Questionnaire Survey Research Articles

Food Safety Awareness and Practices of Street Food Vendors in Selected Barangays of Marawi City

The study delved on identifying vendors’ level of awareness towards food safety and practices on proper food handling. The researcher made use of quantitative approach specifically the descriptive-correlative research design. The data were collected through the use of survey questionnaires distributed to the twenty-six vendors from the three selected barangays namely: Saduc Proper, Lilod Saduc, and Panggao-Saduc. The respondents were selected through convenience sampling. Specifically, this study sought to explore the demographic profiles of the respondents such as sex, highest educational attainment and attended seminar or training related to food safety and hygiene. It also identified the vendors’ level of awareness towards food safety and practices on proper food handling of street food. Lastly, it investigated the relationship between the demographic profiles of the respondents and the vendors’ level of awareness towards food safety. Using the convince sampling, the data were collected from twenty-six (26) sample size. Based on the findings, it was found out that most vendors were females and have low educational levels. It was also revealed that there were only few who have been to seminar/training related to food hygiene and safety. Furthermore, this study found out that respondents were very aware of many food safety practices such as keeping their preparation areas clean and using the right utensils. However, there was a need to improve some practices such as preheating sauces and serving food quickly. In terms of the relationship between the respondents’ demographic profile and their level of awareness on food safety, it resulted to negative moderate correlation between the demographic profile variables of gender, educational attainment, and seminars attended related to food safety and hygiene and the level of awareness among street food vendors on food safety practices. The researcher recommended that street food vendors must strictly observe safe food handling practices. They should be aware of the significance of these practices. In addition, they should attend seminar or training related to food safety and healthy food preparation practices to ensure a safer and healthier food environment for everyone’s health.

Academic Self-Concept, Efficacy, and Procrastination Behavior among College Students in China

The study aims to explore the relationship among academic procrastination behavior among college students, academic self-concept and academic self-efficacy. It examines the effect mechanism of academic self-concept on academic procrastination behavior. This study enriched relevant research on college students ‘academic procrastination behavior, and provide a corresponding theoretical basis for improving college students’ learning habits and learning efficiency. This study utilizes 437 survey questionnaires through the combination of the Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Procrastination and the General Academic Self-Concept Scale of Young People and College Students. Descriptive statistical analysis, and regression analysis were completed using SPSS software The results of the study show the overall level of academic self-concept of contemporary college students is relatively general while the level of academic self-concept shows significant age differences. The overall level of academic self-efficacy of contemporary college students is relatively general, and the level of academic self-efficacy shows significant age differences. Nowadays, students in Chinese colleges and universities have academic procrastination behavior, and the level of academic procrastination behavior shows significant differences between sexes. Students ‘academic self-efficacy plays a partial intermediary role between academic procrastination behavior and academic self-concept, college students’ academic self-concept can affect their level of academic self-efficacy, thus affecting their academic procrastination behavior. A training program was suggested to improve the academic procrastination of Chinese college students.

ASSESSMENT OF USERS’ SATISFACTION WITH NEW MALE STUDENTS’ HOSTEL AT WAZIRI UMARU FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, BIRNIN KEBBI

The new male students’ hostel at Waziri Umaru Federal polytechnic, Birnin Kebbi (WUFP BK), Nigeria, has been occupied for over a year and requires a post-occupancy evaluation (POE). This research is a POE of the new male students’ hostel at WUFP Birnin Kebbi. The study population was the 192 assigned residents of the hostel. For methodology, the authors interviewed 2 occupants of the facility, inspected the building, and administered validated survey questionnaires on 96 residents of the hostel determined by stratified sampling. The researchers received 91 completed questionnaires, 7 of which were not usable. The authors analyzed survey data using descriptive statistics and obtained frequencies including the mean and median scores of the quantities measured. The study found that the ‘assessment of space performance and user’s experience’ scored 3.80 mean on a scale of 1 to 5 where 1 was the score of ‘very dissatisfied’ and 5 was the score of ‘very satisfied’. The mean score for ‘assessment of level of satisfaction with facilities and services’ was 2.66. The study concluded that the site selection for the hostel facility was strategic, but the wireless internet service and maintenance practice needed to be improved upon. The research recommended the connection of the hostel to the institution’s wireless internet service bandwidth to facilitate the residents’ learning and leisure.

The Mediating Effect of ICT-Based Instruction on Attitudes and Motivation of Students’ in Science

This study determined the mediating role of ICT-based instruction on the relationship between attitudes and motivation of students in science. The quantitative approach using the correlational technique and analysis was utilized in this study with a sample of 309 students coming from the Public Schools in the Division of Bukidnon, Municipality of Kitaotao, Kitaotao I, Kitaotao II, and Kitaotao III Districts using stratified random method of sampling. Data from the respondents was collected using sets of modified survey questionnaires, and the results were analyzed for reliability and content validity. Regression analysis, Pearson-r, and the mean were used to examine the data. The findings showed that the levels of science attitudes of students were rated moderate, and the science motivation of students was rated high. While ICT-based instruction was likewise given a high rating. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the factors. The connection between science attitudes and the science motivation of students was significant. There is also a significant relationship between science attitudes of students and ICT-based instruction. And a significant relationship between ICT-based instruction and the science motivation of students. On the mediating effect, a partial mediation exists between the impact of ICT-based instruction on the correlation between attitudes and motivation of students in science.

Chinese ELF Teachers’ Emotional Self-Efficacy, Job Satisfaction, and Self-Regulation

This study aimed to investigate the relationship among emotional self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and self-regulation among Chinese EFL teachers to propose a professional development plan for teachers to enhance college English teaching and learning. A descriptive quantitative method was employed with 385 Chinese EFL teachers through an online survey questionnaire. To ensure the reliability of the questionnaire, a pilot test was conducted, and indicated the reliability of the whole questionnaire. The findings of this research indicated an overall favorable attitude towards emotional self-efficacy, job satisfaction, and self-regulation among Chinese EFL teachers. In terms of emotional self-regulation, reflective of the respondents’ emotional regulation self-efficacy was strongly agreed by the respondents showing the strong confidence in their ability to control and regulate their emotions effectively. Teachers experienced a profound feeling of achievement and satisfaction in their roles, which was slightly higher than satisfaction with social support and autonomy. In the assessment of self-regulation, teachers’ self-monitoring was accepted of self-regulation. This suggested that educators diligently monitor and evaluate their instructional techniques and results. In addition, there are highly significant correlations among the three variables Additionally, a professional development plan is proposed to enhance Chinese EFL teachers’ professional development. Recommendations are forwarded concerning the school stakeholders to help EFL teachers enhance their profession.

The Financial Performance of Ligao Association of City Employees Multi-Purpose Cooperative (LACE-MPC) Credit Business for Calendar Years 2017-2021

This study assessed the financial performance of the Ligao Association of City Employees Multi-Purpose Cooperative (LACE-MPC) credit business from 2017 to 2021, addressing a significant gap in the literature regarding the operational dynamics of multi-purpose cooperatives in the Bicol region. Utilizing a descriptive research design, the study conducted interviews and employed survey questionnaires and documentary analysis to gather data from 113 regular and 85 associate members. The results revealed a commendable financial standing characterized by a low non-performing loan ratio and improved operational efficiency, as indicated by key financial indicators such as portfolio quality and efficiency ratios. However, the study also identified significant policy issues , including unclear loan terms and challenges in credit assessment, which hindered member satisfaction and operational effectiveness.The implications of these findings extend beyond LACE-MPC, highlighting the need for enhanced governance and operational transparency within cooperatives to foster member trust and engagement. The study underscores the importance of clear communication regarding loan terms and the necessity of robust credit assessment processes to improve member experiences. Furthermore, the research opens avenues for future studies focused on enhancing financial literacy among cooperative members and exploring the potential for establishing educational initiatives, such as a review center for civil service examinations. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of cooperative financial management and offers insights that can enhance the sustainability of LACE-MPC's credit services, ultimately improving the socio-economic status of its members and reinforcing the role of cooperatives in community development.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence by Students in Vocational Colleges in China and the United States

The rapid development of artificial intelligence, while promoting the progress of the times, has also brought unprecedented employment pressure on vocational school students. To adapt to the requirements of the times, vocational schools in both China and the United States have updated their curricula and teaching concepts to ensure that vocational school students can maximize their mastery of modern AI technology. This article employs interview and questionnaire surveys, combining qualitative and quantitative analysis to investigate the usage and proficiency of AI technologies among vocational school students. The research finds that the use of various AI technologies by students in vocational colleges varies across majors, with equipment availability, the scheduling of hands-on classes, and the frequency of school-enterprise cooperation all contributing to this difference. Although China and the United States share the same reform policies and educational goals, there are still differences in the details of teaching and learning implementation due to different national conditions. However, the findings suggest that it is still beneficial to offer AI-related courses at school. Familiarity with basic theoretical knowledge and practical experience can alleviate students' social anxiety and employment pressure to a certain extent. It can be seen that the reform of vocational education in the era of artificial intelligence in China and the United States is beginning to bear fruit.

Impact of Douyin Beauty Brand Live Streaming on Consumers’ Purchase Intentions

Nowadays, Douyin has become an important channel for promoting beauty brands, and how to enhance the influence of Douyin beauty live broadcast is still a topic that needs to be explored. In this context, this paper investigates what factors in the process of recommending goods in Douyin beauty live broadcast will impact consumers’ purchase intention. Through the questionnaire survey, regression analysis, and hypothesis testing, the model of the influence of Douyin beauty live broadcast on consumers’ purchase intention is derived. Finally, based on the conclusions drawn, suggestions are made to beauty bloggers and Douyin live broadcasting platforms to promote the development of the entire beauty industry chain and optimize the experience of each participant in it.

A Study on Targeted Advertising Strategies for Virtual Goods on Social Media: Exploring Ways to Increase Consumers' Willingness to Purchase in Games

Social media platforms have become key channels for promoting game products and selling virtual goods, but how to develop effective advertising strategies, achieve precise targeting, and enhance users' purchase intent in the face of massive information and fierce market competition is a problem faced by both game developers and social media platforms. This study explores the advertising marketing strategies for game products' virtual goods on social media platforms, particularly by comparing the effects of official and unofficial promotional videos and constructing user profiles for precise targeting. It provides practical guidance and theoretical support for optimizing advertising effects for game developers and social media platforms. This study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods, by capturing comment data from new game promotion on Bilibili for word frequency analysis and sentiment analysis to reveal the differences in user feedback between official and unofficial videos. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was designed and distributed to collect users' opinions on different types of promotional videos, further verifying the existence of user preferences, and statistical software such as SPSS was used for data analysis. The study found that official videos often receive more negative feedback from users, while unofficial videos are more likely to receive positive discussion from users; users have a higher willingness to watch official collaborative blogger promotional videos but have a lower willingness to watch official videos; official videos have a greater negative impact on users' consumption intent, while unofficial videos are more likely to have a positive impact.

Impact of Nature Conservation Resources of Agroecology: Insights from Hungarian Farmers and Consumer Perspectives

This study investigated the implementation of agroecological principles on three organic farms in Hungary, focusing on four resource-focused, nature conservation-related agroecological basic elements identified by the FAO: biodiversity, interactions, recycling, and resilience. This research employed a mixed-methods approach, utilising in-depth interviews as a technique to explore farmers’ practices and a questionnaire survey as a tool to assess consumer perspectives (with 63 respondents). The interviews facilitated a qualitative exploration of how agroecological practices are applied on farms, providing rich insights into the farmers’ experiences. Meanwhile, the questionnaire survey served as a structured instrument to measure consumer awareness and motivations concerning environmentally friendly farming methods. NVivo 12 software was employed for qualitative data analysis, assisting in coding and organizing responses to better understand recurring themes and patterns. The researchers found that all farms exhibited high biodiversity levels, facilitated through practices such as companion planting, crop rotation, and maintaining natural habitat patches. Agroecological farmers focus on practices suited to the landscape, fostering beneficial organisms and enhancing interactions between nature and agriculture. Integrating farm components (e.g., crops, livestock, water) promotes synergies that improve productivity and reduce reliance on external inputs. Recycling resources (like organic waste) within the farm increases efficiency, while resilience is strengthened through biodiversity, allowing farms to better withstand environmental stress. Direct marketing builds connections between producers and consumers, raising awareness of conservation practices. Consumer awareness regarding environmentally friendly agricultural practices was notably high, with findings indicating that health and ecological conservation motivations drive their purchasing decisions. This study highlights the context-dependent nature of agroecological practices, revealing that while implementation is robust, economic sustainability constraints may limit the extent to which all elements can be effectively applied. Since this research has certain limitations due to the limited sample size, expanding the study to include more farms would strengthen the findings. Nonetheless, these findings underscore the importance of integrating agroecological principles in organic farming to enhance biodiversity and foster sustainable agricultural practices.

Impact of Physician Personality Traits on Drug PrescriptionBehaviour

Purpose: Our research investigated how physicians’ personality traits influence and interplay with other factors guiding their prescribing and medical decisions in a branded generics market like India.Design/methodology/approach:Our research is based on a conceptual framework andsurvey questionnaire developed from an extensive literature review on independent variables. Along with the other independent variables like Physician’s professional factors, Product-related factors, and product promotion factors, for physician’s personality traits as a factor, the survey questionnaire was integrated with HOGAN’s MVPI Questions, which were exposed to 171 respiratory physiciansfor recording their responses. Statistical methods or tools like descriptive personality, and inferentialstatistics from the latest SPSS 21 version have been employedFindings: Our findings showed that respiratory physician’s product prescribing decisions were significantly influenced by their specific personality traits such as Altruistic traits, Security traits, and Commerce traits apart from other factors such as Physician’s professional and pharmaceuticalProduct-related factors.Practical implications: The findings highlight the critical necessity for a thorough recording of physicians' prescribing practices, which are significantly influenced by their distinct personality traits. Healthcare authorities must prioritize the regular assessment of physicians' psychological well-being and overall health. This proactive approach enables physicians to promptly address any health issues in cases of burnout, thereby ensuring the continuous delivery of high-quality patient care. With the government making it, mandatory for all pharmaceutical organizations to follow the uniform product promotion code (UPPC) while promoting products to physicians, marketers need to strategically allocate optimal resources and outreach efforts with tailor-made marketing mix elements that are aligned with the preferences and personality traits of physicians, aimed towards enhancing their clinical knowledge, followed by the development of continuous patient initiatives aiming to improve their awareness, can lead to the development of belief with two-way communication among them leading to better treatment adherence and compliance from patients end. Such dedicated efforts initiated by the marketers, in the long term cancultivate trust and empathy between physicians and patients, laying the robust groundwork for patient-centered disease management. This can enable the development of goodwill or a better perception of pharmaceutical organizational promotional efforts by physicians, which is one of the aims of getting physician’s prescriptions for the promoted product.

A Study on the Understanding of AIGC in the Concept Images of Chinese PoemsTake PIKA and Aibrm for Examples

With the rapid development of natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision technology, the technology of artificial intelligence creative generation (AIGC) has achieved automated conversion from text to video. However, it is still uncertain whether these technologies can provide a deeper understanding of the concept images in Chinese poetries while the videos are generated more efficiently and conveniently. This study analyzes 9 AlGC software based on 8 evaluation dimensions, involving the representative domestic software Aibrm and PIKA with high popularity from aboard. The authors designed a questionnaire survey of the matching rate between poem videos generated by AICG and poem concept images, in terms of Chinese teachers. Also, researchers explore the concretization of abstract concepts in AlGC software. The research found that there are differences in the understanding of concept images of Chinese poetries by different AIGC tools. More than 50% of respondents prefer poetry videos generated by Aibrm, but some believe that both videos do not match poetic concept images. This is mainly due to stiff roles and contexts, insufficient integration, lack of video coherence, and insufficient emotional communication. Despite the development of the AICG, the understanding of poetic concept images should be identified well and improved more. The application of the Chinese poem concept, emotional expression, and cultural integration still requires continuous exploration.

Study on the Indirect Effect Mechanism of Supply Chain Governance on Firm Performance

This paper constructs a theoretical model on the influence mechanism of supply chain governance on firm performance, with information sharing, supplier trust and supply chain integration as intermediary variables and government support as moderating variables. Taking enterprises in Sichuan Province as the investigation objects, this paper empirically studies the relationships among supply chain governance, information sharing, supplier trust, supply chain integration, firm performance, and government support by means of questionnaire survey. The results show that supply chain governance has significant positive effects on information sharing, supplier trust, supply chain integration and firm performance. Government support plays a positive moderate role between supply chain governance and supply chain integration. Supply chain governance will indirectly affect enterprise performance through information sharing, supplier trust and supply chain integration, and the indirect effect is stronger than the direct effect. This indicates that enterprises should standardize supply chain governance, share information efficiently with partners, form a good trust relationship with suppliers, and promote a series of supply chain integration, so as to improve the overall performance of enterprises.

Analysis of influencing factors on cognition of organizational innovation climate among clinical nurses in China.

Establishing a positive organizational innovation climate can enhance nurses' innovative performance and work quality. This study aims to explore the cognitive status and influencing factors of the organizational innovation climate among clinical nurses. The findings of this study will provide a scientific basis for developing innovative nursing talent teams and strengthening innovative management. This is a cross-sectional study. From July 2024 to September 2024, we conducted a paper questionnaire survey of 210 clinical nurses in 3 tertiary hospitals in China. Participants self-reported on general demographic questionnaires and organizational innovation climate scales. The collected data were analyzed using various statistical methods, including descriptive analysis, independent sample t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests, and multiple linear regression analysis. Multicollinearity was tested using the variance inflation factor and tolerance test. All analyses were performed using the SPSS software (version 26.0). P < .05 indicated that the difference was statistically significant. In this study, the score for organizational innovation climate among 210 clinical nurses was (73.70 ± 9.25). Organizational innovation incentive was the dimension having the highest score. Resource supply was the dimension having the lowest score. Multiple regression analysis showed that gender, highest education level, years of work experience, position, job satisfaction, and academic conference participation experience were the main factors influencing clinical nurses' cognition of the organizational innovation climate (P < .05). In this study, the cognitive level of nurses' organizational innovation climate was moderate level. To improve this level, nursing managers should develop targeted intervention measures for various influencing factors. It is recommended that nursing managers strategically integrate scientific research innovation training into their vocational training programs to stimulate nurses' innovation consciousness and improve the quality of clinical nursing services.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF PRICE LEVEL AND HALAL CERTIFICATION ON PURCHASE DECISION OF ‘ANGKRINGAN FOOD’ MSME’s

This research investigates the impact of price levels and halal certification on consumer purchasing decisions at Angkringan Tenda Mak Gendut, an SME in Malang City. Angkringan, a traditional Javanese street food stall, serves as a focal point for local communities and embodies Javanese culinary culture. Using Price Level, Halal Certification, and MSMEs Purchase Decision as variables, a quantitative approach was employed through an online questionnaire survey. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to analyze consumer preferences and purchasing behaviors. The findings reveal that both price level and halal certification significantly influence customer purchasing decisions, underscoring the importance for MSMEs to carefully manage pricing strategies and maintain high halal standards to attract and retain customers. These insights highlight the dual role of affordability and halal certification in shaping consumer choices, essential for enhancing MSMEs' market competitiveness and consumer appeal.

Investigating parental perceptions of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and attitudes to RSV vaccine in Jiangsu, China: Insights from a cross-section study

IntroductionOur study aimed to assess parents' perceptions of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and their attitudes towards the RSV vaccine in China. MethodThe cross-section study was performed between August 21 and November 15, 2023, in Jiangsu province, eastern China. We collected socio-demographics, awareness, knowledge, perceptions of susceptibility and severity of RSV, and attitudes towards RSV vaccine using online survey questionnaire from parents of child aged ≤14 years old. The chi-square test and logistic regression model to explore the associated factors. ResultsA total of 2135 participants were included. About 26.0 % indicated that they had never heard of RSV (556/2135) and were unaware that infants and young children are at a high risk of contracting RSV (557/2135). The proportion of parents with a child under 1 year of age who were unaware of RSV was notably higher than that of parents with children in other age groups. 42.9 % of parents (916/2135) showed low level of perceived susceptibility of contacting RSV infection for their child. 70.6 % of parents (1508/2135) expressed their willingness to vaccinate their child against RSV. The most common reason for refusing the RSV vaccine was “Concern about vaccine's safety or side effects.” 60.8 % of participants (1299/2135) considered a price of the RSV vaccine below 200 CNY (28 USD) as acceptable. ConclusionThe parents, particularly those with younger children, exhibited limited awareness and knowledge regarding RSV infection. Our study also showed the potential role of vaccine price as a barrier to the future use of RSV vaccine in China.

Outbreak Investigation and Economic Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease in Bovine in Western Amhara Regional State, North Western Ethiopia

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed wild and domestic animals and causes significant economic losses in the livestock industry. This aim of this study was to identify the circulating serotypes and determine it’s economic impact on cattle production. A a retrosepective questionnaire survey was conducted with 100 farm owners from six districts to determine the economic losses associated with foot and mouth diseases over one year. During the survy, fourteen active case epithelial tissue samples from three districts, which outbreak occure, were collected from the fourteen cattle. The collected tissue sample detected using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The foot and mouth diseases serotype O, A, SAT1, and SAT2 were identified using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition questionnaire survey data revealed that the average economic loss was 5553.21ETB (132.21$USA) per herd and 1124.13ETB (26.76$USA) per individual animal. The present investigation indicated that still foot and mouth disease outbreaks occurred in different areas of the northwestern Amhara region, and the economic impact of the disease is extremely severe, resulting in massive economic losses. Therefore, it is recommended that further studies on the epidemiology, vaccine trials, and socioeconomic consequences should be conducted to design appropriate control options.

Research on the Mechanisms of the Digital Art Talent Cultivation Mode in Colleges and Universities Based on the AIGC

In the field of digital art, artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) technology is gradually becoming the core driving force of innovation. AIGC technology can automatically generate images, music, text and other types of artworks by simulating the creative process of human beings, providing new tools and platforms for digital art creation. Through the three methods of the literature review method, case study method, and interviews and questionnaire surveys, this paper thoroughly explores the current status of the application of AIGC in digital art education in colleges and universities, its teaching effect and its impact on the construction of teaching resources, teaching modes and evaluation systems. The research results show that AIGC technology can be used not only as a teaching tool but also as a platform to stimulate creativity and provide students with a new learning experience. Through data analysis, this paper reveals the potential of AIGC technology in enhancing students' interest in learning, creative expression, and technical mastery and proposes corresponding optimization of the teaching mode and evaluation system. In addition, this paper explores the challenges faced by AIGC technology in educational applications, such as ethical and legal issues, technological and cost challenges, insufficient faculty, and students' adaptability, and proposes corresponding countermeasures. Finally, this paper looks forward to the future development trend of AIGC in digital art education, highlights the contributions and innovations of the study, and provides references and suggestions for universities to cultivate new digital art talent in the era of AIGC.

Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among food handlers in collective catering in central Morocco

Food safety is a significant challenge for countries worldwide due to the growing number of food poisoning outbreaks, particularly in the catering sector, which impacts consumer health and imposes additional economic costs on countries. The role of food handlers in restaurants is crucial for guaranteeing this safety and protecting the health of citizens. This pioneering study in central Morocco aimed to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among food handlers and to identify key factors influencing adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and effective practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted among food handlers in restaurants in Fez prefecture in central Morocco between July 2021 and January 2022 using a questionnaire survey. The results revealed that the 282 food handlers included in this study exhibited moderate levels of knowledge (65.31 %) and practices (62.91 %), and a high level of attitudes (75.61 %) towards food safety. A moderate positive correlation was observed between knowledge and practices (r = 0.291, p < 0.05), as well as between attitudes and practices (r = 0.327, p < 0.05). The most significant positive correlation was between knowledge and attitudes (r = 0.907, p < 0.05). Moreover, professional experience and age significantly influenced the level of knowledge; the nature of job and work experience influenced attitudes; gender, education level, nature of work, and marital status influenced the level of practices; and training impacted them all. Nevertheless, those surveyed have knowledge gaps, particularly about cross-contamination, personal hygiene, time and temperature control, especially the temperature danger zone (between 40 °F and 140 °F), and thawing. Training programmes that emphasize these dimensions of food safety need to be implemented. The findings of this study, carried out for the first time in Fez, will provide a solid basis for further research. They will also assist responsible authorities in better understanding food safety in Morocco by selectively planning food safety training based on KAPs to prevent food poisoning and protect consumer health.

A framework for developing sustainable architectural entrepreneurship start-ups in Egypt

PurposeThis research aims to develop and validate a framework to support the development of sustainable architectural entrepreneurship start-ups (AES) in Egypt by overcoming the challenges that obstruct their development.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative and quantitative research methodology was designed to accomplish four objectives. The literature review investigated the concept of entrepreneurship, the challenges of AES in Egypt and Egypt’s Vision 2030. Four case studies were analysed to validate the identified challenges and strategies adopted to overcome these obstacles. A survey questionnaire was conducted with AES founders in Egypt to assess their perception of entrepreneurship, challenges and strategies adopted to overcome these barriers. Finally, a framework was developed and validated to facilitate the development of sustainable AES in Egypt.FindingsThrough a literature review, the research identified the highest 17 challenges that obstruct the development of sustainable AES in Egypt and classified them into six categories. Analysis of case studies confirmed various challenges and strategies adopted to overcome these obstacles. Data analysis showed that “financial”, “awareness, educational and training” represent the most influential challenges to AES in Egypt. Moreover, “self-funding through savings” was ranked the highest strategy employed to overcome the financial challenges, while the “continuous learning and skill development” strategy was adopted to address the challenge of awareness, education and training.Practical implicationsThis research presents a practical solution to facilitate the development of sustainable AES in Egypt by overcoming the challenges that obstruct their growth. The framework was explained in a workable way to include the required activities, tools and techniques, involved personnel needed resources and implementation strategies.Originality/valueThis research identified and analysed the challenges of developing sustainable AES and the strategies adopted to overcome these obstacles. It studied a topic that received scant attention in construction literature related to start-ups in architecture, especially in Egypt. Moreover, this research developed and validated a framework consisting of six domains based on the findings of a literature review, case studies and survey questionnaire to facilitate the development of sustainable AES in Egypt, which represents a novel and creative synthesis that adds value to knowledge in a way that has not previously occurred.