Content Validity Of Questionnaire Research Articles

Content validity of the questionnaire considering opinions of the Finnish physicians on euthanasia and assisted suicide

Despite numerous surveys conducted across the world considering assisted death, content validity evaluations of the survey questionnaires are seldom published. Likewise, there is no previous research about the content validity of the survey “Finnish physicians´ attitudes and opinions on euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide” conducted by the Finnish Medical Association. The aim of this study was to assess the content validity of the survey questionnaire. To study this, a purposive sample of physicians was recruited. Firstly, the participants were interviewed to bring up their interpretations and assessments considering the relevance, comprehensibility, and measurement scale suitability of the questions. Secondly, the participants assessed the revised study questionnaire. Altogether 16 physicians participated in the study. Although the relevance and comprehensibility of the questions were assessed to be high-level, parallel interpretations of the contents were discovered. We suggest content validity research to be essential when developing a questionnaire on assisted death. Our results could be helpful when planning future surveys about this challenging topic.

Development of the quality improvement collaborative questionnaire (QuIC) to explore quality improvement partnerships to teach pre-registration nursing students

Background Quality improvement partnerships between healthcare organisations and higher education require further research to explore their potential to provide a valuable education experience for pre-registration nursing students. Aims Develop and validate a questionnaire for nurse academics to evaluate quality improvement content in pre-registration nursing curricula and the extent of partnership with higher education providers in developing this content. Conduct a pilot test of the questionnaire. Study design Use a content validity approach. Methods The Australian higher education sector was the setting and participants were nurse academics with knowledge of the quality improvement content taught in pre-registration nursing courses. The quality improvement collaboration (QuIC) questionnaire was informed by the literature and sent to ten quality improvement and higher education experts for content validation. Each question was scored on a Likert scale for relevance and clarity. The QuIC questionnaire was distributed by email to the 37 higher education organisations offering pre-registration programmes in Australia. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the questionnaire data. Results Eight experts completed the content validity questionnaire in full, with the QuIC questionnaire achieving an excellent content validity score of 0.94 for relevance and clarity. The QuIC questionnaire was completed by 24 participants. The results indicated that quality improvement education partnerships are only used occasionally in Australia. The education methods used to teach this content were case studies (online cases n = 11, 46%; patient cases n = 9, 38%) and the development of quality improvement education materials (n = 7, 29%). Conclusions The QuIC questionnaire demonstrates excellent relevance and clarity, and is the first in the literature to address the constructs of quality improvement education and partnerships. The pilot results provide insight into quality improvement education methods used in Australia and the presence of partnerships. These results may be used to assist in the implementation of quality improvement education partnerships into curricula across the health professions.

Psychometric Evaluation of a Measure of Evidence-Based Practice in Occupational Health.

Occupational Health Services (OHS) are obliged to follow the principles of evidence-based medicine. However, there needs to be tools to measure this. Therefore, we developed and validated a questionnaire for evaluating OHS practitioners' attitudes, competence, and organisational support to perform evidence-based practice (EBP-OHS) following the JBI Model of Evidence-Based Healthcare. The questionnaire's content validity was assessed by 12 experts in the field. Then, an opportunity sample of 549 OHS practitioners completed the questionnaire. We examined the questionnaire's psychometric properties using exploratory factor analysis and subjected it to construct validity and reliability testing. The content validity index of the chosen items was 0.78 or higher. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that the measure's construct validity was adequate (KMO 0.9). Principal component factor analysis supported a three-factor structure (all eigenvalues 1.3 or more), which explained 60.3 % of the total variance. Aligned with these three factors, the EBP-OHS consists of three domains: Organisational support (seven items), OHS practitioners' competence (six items) and OHS practitioners' attitudes (two items). The scale's reliability is good (Cronbach alpha 0.88). The EBP-OHS is a valid tool for measuring occupational health services' evidence-based practice and enabling the implementation of research into practice. It embodies the phases of evidence transfer and implementation described in the JBI Model of Evidence-Based Healthcare and translates them into concrete measurable activities in the OHS context.

Evaluation of Lifestyle for Women with Breast Cancer

Introduction: Breast cancer is a significant global health concern, affecting millions of women worldwide. While advancements in diagnosis and treatment have improved survival rates, the impact of this disease extends beyond physical health. It also significantly influences a woman's lifestyle and overall well-being. Objectives: The current study intends to analyze the lifestyle of breast cancer patients who are receiving therapy or are being followed up at the Oncology Teaching Hospital in Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq. Method: The present study uses a descriptive design with an application of an evaluation approach. A convenience sample of 100 women with breast cancer was selected from the Teaching Oncology Hospital at the Medical City in Baghdad City, Iraq. The study's objectives are served by a questionnaire. Physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social functioning are its five functional domains. These domains are evaluated as low, moderate and high. Each study participant received a questionnaire explaining how to complete it, along with a form requesting their approval to remain anonymous. They also had the opportunity to leave the study at any time without being provided an explanation. A panel of (10) experts determines the questionnaire's content validity, and its internal consistency reliability is calculated via the split-half method with a Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient of (r=0.92). Data are collected using the study questionnaire, and they are then analyzed via a descriptive statistical data analysis approach on the basis of frequency and percentage. Results: The study revealed that the majority of these women experienced sleep issues, but most of them experienced problems with body weight gain (70%), social and community activity (70%), sexuality (60%), stress (60%), diet (56%), physical activity (50%) and smoking (45%), and some of them took birth control pills and used hormone replacement therapy (43%). Conclusion: This study revealed that women with breast cancer have experienced a variety of lifestyle domain-associated problems. These problems are clearly manifested in the results of this study.

Knowledge towards health impacts of climate change among Amhara Sayint community, Northeastern Ethiopia

Purpose This study aims to assess the knowledge of Amhara Sayint district community in Northeastern Ethiopia towards the health impacts of climate change. Design/methodology/approach A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 20 July to 5 September 2022, involving 605 randomly selected households in Amhara Sayint district, Northeastern Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pilot-tested and content-validated questionnaire administered via Kobo Collect survey tool. The data were then exported to STATA for management and analysis. A proportional odds approach of ordinal logistic regression model was fitted with a 95% confidence level to identify factors associated with the community’s knowledge towards the health impacts of climate change. Findings Of the total respondents, 3.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1, 5.3) and 42.98% (95% CI: 38.9, 47) had inadequate and medium levels of knowledge towards the health impacts of climate change, respectively. Proportional odds model analysis result indicated that gender (female) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.053, 2.13), wealth status (poorest) (AOR = 1.97; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.83), educational status (unable to read and write) (AOR = 4.13; 95% CI: 1.25, 13.68) and participation status in environmental protection activities (not) (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.71) were factors that significantly associated with inadequate and medium levels of knowledge towards the health impacts of climate change. Research limitations/implications The result of this research is not supported by qualitative methods. Practical implications Residents of the study area know the climate is changing; however, they lack adequate knowledge towards the health impacts of climate change. Social implications Significant number of people have inadequate level of knowledge about health impacts of climate change so relevant health education is needed. Originality/value This research is original in its focus on assessing public knowledge about the health impacts of climate change in the Amhara Sayint district, northeastern Ethiopia, a perspective often overlooked in existing studies. Its findings are crucial for guiding future research and developing targeted public health strategies and educational initiatives.

Development and Validation of a Realistic Neonatal Intestinal Jejunoileal Atresia Simulator for the Training of Pediatric Surgeons.

Background: Neonatal surgical pathology presents highly technical complexity and few opportunities for training. Many of the neonatal surgical entities are not replicable in animal models. Realistic 3D models are a cost-effective and efficient alternative for training new generations of pediatric surgeons. Methods: We conceptualized, designed, and produced an anatomically realistic model for the open correction of jejunoileal atresia. We validated it with two groups of participants (experts and non-experts) through face, construct, and content validity questionnaires. Results: The model was validated by eleven experts and nine non-experts. The mean procedure time for the experts and non-experts groups was 41 and 42 min, respectively. Six non-experts and one expert did not complete the procedure by the designed time (45 min) (p = 0.02). The mean score of face validity was 3.1 out of 4. Regarding construct validity, we found statistically significant differences between groups for the correct calculation of the section length of the antimesenteric border (Nixon's technique) (p < 0.01). Concerning content validity, the mean score was 3.3 out of 4 in the experts group and 3.4 out of 4 in the non-experts group. Conclusions: The present model is a realistic and low-cost valid option for training for open correction of jejunoileal atresia. Before drawing definitive conclusions, future studies with larger sample sizes and blinded validators are needed.

Development and assessment of a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) questionnaire for genetic counselees with preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) indications

BackgroundPreimplantation genetic testing (PGT) can reduce the risk of familial genetic diseases, chromosome abnormalities, and recurrent abortions. It is unclear whether genetic counselees with PGT indications understand and accept the implications of PGT. A well-developed and validated tool is needed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) levels of genetic counselees with PGT indications. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a PGT KAP questionnaire (PGT-KAP-Q) for genetic counselees with PGT indications. MethodsFirst, we established an item pool based on a literature review and qualitative interviews. Second, we developed the PGT-KAP-Q using the Delphi method. Third, we evaluated the quality of the questionnaire using item analysis and psychometric evaluation. The item analysis included extreme value comparison, application of the correlation and Cronbach's alpha (α) coefficient methods, and factor analysis. We also evaluated the content and structural validity of the questionnaire, as well as the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and split-half reliability. FindingsAfter the literature review and interviews, and based on three rounds of expert consultations, we formed a 43-item questionnaire. In the validity analysis, the item's content validity index (I-CVI) and the average scale level CVI (S-CVI/Ave) values (>0.78 and >0.95, respectively) confirmed the questionnaire's content validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that all 43 items had strong factor loadings (>0.4), and the three factors of the PGT-KAP-Q explained 51.97 % of the total variance. The Cronbach's α coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.95 (p < 0.05), the split-half reliability was 0.76 (p < 0.05) and the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.78 (p < 0.05). InterpretationThe 43-item PGT-KAP-Q for genetic counselees with PGT indications is reliable and valid. It contains a moderate number of items, is easy for patients to understand and accept, and can be used for clinical research and applications.

Barbed Pharyngoplasty simulation using a 3D-printed model: design and validation study.

Learning how to use barbed sutures and perform Barbed Pharyngoplasty (BP) is challenging due to limited surgical training opportunities. This work aims to design, develop, and validate a new 3D surgical simulator to train ENT residents and specialists in performing BP. The Barbed Pharyngoplasty Simulator (BPS) was designed using diagnostic images of the facial mass and testing different materials to replicate the mucosal and bony tissues. ENT specialists with experience in BP and ENT residents were included in the validation study and were asked to perform the Alianza BP. After the simulation, they compiled the Face and Content Validity Questionnaires. The BPS consists of a reusable cranial structure that contains the disposable palatopharyngeal structure, replicating the palatal structures and the tongue. Fifteen experienced ENT specialists and nine residents were included in the study. Findings demonstrated that the BPS faithfully replicated the muscular and fibrous-bony palatopharyngeal structures, with only 11% of residents having a negative opinion of the mucosal tissue. All the participants positively rated the sensation of using surgical instruments on the simulator. Also, ENT residents rated all aspects of the content validity test from normal to excellent, while specialists rated the BPS as a general training tool from normal to excellent; for lateral pharyngoplasty, BP, and Alianza, only 6.7% of participants disagreed with its usefulness, and 13.3% disagreed with it for anterior pharyngoplasty. The BPS proposed in this preliminary study can potentially be a valuable tool in BP surgical training for residents and young otolaryngologists.

Single National Curriculum English 2020 Implementation Determinants: Intended and Enacted Curriculum Perspective at Primary Level in Punjab

The current study was designed to determine the gap between the intended curriculum and enacted SNC English 2020 implementation determinants: instructional materials, teaching methods, formative assessment techniques, and professional development. The study was quantitative and descriptive based on the survey method. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect the data from the teachers in Punjab. Five English curriculum experts ensured the content validity of questionnaires, and reliability was calculated employing Cronbach’s Alpha score of .926. A simple random sampling technique was used to collect from a sample of 268 teachers. The collected data were analyzed employing descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of the study revealed that overall, 62% of the curriculum was implemented, and a 38% gap existed. The results declared that 54% of instructional materials were in use and a 46% gap existed. The results affirmed that 59% of teaching methods were in use and 41% of the gap existed. The results showed that 62% of teachers were trained, and a 38% gap existed. The results asserted that 71% of formative assessment strategies were in use, and a 29% gap existed. Furthermore, results delineated a significant difference in locale regarding teaching methods and teachers’ professional development. Based on the study results, it was recommended that the government should provide funds for English instructional materials and English curriculum-based teacher training on using instructional materials, teaching methods, and assessment. The education department and head teachers may bind teachers to use English curriculum-based implementation guidelines.

Cleft lip and palate surgery simulator: Open source simulation model

ObjectiveCleft lip and palate is the most common craniofacial birth anomaly and requires surgery in the first year of life. However, craniofacial surgery training opportunities are limited. The aim of this study was to present and evaluate an open-source cleft lip and palate hybrid (casting and three-dimensional (3D) printing) simulation model which can be replicated at low cost to facilitate the teaching and training of cleft surgery anatomy and techniques. DesignThe soft tissue component of the cleft surgery training model was casted using a 3D printed 5-component mold and silicone. The bony structure was designed to simulate the facial anatomy and to hold the silicone soft tissue. SettingTwo groups, one group of trainees and one group of expert surgeons, at University Hospital Basel in Switzerland and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Santiago, Chile, tested the cleft lip and palate simulation model. Participants completed a Likert-based face and content validity questionnaire to assess the realism of the model and its usefulness in surgical training. ResultsMore than 70 % of the participants agreed that the model accurately simulated human tissues found in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Over 60 % of the participants also agreed that the model realistically replicated surgical procedures. In addition, 80–90 % of the participants found the model to be a useful and appropriate tool for teaching the anatomy and surgical techniques involved in performing unilateral cleft lip and palate repair. ConclusionThis open-source protocol provides a cost-effective solution for surgeons to introduce the cleft morphology and surgical techniques to trainees on a regular basis. It addresses the current financial barrier that limits access to commercially available models during the early stages of surgeon training prior to specialization in the field.

Challenges and Opportunities in an Alternative Approach for Academic Workload in the New Normal

COVID-19 challenged the delivery of quality education as it abruptly altered in-person schooling in all educational institutions across the globe. College administrators were compelled to design and adopt a scheme that suits the environment of remote learning but safeguards quality teaching and learning. This quantitative-descriptive research evaluates the alternative approach to academic workload adopted by a local college in Batangas City, during the pandemic, when in-person classes were called-off. The adopted workload scheme aimed to ensure effective and efficient delivery of remote instruction so that quality learning will be sustained. The evaluation focused on the challenges and opportunities of the adopted system called the “two-term academic workload scheme.” Data were gathered through a content-validated questionnaire distributed to two hundred and seventy-seven (277) respondents via Google form. The respondents were full-time teachers and students in the College of Education. Data gathering happened in the first quarter of 2022, a year and a half after the adopted scheme was implemented. It was found that teachers and students shared similar views, especially on the opportunities that resulted from the scheme but slight contrasting views on the challenges were observed. This, however, did not result to a significant difference in responses. The study revealed that the adopted scheme created more opportunities than challenges and hence has served the purpose of sustaining excellent delivery of instruction and the expected quality output was achieved.

Health vulnerability: evidence of validity of an item bank

Objective: To analyze the evidence of content validity and response process of a health vulnerability item bank. Methods: Psychometric study with support of Pasquali’s theoretical pole in which 62 specialists with different sociodemographic and academic characteristics were selected and 15 of them responded to the content validity questionnaire. After adjustments, the bank moved to the response process validity phase and was evaluated by 12 health service users. A content validity coefficient was used to evaluate the items and the bank, which had the reliability assessed by the binomial test, considering a percentage of 80% and p-value &gt;0.05. Results: The bank presented good evidence of content validity by experts. The coefficients were 0.87 for the subject element, 0.86 for the social element and 0.865 for the general element. The target audience made suggestions in the response process validity phase to better understand the items (total coefficient: 0.89), which were considered clear, accurate and understandable. Conclusion: The final version of the item bank has 535 items, 238 for the subject and 297 for the social element. It presents evidence of validity of content and response process and is suitable for testing the validity of internal structure.

Evaluation of quality of life for women with breast cancer

Background/Aim: One of the therapeutic outcome metrics for women with breast cancer is quality of life (QoL). The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the QoL of women with breast cancer who were get-ting therapy or on follow-up at the Oncology Teaching Hospital in Medical City, Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: A convenient sample of 100 women was selected from the Teaching Oncology Hospital at Medical City in Baghdad City. For the purposes of the study, a questionnaire was constructed. Physical, role, emotional, cognitive and social functioning were its five functional domains. Each study participant received a questionnaire explaining how to COM-plete it, along with a form requesting their approval to remain anonymous. They also got the opportunity to leave the study at any time without being provided an explanation. A panel of 10 experts determined the questionnaire's content validity and its internal consistency reliability was calculated using the split-half method and the Cronbach a correlation coefficient of r = 0.92. Data were collected using the study questionnaire and analyzed using a descriptive statistical data analysis approach based on frequency and percent. Results: The study findings depict that most of the women with breast cancer were 31-49 year old and they accounted for 43 % of the studied sample. Most of these women had problems with their emotional, social and role functioning. Conclusion: Breast cancer affects many elements of life, but it has the largest influence in modern culture on social and emotional functioning, as well as role functioning. A multidisciplinary team working with affected women would be advantageous in enhancing the QoL of breast cancer patients, particularly in the most compromised aspects of their health.

Preparedness and Emotional Struggles of Public Elementary School Teaching Applicants

This study aimed to investigate the preparedness and emotional struggles of the public elementary school teacher-applicants in Sto. Domingo-San Ildefonso District, Ilocos Sur Division. There were 35 respondents selected through a total population sampling from 16 Public Elementary Schools in Sto. Domingo-San Ildefonso District, Ilocos Sur Division. The study is a mixed quantitative-qualitative type of research that utilized the descriptive-correlational method using a content-validated questionnaire to determine the profile and the level of preparedness of the respondents, whereas an interview was employed to recognize the emotional struggles of the teacher-applicants in applying to a public elementary school. Thematic Analysis was used in putting together the responses. Moreover, the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the level of preparedness of the public elementary school teachers was identified. The findings of the study revealed that the respondents have a “very high” level of preparedness, however, it was also found that the respondents experienced serious emotional struggles in the application process. Correlation analysis showed that gender identity is significantly related to teaching experience and specialized training and skills, while the type of school graduated is negatively significant to the teaching experience. Based on the findings, the following conclusions are represented: (1) The public elementary school teacher-applicants were prepared in the application process; (2) emotional struggles were part of the experiences in applying to a public elementary school; and (3) career orientation plan is developed based on the findings of the study.

Analyzing complaints of arm, neck, and shoulder pain among academicians in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study on prevalence and contributing factors

OBJECTIVES: Complaints of arm, neck, and shoulder (CANS) have been recognized as an important cause of work disability. Therefore, it is essential to identify those health risk factors for the development of CANS before they escalate into a disabling musculoskeletal condition. This study aims to ascertain the association between individual, physical, and psychosocial risk factors and the occurrence of CANS among academics in Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was adopted, enrolling 296 academic staff working at a private university in Malaysia using a convenient sampling approach. A content-validated questionnaire was distributed among selected academic staff to gather their feedback on the prevalence and contributing factors of CANS, and the survey was conducted for a period of six months. The chi-square test was used to analyze the association between risk factors and CANS, and multiple logistic regression was used to predict the risk factors of CANS. This study links all the health risk factors to CANS in Malaysian academicians. RESULTS: Of the academic staff who participated in this study, 63.5% reported an annual prevalence of CANS. Physical risk factors, including work experience, adopting a static head-down posture, time spent per day in teaching, and the number of hours spent in front of a computer, are associated with CANS (p&lt;0.05). However, the utility of back support (p=0.878) and footrests (p=0.078) does not show any association with the occurrence of CANS (p&gt;0.05). Besides job demand, other psychosocial factors do not show any significant association with CANS. DISCUSSION: The study found that 63.5% of academic staff suffer from arm, shoulder, and neck pain, which is linked to physical risk factors such as work experience, static posture, teaching time and computer use. Back support and footrests had no significant influence on the complaints. Addressing physical risk factors is key to reducing these conditions among academic staff.

Development and validation of a tool to assess researchers’ knowledge of human subjects’ rights and their attitudes toward research ethics education in Saudi Arabia

BackgroundResearchers must adhere to ethical and scientific standards in their research involving human subjects; therefore, their knowledge of human subjects’ rights is essential. A tool to measure the extent of this knowledge is necessary to ensure that studies with participants are conducted ethically and to enhance research integrity. Currently, no validated instrument is available for such an assessment. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to develop a reliable and valid instrument to assess researchers’ knowledge of human subjects’ rights in clinical settings, as well as a reliable and valid measure of their attitudes toward clinical research ethics education in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThe current study involves the development of a questionnaire about the rights of human subjects in research and the researchers’ attitudes toward research ethics education. The content was developed based on an extensive review of research ethics guidelines. A panel of experts tested the questionnaire for face validity (n = 5) and content validity (n = 8). The reliability of the questionnaire was established by a split-half reliability coefficient and item analysis among a sample (n = 301) of clinical researchers.ResultsFace validity demonstrated that the questionnaire was quick to complete and easy to answer. The global content validity indices (S-CVIs) were greater than 0.78 for all questionnaire sections; the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.755 for knowledge items; Cronbach’s alpha was 0.77 for researchers’ attitudes, showing good internal consistency. The difficulty index ranged from 12.0% to 98.7% for all knowledge items. Most questions were at an acceptable level of reliability and discrimination criteria. The final version of the questionnaire contained 89 items, distributed as 15 questions on demographic and professional characteristics, 64 questions items on knowledge, and 10 items on attitudes.ConclusionsThe questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to assess biomedical researchers’ knowledge of human subjects’ rights and their attitudes toward research ethics education. This instrument could help address the gap in researchers’ knowledge of the rights and facilitate the development of educational intervention programs to set appropriate learning objectives.

Pattern of adverse events following immunization of COVID vaccination among adolescents in Union Territory of Puducherry, India

Abstract Background: Adolescents’ COVID-19 vaccination (15–18 years) was advised by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to protect the vulnerable group against COVID-19 infection and reduce the severity of the illness. The information on the pattern of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) following COVID-19 vaccination among adolescents is not available in the Indian population. This study aimed to assess the pattern of AEFI following COVID-19 vaccination among 15–18-year adolescents in the Union Territory of Puducherry and identify the various remedial measures to manage the encountered AEFIs and their impact on the AEFI. Methodology: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted in government, government-run, and private schools after obtaining necessary approval from the concerned in Pondicherry. A pretested and content-validated questionnaire consisting of demographic details of the participants, name of the COVID-19 vaccine, number of doses taken, various AEFI, onset of symptoms and its duration, various remedial measures employed, and details of AEFI reported was utilized for the study. Responses were obtained either through Google Forms or by administering the questionnaire in person. Data were entered in MS Excel, and analysis was performed using SPSS. Frequency and percentage were used to represent the categorical data. Mean and standard deviation were used to represent the quantitative data. The Chi-square test/Fisher’s exact test was used to find the association between the categorical data. P &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: About 75.7% of recipients received Covaxin, 22.4% received Covishield, and 1.9% received other vaccines. About 96.9% said that they encountered adverse events following vaccination. The most common adverse event reported was pain at the injection site, tiredness, fever, myalgia, headache, hypersomnia, and joint pain. Less common adverse events, such as insomnia, vertigo, giddiness, nausea, and vomiting, were also reported by the participants. Fever (P &lt; 0.001), headache (P &lt; 0.001), joint pain (P &lt; 0.05), and giddiness (P &lt; 0.01) were significantly more among Covishield recipients than Covaxin recipients. There was a statistically significant absence of AEFI and also fewer symptoms among boys when compared to girls. Duration of AEFI among girl participants was 2.43 ± 1.799, which was significantly (P &lt; 0.001) more than the boys 2.03 ± 1.798. None of the study participants reported AEFI to the health-care authority. Conclusion: Information obtained in the study shows that COVID-19 vaccination is relatively safer in the adolescent population also with minimal adverse events similar to adults.

Post-Discharge Problems in Cardiac Surgery Patients

Background: Cardiac surgeries have contributed greatly to resolve the problems relating to Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) and valvular heart diseases. There are numerous physical and psychosocial problems that cardiac surgery patients experience once they were discharged from the hospital. Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine post-discharge problems and their frequencies in cardiac surgery patients at tertiary care hospital. Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine problems and their frequencies in CABG and valvular surgery in post discharge period. Data was collected from 96 patients through consecutive sampling technique at Cardiac Center of public tertiary care hospital during July to September 2018 on patient’s first follow-up after discharge. The questionnaire content validity index was checked by cardiac surgery experts and calculated 0.88. The data was analyzed on SPSS (23 version).descriptive statistical tests frequency, percentage used for categorical variables, and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and Likert scale for post-discharge problems in cardiac surgery patients. Results: Male patients were high in percentage (71.9%) with mean age of 52 year had CAD due to stress and sedentary life. CABG was done for (80.3) and valvular surgeries done for (19.8%). Pain in the surgical wound site and different body parts, chest wound problems like discharge and swelling. Other problems were difficulty in breathing and pain with cough. Psychosocial problems were found in more than half of the patients like difficulty in sleeping, phobia of body movement and losing job, palpitation and apprehension, sadness and avoided social interaction with others. Conclusion: The study found different problems such as pain, difficulty in breathing, sleepiness, tiredness, difficulty in preforming Activities of daily livings and wound related issues. Significant number of participants reported about social isolation, anxiety, restlessness and fear. The findings of current study can be utilized to develop a discharge package for patients.

Engaging youth and parents in clinical pediatric research: A case-based example.

Youth and parent engagement is a key component of clinical research. There are many ways to actively and meaningfully engage youth and parents as integral members of research teams, for example, through ad-hoc committees, advisory councils, or as co-leads on projects. When youth and parents are actively and meaningfully engaged in research projects, they share knowledge from their lived experiences to improve the quality and relevance of research. We describe a case-based example of engaging youth and parent research partners when co-designing a questionnaire to assess preferences for pediatric headache treatments, from both a researcher and youth/parent perspective. We also summarize best practices in patient and family engagement from the literature and pertinent guidelines to assist researchers with integrating patient and family engagement into their studies. As researchers, we felt that the integration of a youth and parent engagement plan into our study significantly altered and strengthened questionnaire content validity. We encountered challenges throughout the process and detailed these experiences to help educate others about challenge mitigation and best practices in youth and parent engagement. As youth and parent partners, we felt that engaging in the process of questionnaire development was an exciting and empowering opportunity, and that our feedback was valued and integrated. By sharing our experience, we hope to catalyze thought and discussion around the importance of youth and parent engagement in pediatric research, with the goal of stimulating more appropriate, relevant, and high-quality pediatric research and clinical care in the future.

Development of the uno chemical card game as a learning medium on the chemical bonding material for high school student

This study aims to develop chemical uno cards as learning media in class X senior high school in chemical bonding materials that are valid and practical. This type of research is development research using the Plomp model. This research has three stages, namely (1) preliminary research, (2) prototyping stage, and (3) assessment phase. The subjects of this research consist of 5 chemistry lecturers at the Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Padang State University, two chemistry teachers, and 12 students at SMA N 13 Padang for the 2021/2022 academic year. The research instruments used were self-evaluation sheets, one-to-one evaluation interview sheets, content validity questionnaires, construct media, and practicality questionnaires. Data analysis for validity uses Aiken's V formula, and practicality uses the percentage formula. The research results obtained a V value for material validation of 0.92 and media validation of 0.92, which are included in the valid category. The media practicality was obtained from the teacher's response of 96.8% and 94.4% of the students included in the very practical category.