appropriate and the reliability analysis is accepted which means the internal consistency and impartiality among the association member answers are (very or highly) reliable. Otherwise, the reliability analysis should be re-applied by exchanging the order of the scales (answers) or by deleting items (questions). The survey was shared using Google Form containing 18 questions and 5-point Likert scale. The application of the reliability analysis was made by using SPSS program, and the categorical values were exchanged to numerical values before analysis. The categorization of the categorical values was as follows: Demographic information : age, gender (1=male, 2=female), educational status: (1=language preparation, 2= university), and compatibility questions (strongly agree=1, agree=2, disagree=3, strongly disagree=4, undecided=5). The number of questions which reliability analysis was applied on was 15 questions starting from Q4 to Q18. According to SPSS results, Cronbach alpha value was 0.939, so reliability analysis was accepted.

Compatibility and complementarity between institutional and post-Keynesian economics: a literature review with a particular focus on methodology

The objective of this article is to carry out a review of the links between institutional and post-Keynesian economics, in order to raise the possible compatibility and even complementarity between the two branches of economic thought. To this end, we first review the question of compatibility from the perspective of institutional economics and then from the post-keynesian standpoint. Next, methodological issues are addressed by presenting the essential elements that characterize post-keynesian and institutional methodology (and internal debates in this regard) and then by describing the areas of compatibility between the two. The final section presents the main conclusions and summarizes the basic elements that could constitute a theoretical framework of synthesis between institutional and post-keynesian economics.

A contribution to the Transdisciplinary Terminology of Cultural Heritage

In the last two decades, the changes in the concept of cultural heritage intensified the attempts to create the foundations and standardize the nomenclature of heritage studies and the heritage theory. The standardization attempts mainly come from the professional associations and international organizations dealing with heritage conservation, but, at the same time, they reflect novel theoretical stand points, being continuously built in the conservation practice. These changes in heritage theory allow for a wider interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary insights in the field. Such a situation opens a question of terminological compatibility of different fields expressing direct or indirect interest in cultural forms and processes, an example of which is covering a range of research programs under the umbrella term of cultural evolution. In this article, an instrumental definition of cultural heritage is generated to support the terminological analysis. The elements of this definitions are further used as a basis for a review of terminology in the fields of cultural evolution and cultural heritage, in order to create clusters of compatible terms in both fields. This article aims at stressing the need for transdisciplinary knowledge synthesis and integrated heritage terminology.

Where Chemocatalysis Meets Biocatalysis: In Water.

Chemoenzymatic catalysis, by definition, involves the merging of sequential reactions using both chemocatalysis and biocatalysis, typically in a single reaction vessel. A major challenge, the solution to which, however, is associated with numerous advantages, is to run such one-pot processes in water: the majority of enzyme-catalyzed processes take place in water as Nature's reaction medium, thus enabling a broad synthetic diversity when using water due to the option to use virtually all types of enzymes. Furthermore, water is cheap, abundantly available, and environmentally friendly, thus making it, in principle, an ideal reaction medium. On the other hand, most chemocatalysis is routinely performed today in organic solvents (which might deactivate enzymes), thus appearing to make it difficult to combine such reactions with biocatalysis toward one-pot cascades in water. Several creative approaches and solutions that enable such combinations of chemo- and biocatalysis in water to be realized and applied to synthetic problems are presented herein, reflecting the state-of-the-art in this blossoming field. Coverage has been sectioned into three parts, after introductory remarks: (1) Chapter 2 focuses on historical developments that initiated this area of research; (2) Chapter 3 describes key developments post-initial discoveries that have advanced this field; and (3) Chapter 4 highlights the latest achievements that provide attractive solutions to the main question of compatibility between biocatalysis (used predominantly in aqueous media) and chemocatalysis (that remains predominantly performed in organic solvents), both Chapters covering mainly literature from ca. 2018 to the present. Chapters 5 and 6 provide a brief overview as to where the field stands, the challenges that lie ahead, and ultimately, the prognosis looking toward the future of chemoenzymatic catalysis in organic synthesis.

The (still) Unresolved Question of COVID-19 Passes Compatibility with the ECHR. Comments on the ECtHR Decision of 7 October 2021 in Zembrano v. France (Application no. 41994/21)

This article analyses the question of compatibility of COVID-19 passes with the European Convention of Human Rights. The present commentary’s point of reference is the European Court of Human Rights inadmissibility decision in Zembrano v. France. Nevertheless, the main focus is not given to the admissibility criteria but to the more general considerations concerning restrictions of individual rights and freedoms introduced in the context of the current pandemic. The article offers some insights into the necessity and proportionality of an interference (the COVID-19 pass requirement). It also discusses if such measures are discriminatory or not

Compatibility aspects of the method of phase synchronization for decoupling linear second-order differential equations

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>The so-called method of phase synchronization has been advocated in a number of papers as a way of decoupling a system of linear second-order differential equations by a linear transformation of coordinates and velocities. This is a rather unusual approach because velocity-dependent transformations in general do not preserve the second-order character of differential equations. Moreover, at least in the case of linear transformations, such a velocity-dependent one defines by itself a second-order system, which need not have anything to do, in principle, with the given system or its reformulation. This aspect, and the related questions of compatibility it raises, seem to have been overlooked in the existing literature. The purpose of this paper is to clarify this issue and to suggest topics for further research in conjunction with the general theory of decoupling in a differential geometric context.</p>

Can agroecology and CRISPR mix? The politics of complementarity and moving toward technology sovereignty

Can gene editing and agroecology be complementary? Various formulations of this question now animate debates over the future of food systems, including in the UN Committee on World Food Security and at the UN Food Systems Summit. Previous analyses have discussed the risks of gene editing for agroecosystems, smallholders, and the concentration of wealth by and for agro-industry. This paper takes a different approach, unpacking the epistemic, socioeconomic, and ontological politics inherent in complementarity. I ask: How is complementarity understood? Who is asking and defining this question? What are the politics of entertaining the debate at all? I sketch the epistemic foundations of science and technology that organize different notions of evidence used in agroecology and genetic engineering. On this base, I offer 8 angles on the compatibility question, exploring the historical contradictions that complementarity discourses reveal and the contemporary work they do. I work through questions of (1) technological neutrality, (2) “root cause” problems, (3) working with nature, (4) encoding racism, and dilemmas of (5) ownership and (6) access. These questions, I argue, require a reckoning with (7) ontologies of coloniality-modernity, which help us get underneath—and beyond—the complementarity question. Finally, I offer (8) a framework for thinking about and working toward technology sovereignty.

Relationships among Conceptualizations of Flourishing in Therapeutic Recreation

Human flourishing or living well is widely accepted as a principal outcome of therapeutic recreation (TR) services but multiple conceptualizations of what it means to live well found in the TR literature raise questions of association and compatibility. The present investigation extends previous explorations of connections among the numerous notions, specifically appraising the relationship of Seligman’s theory of Flourishing to MacIntyre’s broadened theory of Flourishing, the Leisure and Well- Being Model, and the Flourishing through Leisure Model. Results indicate the two theories portray distinct views of flourishing and that a complementary relationship exists among Seligman’s theory and the two practice models. When considered as a whole, the extant body of scholarship supplies the profession with a solid philosophical and scientific foundation for promoting human flourishing.Subscribe to TRJ

\u2018Animals run about the world in all sorts of paths\u2019: varieties of indeterminism

In her seminal essay ‘Causality and Determination’, Elizabeth Anscombe very decidedly announced that “physical indeterminism” is “indispensable if we are to make anything of the claim to freedom”. But it is clear from that same essay that she extends the scope of that claim beyond freedom–she suggests that indeterminism is required already for animal self-movement (a position recently called ‘agency incompatibilism’ by Helen Steward). Building on Anscombe’s conception of causality and (in)determinism, I will suggest that it extends even further: life as such already requires physical indeterminism. Furthermore, I show that we can, on this basis, arrive at the idea of varieties of (in)determinism, along with a corresponding variety of incompatibilist theses. From this Anscombean vantage point, the free will discussion takes on a quite different outlook. The question whether free agency can coexist with determinism on the level of blind physical forces, which preoccupies the philosopher of free will, turns out to conflate a whole series of compatibility questions: not just whether life is compatible with physical determinism, but also whether animal self-movement is compatible with ‘biological determinism’, and whether free agency is compatible with ‘animal determinism’.

Molecular self-organization of wood lignin-carbohydrate matrix.

The analysis of the state of research on the chemical composition, functional nature and structure of the main components of the lignin-carbohydrate matrix allows considering the wood substance as a thermodynamically self-organizing nanobiocomposite system. Features of biosynthesis of the wood matrix main biopolymers, the formation of their functional nature and structure determine the complex hierarchical organization of cell walls. The supramolecular level of biosynthesis considers the interaction of cell wall components. On the one hand, these are questions of dynamics of cell walls synthesis and processes of self-organization that control the formation of chaotic objects of biological origin; on the other hand, it is the question of thermodynamic compatibility of plant tissue components. Various models of structural organization are currently being considered, focusing on various features (biological, chemical, structural) of wood substance. At the same time, the lignin-carbohydrate matrix is a three-component system of natural polymers: lignin-hemicelluloses-cellulose, the state of which is described by specific values of thermodynamic parameters that characterize the degree of its stability. The new approach proposed in this paper allows considering the plant lignin-carbohydrate matrix from the standpoint of physical chemistry of polymer as quasi-equilibrium, thermodynamically limited ordered system of biopolymers. Thus, the biochemical processes of synthesis and self-organization lead to the formation of a complex multicomponent system of wood substance, considered as a nanobiocomposite. This determines the need to study the applicability of the fundamental cycle "structure-functional nature-properties" from the standpoint of physical chemistry of biopolymers both for the investigation of plant objects and for the development of modern technologies for complex processing based on the principles of "green chemistry".

The Setting and Matching of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Mechanisms: The Compatibility with Disputes

Humans cannot avoid from facing various trials, problems misunderstandings and disputes while carrying on with daily lives. In resolving a dispute, the disputants need to be provided the best redress avenues for the dispute resolution. This may include the option of having various choices of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) mechanisms. Each ADR mechanisms must be closely matched to the disputes brought and the governing parameters need to be established due to the presence of a variety of mechanisms. The paper aims to analyse the question of compatibility between the setting and the matching of ADR mechanism, and the disputes involved. The literature highlights the opinions and views of researchers who have raised the topic and issues in the study and in relation to questions of this article. Hence, the analysis used was based on the content analysis especially previous academic studies conducted based on four (4) questions as follows: Q1 - Who is responsible for resolving disputes? Q2 - What is the main source of the establishing of levels and standard solutions? Q3 - How are the disputing parties represented? Q4 - What is the nature of the situation and to what extent can the discovery of facts and standard discovery is taken in this scenario? The paper will discuss the related issues by focusing on some forms of ADR. The findings of the study show that the answers to these questions are available in various forms, and the obvious possibilities are the differences of opinion that exist as result of the existence of different mechanisms. Ultimately, the final decision garnered must lead to actual ADR values that are required.

The science of affection: algorithmic love matches on TV

Television is a technology of intimacy, bringing things close,1 but it also promises to match people up – with advertisers, with programmes, with other people. Historically this matching has been an inexact mechanism, with television providing content to a broad public and leaving the viewers themselves to sort out questions of compatibility. Even in the more recent age of narrowcasting, streaming and on-demand services, the onus of finding a ‘right match’ still lies with viewers, who have now become their own programmers as they sort through a sea of options. Despite – or because of – this inexactness, television has been highly reflexive about its role in the matchmaking market, not only by developing intricate ratings measures to track successful viewership matches, but also by turning (romantic) matchmaking into content. Indeed, in reality-based forms television has itself long played matchmaker, making entertainment out of the often arduous process of...

Paid platelet donors: Points to consider

Paid platelet donors: Points to consider

Mandatory Method-of-Production Labelling for Animal Products in the EU: A Case Study

As a result of the proliferation of industrial farm animal production on the one hand, and the growing global crises such as climate change or antimicrobial resistance on the other, food product sustainability has become an increasingly important item of interest on a long list of pressing concerns over planetary health. However, consumers may find it hard to act on these concerns in the absence of information on the methods of production on animal products. In the EU, the absence of a method of production labelling scheme is even more problematic for consumer information given the increase in animal-based products imports and the likelihood that methods used to produce those goods did not comply with EU rules. Depending on the choices made by consumers, a mandatory label of production method on the farming of animals used for food could eventually steer producers towards favouring methods of production that are in line with achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Furthermore, such a label would contribute to level the playing field on the EU market by imposing the same transparency rules to all sellers, including importers. Imposing a mandatory method of production labelling scheme raises the question of compatibility with World Trade Organization (WTO) rules. This article tests a hypothetical method of production label against the WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, and concludes such a label could be found in compliance with the TBT Agreement. Labelling, process and production methods, consumer information, sustainability, Animal Welfare, food products