Questionnaire Subscales Research Articles

Intergenerational Transaction of Emotional Health in Collective Family Context: Family Functioning, Parental and Children’s Gratitude, and Their Depression

Background: The current study is intended to examine how positive family functioning, collectively constructed by parents and children in the family context, may contribute to their gratitude and depression, two pivotal human emotions closely related to human health, in which the gratitude and depression of parents and children are assumed to affect each other bidirectionally and parental and children’s gratitude is expected to link the relations between positive family functioning and their depression. Methods: The data for analysis came from a community sample of 310 Chinese parent–child dyads, which were measured by the Family Functioning Style Scale (FFSS), Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ), and depression subscale of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) from both the parent and child participants. Results: The results indicated that positive family functioning contributed to higher parental and children’s gratitude and their less depression, and parental and children’s gratitude and depression affected each other positively. Furthermore, serial mediation analyses discovered the complex processes from positive family functioning to the actor’s depression in parents or children through their gratitude or the links from the partner effect to the actor effect of parental and children’s gratitude or from the partner effect of parental or children’s gratitude to their partner effect of depression. Conclusions: Findings of the current study prove the collective effects of family functioning on the emotional development of gratitude and depression among parents and children, in which parental and children’s gratitude and depression bidirectionally impact each other and lead to the actor’s depression in them through the complex serial mediated effects. For this, pro-family and health-related policies and services should be provided to promote family functioning and emotional management in a home context to enhance family and emotional health among parents and children.

An In-Depth Regression Analysis on Anthropometric Indices Influencing Subjective Weight Perception

Background: Subjective weight perception significantly impacts overall health and is influenced by various factors. This study aims to develop predictive models using anthropometric indices to estimate subjective weight perception in women. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involved a random sample of 287 women, aged 18-45, with a body mass index (BMI), ranging from 18.5 to 40.0 kg/m2 who were referred to a nutrition clinic in Ardabil city between May and September 2023. Weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body adipocyte index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), and conicity index (CI) were measured using standardized procedures. Subjective weight was assessed using a subscale of the Multidimensional Body Self-Relation Questionnaire. Regression analysis was employed to develop prediction models. Results: The predictive equation for subjective weight was 2.548 + (-0.303 × weight in kg) + (0.089 × BMI in kg/m2) + (27.773 × WHR) + (1.032 × WC in cm) + (-109.256 × WHR) + (0.540 × BAI in %) + (-0.260 × AVI in m2) + (-39.423 × CI in m3/2kg− 1/2). The model accounted for 78.50% of the variance and significantly predicted subjective weight perception (F (8, 279) = 104.604, and p < 0.001). Weight, WHR, WC, WHtR, BAI, and CI significantly contributed to the model (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of considering multiple anthropometric indices to understand individual differences in subjective weight perception. This understanding will be essential for developing more effective approaches to overall health.

Emotional distress and affective knowledge representation one year after the COVID-19 outbreak.

This study examines whether the detrimental effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the affectivity of the population extend one year after the outbreak. In an online-mobile session, participants completed surveys (i.e., demographic characteristics, positive-negative affectivity, interoceptive awareness) and a similarity judgment task of triplets of emotional concepts, from which we derived 2D maps of their affective knowledge representation. Compared with pre-pandemic data derived from a comparable population, we report three main findings. First, we observed enhanced negative affectivity during the pandemic, but no changes in positive affectivity levels. Second, increased self-reported interoceptive awareness compared to pre-pandemic data, with greater attention to bodily sensations and adaptive aspects of interoceptive sensitivity. Furthermore, female participants reported higher scores than males on the questionnaire subscales of Emotional Awareness and Attention Regulation. Third, the effect of pandemic-related conditions is also apparent in the mental organization of emotional concepts, especially for female participants (i.e., reduced coherence in the organization of the concepts along the arousal dimension and more misclassification of concepts based on arousal) and participants who did not perform physical activity (a collapse of the arousal dimension). Some of the effects of the pandemic, thus, persist about a year after the outbreak. These results advise providing programs of psychological and emotional assistance throughout the pandemic beyond the outbreak, and that age-dependent gender differences should be accounted for to define tailored interventions. Physical activity might relieve pandemic-related stressors, so it should be promoted during particularly stressful periods for the population.

Hyperacusis and Tinnitus in Vestibular Migraine Patients.

To estimate the prevalence of tinnitus and hyperacusis in patients with vestibular migraine (VM), and to define the association with hearing loss, anxiety, and depression. A cross-sectional, multicenter study including 51 adult patients with definite or probable VM, defined according to the Barany Society diagnostic criteria. Audiological examinations were performed by pure tones extended to high frequencies to assess hearing thresholds. Psychoacoustic (pitch, masking level, and residual inhibition) and psychometric assessment of tinnitus was performed in all patients that reported tinnitus with the following questionnaires: Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Hypersensitivity to Sound Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. Correlation and regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between THI scores hyperacusis, anxiety, and depression in patients with VM. Forty-five of 50 VM patients (90%) were females; 38 out of 50 (75%) patients reported tinnitus. In our series, the most common frequency (pitch) for tinnitus was 8000 Hz. Tinnitus was not associated with hearing loss in patients with VM and the hearing thresholds were similar in VM patients with or without tinnitus. Hyperacusis was reported in 35 (60%) individuals, and in patients with tinnitus, the THI scores were associated with higher scores in Hypersensitivity to Sound Questionnaire, and anxiety and depression subscales of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale. There were differences in the distribution of hearing loss in patients with hyperacusis, however both groups did not exceed the normal hearing threshold (17.18 ± 13.43 patients with hyperacusis and 11.66 ± 5.41, p = 0.023 in patients without hyperacusis). Tinnitus is a common symptom in patients with VM and it is not related to hearing loss in the standard audiogram. Hyperacusis was associated with tinnitus, anxiety, and depression, but it was not associated with hearing thresholds.

Effects of traditional Chinese medicine massage therapy on pain, functional activity, muscle activation patterns and proprioception in knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled trial protocol

IntroductionHealth education, weight control and exercise therapy are recognised treatment options for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis (KOA); however, the pain and muscle fatigue associated with exercise make it...

Psychosocial and psychopathological dimensions of patients with Takotsubo Syndrome.

Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute reversible heart dysfunction affecting mostly post-menopausal women, frequently precipitated by a significant stressful event, presenting as an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. The pathogenesis is not fully understood, but a close relationship between individual's mind, brain, neuroendocrine system and the heart may be involved in a mind-heart axis. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of psychopathological findings in TTS patients as compared to healthy subjects, patients affected by psychiatric diseases and patients affected by ACS. This observational study enrolled 40 female subjects divided into 4 subgroups: TTS patients, healthy subjects, psychiatric patients and ACS patients, matched for age. Psychosocial factors and psychopathological dimensions have been evaluated. Patients who signed informed consent were interviewed by the administration of a complex psychometric battery, including Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Form Y. Comparing the groups, the TTS group showed a statistically significant difference vs. ACS group concerning psychological violence subscale (P=0.049) of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, while significant statistical difference emerged in TTS group vs. healthy subjects control group, regarding cyclothymia subscale (P=0.008). Statistically significant differences were documented in TTS group vs. psychiatric cohort in cyclothymia subscale (P=0.012). Moreover, comparison between TTS and ACS group, revealed a statistically significant difference in the sub-scale of self-confidence and management of negative emotions (P=0.0028). One of the most significant features was the evidence of statistically significant differences in TTS vs. ACS group, concerning total and average value of anxiety (P=0.014 and P=0.031 respectively) and in the comparison of TTS group vs healthy subjects (P=0.005 for the total anxiety value and P=0.021 for the average value). Finally, both depression and mania were statistically significant raised in the TTS group compared to the healthy subjects' group (P=0.00 and P=0.013, respectively). Psychosocial and psychopathological dimensions of TTS patients have been explored and analyzed in a cohort of TTS patients vs. ACS, healthy subjects and psychiatric patients, showing statistically significant differences among the various groups. Psychopathological symptoms were more frequent in TTS patients, suggesting an evident involvement of mind-heart axis in this disease. Future studies are needed to investigate the cause-effect relationship between psychopathological features and the occurrence of TTS.

Teamwork, psychological detachment from work during nonwork time, and burnout experienced by hospital-based nurses.

To assess the relationships in nursing teamwork, psychological detachment from work during nonwork time, and burnout, and the mediating effect of psychological detachment on the relationship between nursing teamwork and burnout. Nurse burnout has serious implications for nurses' health and performance and the overall functioning of their organizations. Evidence on the relationships between nursing teamwork, psychological detachment, and nurse burnout is limited. This study adds to the international body of knowledge by examining the interplay between nursing teamwork, psychological detachment, and burnout in nurses, a topic of global relevance. This cross-sectional study used survey data collected in May 2021 from 1115 Korean hospital nurses. The measurements included the Nursing Teamwork Survey, a subscale of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire, and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. We performed mediation analysis using PROCESS Macro based on 5000 bootstrapped samples to estimate the indirect effect of nursing teamwork. Nurses in units with stronger teamwork were more likely to report being psychologically detached from work during nonwork time. Nurses who distanced themselves from work-related thoughts during nonwork time reported lower personal, work-related, and patient-related burnout. Nursing teamwork had significant indirect effects on each burnout outcome through psychological detachment. By providing empirical evidence on the associations between nursing teamwork, psychological detachment, and burnout, this study enriches the international discourse on nurse burnout and the benefits of psychological detachment. Enhanced nursing teamwork can facilitate nurses' mental distance from work during nonwork time, thereby reducing burnout. Organizational efforts to manage nurse burnout can include increasing nursing teamwork among nurses and improving nurses' psychological detachment during nonwork hours. Interventions should include improving nursing teamwork and developing a supportive and collaborative unit culture.

Positive reappraisal and catastrophizing mediate the relationship between mindfulness and job burnout

AbstractMindfulness is well-established as a viable treatment for job burnout. However, the mechanisms underlying mindfulness’s burnout-reducing effect remain unclear. Drawing on mindfulness-to-meaning theory, the purpose of this study was to explore two potential mediators of the mindfulness-burnout relationship: positive reappraisal and catastrophizing. Participants were 325 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers who completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, the Positive Reappraisal and Catastrophizing subscales of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Using a cross-sectional design, we tested six mediation models in which the effect of mindfulness or one of its five facets on burnout was mediated by positive reappraisal and catastrophizing. As expected, burnout correlated with mindfulness (r = − 0.60, p < 0.001), positive reappraisal (r = − 0.59, p < 0.001), and catastrophizing (r = 0.36, p < 0.001), while mindfulness correlated with positive reappraisal (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and catastrophizing (r = − 0.47, p < 0.001). Positive reappraisal mediated the mindfulness-burnout relationship for all six mindfulness predictors, while catastrophizing mediated the link for two. Planned contrasts indicated that, for all mindfulness predictors, positive reappraisal had significantly stronger indirect effects on burnout than did catastrophizing. These mediation results suggest multiple pathways by which mindfulness acts to reduce burnout. Thus, individuals experiencing burnout may have flexibility in choosing which mindfulness skills to develop to reduce symptoms. However, positive reappraisal better explained the mindfulness-burnout relationship than did catastrophizing. Future research could focus on mindfulness interventions that target positive reappraisal.

The Relationship Between the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) Subscales (Dietary Restraint, Disinhibition, and Hunger) and the Body Mass Index: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Female Students.

BackgroundIdentification of an individuals vulnerability to specific eating behaviours could explain weight variations, which could help develop tailored interventional programs to prevent obesity and other pathological eating behaviours. However, there is no baseline data available on the associations between the subscales of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and susceptibility to hunger) and the body mass index (BMI) in a sample of the Saudi population. Thus, this study examines the relationship between the BMI and eating behaviours of Saudi female students, using the scores of the TFEQ subscales. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at King Saud University (KSU) with 200 female students who completed the Arabic version of TFEQ. The mean age of the participants was 22.88±3.60 years. A Pearson correlation test determined the association between the TFEQ subscales and the BMI. ResultsMore than 50% of the participants had a mean BMI of 23.57 ±5.15 kg/m2 and a majority showed medium-to-high restraint scores (n = 150). Moreover, 70% (n = 140) of the particpants showed significantly low disinhibition traits, and a significant positive correlation between BMI and eating behaviour (P ≤ 0.05). Among all TEFQ subscales, disinhibition significantly correlated with the BMI (r = 0.38, P < 0.000) the most, followed by dietary restraint (r = 0.18, P < 0.007). In contrast, susceptibility to hunger was the least associated with the BMI (r = 15, P < 0.029). ConclusionsThe study indicated that all TFEQ subscales play an important role in weight variability, increasing the risk of eating disorders among college-aged Saudi female students. The BMI positively correlated to the students' eating behavioural profiles of high restrain, high disinhibition, and high hunger, and the hidden risk for eating disorders and obesity in normal-weight female students was high. Thus, interventional programs directed at Saudi female students, based on the eating behaviour traits that affect their BMIs, are recommended for managing weight and preventing eating disorder pathologies.

Heterogeneity of postpartum bonding and maternity blues among mothers three days after delivery

Abstract Background Findings about risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) are often inconsistent. The variability could be due to the heterogeneity of characteristics of mothers at risk for PPD in certain populations, which has important mental health implications. We examined the heterogeneity of sociodemographic, pregnancy and labor characteristics in postpartum women referred to follow-up care on the third day after delivery. Methods We performed a nested cross-sectional latent profile analysis (LPA) on a convenience sample of women in a tertiary community hospital in Split, Croatia in 2020. Participants completed the first subscales of Postpartum Bonding and Maternity Blues questionnaires, as well as five subscales of the Questionnaire of Family Functioning According to Parents and 12 sociodemographic, pregnancy and childbirth-related variables. LPA identified profiles of mother-infant bonding and postnatal blues, and multinomial regression analysis was used to determine the influence of different profiles. Results Of the 318 participants, the best-fitting model had three latent profiles. First (n = 76, 24% of participants) and second (n = 216, 68% of participants) latent profiles showed good postpartum bonding, while second profile showed higher primary blues. Third profile (n = 80, 25% of participants) was characterized by poorer postpartum bonding and elevated primary blues. Only good youth experiences of mothers with their parents (relative risk [RR] 0.26; 95% CI 0.12-0.57; p = 0.001) and good present-day relationships with partners (RR 0.26; 95% CI 0.13-0.52; p &amp;lt; 0.001), significantly decreased the risk for third latent profile classification. Conclusions Postpartum bonding and primary blues of women who gave birth three days prior were heterogeneous. This heterogeneity could result in the well-documented heterogeneity of postpartum depression in women, and therefore, be the focus of mental health interventions in similar settings. Key messages • We found heterogeneity of sociodemographic, pregnancy, and labor characteristics in postpartum women after delivery, highlighting the variability in risk factors for postpartum depression. • This heterogeneity could result in the well-documented heterogeneity of postpartum depression in women, and therefore, be the focus of mental health interventions in similar settings.

Investigating the role of psychosocial stress factors in back pain patients

Abstract Background In 2022, 27.35 million people in Germany were diagnosed with back pain. This results in a 1-year prevalence of 32.64 percent of the population and 96,8 million days of incapacity to work. Moreover, patients with back pain often suffer from additional mental disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression). This study investigated the influence of other health-related factors such as psychosocial stress in these patients. Methods A randomized controlled study was conducted with 297 gainfully employed participants in a rural rehabilitation center in Germany Bad Zwischenahn who received a 4-week multimodal pain therapy. 150 participants were allocated to the intervention (IG) who received an additional 12-month relapse prevention treatment while 147 were allocated to the control group (CG) who received no such additional treatment. Data was obtained via questionnaire (three measurement points) and claims data. Among other health-related outcomes, the number of sick days was examined. A 10-item subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) was included to measure common psychosocial stress factors. Results The evaluation of the PHQ (summary) scores revealed a mild stress level at all three dates. Of the ten psychosocial stress factors surveyed, the highest level was reported in the IG and CG on the scale “Worrying about health”. The IG improved significantly (p = .017) compared to the CG after one year reporting decreased health worries. Further analyses carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that health worries are significantly associated to a higher number of sick days in the IG (p = .002) and CG (p = .010). Conclusions With regard to psychosocial stressors, the participants were primarily affected by health worries. The results indicate that health concerns are the primary psychosocial stress factor associated with back pain and should be taken into account in the treatment of back pain. Key messages • A 12-month relapse prevention treatment significantly reduced the psychosocial stress experienced by people with back pain after their rehabilitation treatment. • Concerning psychosocial stress factors, the participants of both groups were primarily affected by health worries.

Association of Childhood Abuse With Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

A link between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), stressful life events, and psychological factors has previously been reported. Our objective was to examine the relationship between emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of childhood and risk of IBD using a large cohort of female health professionals. We included participants in the Nurses' Health Study II who completed the Physical and Emotional Abuse Subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Sexual Maltreatment Scale of the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale in 2001. Diagnosis of IBD was determined by self-report and confirmed independently by 2 physicians through review of medical records. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to estimate the risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) while adjusting for covariates. Among 68,167 women followed from 1989 until 2017, there were 146 incident cases of CD and 215 incident cases of UC. Compared with women with no history of abuse, the adjusted hazard ratios of CD were 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67-2.02) for mild, 1.58 (95% CI 0.92-2.69) for moderate, and 1.95 (95% CI 1.22-3.10) for severe abuse ( Ptrend = 0.002). We did not observe an association between childhood abuse and risk of UC. Women who reported early life severe abuse had an increased risk of CD. These data add to the growing body of evidence on the critical role of early life stressors in development of CD.

How do fathers' educational level contribute to children's school problems? Overparenting and children's gender and surgency in a moderated mediation model.

This study aims to investigate (a) the mediating role of overparenting between father's educational level and children's school problems, and (b) the joint moderating role of children's gender and surgency in the indirect relationship between father's educational level and school problems. Participants were 203 school children, 96 boys (47.3%) and 107 girls (52.7%), aged 7-8 years (M = 92.42 months, SD = 3.52). Fathers reported their educational level, age and employment status and their children's gender and number of siblings, as well as their overparenting behaviors by Anticipatory Problem Solving (APS) scale. Teachers informed children's school problems by the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC T-2). Parents together informed their children's surgency levels by a subscale of Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ). Results showed that, in girls, the father's educational level was negatively related to the child's school problems via overparenting behaviors, controlling the number of siblings and father's age and employment status. However, among boys, fathers' overparenting protect their shy sons from the risk of a low educational level for school problems. These findings highlight the relevance of considering the gender and surgency to a better understanding of the effects of contextual factors on children's outcomes.

Impact of Shared Decision-Making on Family Satisfaction With Intensive Care Services: 'Share With Care' has a New Meaning in ICU.

Background: Physician's clinical inputs and informed bystander opinions are essential for successful intensive care unit (ICU) patient outcomes. There is insufficient data regarding the impact of shared decision-making on treatment outcomes and family satisfaction in Indian ICU settings. We aimed to determine the effect of shared decision-making factors on family satisfaction with ICU services. Patients and Methods: Family bystanders of 336 ICU patients with a stay >72 hours were conveniently surveyed across 13 months prospectively using Family Satisfaction in the Intensive Care Unit 24 Revised (FS-ICU 24R) questionnaire. We analyzed the responses to determine shared decision-making factors impacting family satisfaction. Results: Univariate analysis of ten variables of FS-ICU 24R questionnaire decision-making subscale revealed that consistency of information (OR 8.71, P < 0.001), honesty of information (OR 7.04, P < 0.001), and frequency of communication with doctors (OR 6.25, P < 0.001) were associated with highest odds of family involvement and satisfaction. Multivariable logistic regression showed that consistency of information (adjusted OR 3.85, P < 0.001) and frequent doctor communication (adjusted OR 2.22, P = 0.02) were independent predictors associated with family satisfaction. The number of decision-makers (P = 0.463) or family's prior ICU experience (P = 0.430) was not associated with family satisfaction. Conclusion: A consistent and honest effort to cater to the family's information needs and frequent physician-bystander interaction is essential for family's satisfaction with ICU services. This even outweighs other decision-making factors such as number of decision-makers and their prior ICU experience. Incorporating shared decision-making in counseling should be a continuing practice.Trial registry name: Clinical Trials Registry - India.Registration number: CTRI/2022/09/045571.

NEDA-state, psychological symptoms and quality of life are stable in natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis patients: An up to 6-years long follow-up study

IntroductionNatalizumab (NAT), a highly effective disease modifying therapy (DMT) in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), was approved for clinical use in Hungary on February 1, 2010. In this study we aimed to assess its effectiveness in view of the concept of “No Evidence of Disease Activity” (NEDA-3), furthermore evaluate its effect on limb function, pathopsychological symptoms (cognition, fatigue, depression) and quality of life (QoL). Patients and methodsFrom February 1, 2010, to December 1, 2022, 121 eligible patients were consecutively enrolled from the MS center of the University of Szeged, Hungary. Here, we report data on 6-years of follow-up. First, we evaluated the proportion of patients reaching the NEDA-3 state and any possible influencing factors. Then, we assessed the change of upper and lower limb functions via the 9-hole-peg test (9HPT) and the 25-feet walk test (TW25F). Finally, we assessed the change of pathopsychological symptoms (cognition, fatigue, depression) and QoL via the BICAMS, FIS, BDI-II and MSQoL-54 questionnaires, and the possible influencing factors behind it. ResultsCumulatively, 97 patients (80.2 %) achieved NEDA-3 throughout the follow-up period. On a year-by-year basis, the proportion changed from 95.9 % in the 1st year to 84.3 %, 81.3 %, 76.4 %, 74.5 % and 78.9 % in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th year respectively (p<0.001). Baseline EDSS scores and the type of preceding DMT affected this outcome. Both the upper and the lower limb functions remained stable. Cognitive functions improved (p<0.001), fatigue and depression scores remained stable during the follow-up period. QoL remained stable or improved in all subscales of MSQoL-54 questionnaire. ConclusionOur 6-years long detailed follow-up study demonstrates that NAT not only reduces disease activity and progression. It effectively protects from the worsening of limb function, cognitive and other psychological impairments, and stabilizes the patients’ quality of life in basically every measurable aspect.

Utilizing Relative Autonomy Index Scores to Evaluate the Impact of Age on Motivation to Exercise in Black Women.

Black women are disproportionately affected by overweight and obesity. One theory that may have utility in increasing the amount of exercise among Black women is self-determination theory, a psychology-based theory commonly used to investigate motivation in the context of exercise. The objective of this study was to determine whether motivation towards exercise behavior differs between younger and older Black women. A cross-sectional study was conducted by administering a survey to Black women in the Midwestern United States to elicit factors which may impact their motivation to exercise. The survey consisted of questions to gather sociodemographic information as well as responses to the Behavioral Regulations in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2). Responses on the BREQ-2 were utilized to derive the Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) which is a direct measure of self-determination that provides insight into the extent of an individual's motivation to exercise. Multiple linear regression was utilized to determine if age was predictive of relative RAI scores after adjusting for marital status and receipt of a memorable message regarding health. Mean RAI scores among respondents at least 40years old were significantly higher in comparison to the RAI among respondents younger than 40. When adjusting for marital status and receipt of a memorable message regarding health, women at least 40 had a mean RAI score approximately 4.2 points higher than those under age 40. Women at least 40years of age also had significantly higher scores on the identified regulation and intrinsic regulation subscales of the BREQ-2 questionnaire when compared to women younger than 40 after adjusting for marital status and recalling a memorable message related to health. These findings suggest that exercise motivations differ among age groups of Black women. Additionally, these results highlight the importance of understanding exercise motivations to further improve health outcomes.

Validation of the Pediatric Spatial Hearing Questionnaire.

Spatial hearing is necessary for adequate sound awareness and speech perception abilities; however, research indicates that children have difficulties on these spatial hearing tasks that affect functioning in their daily environment. The purpose of this study was to validate a pediatric version of the Spatial Hearing Questionnaire (P-SHQ) for determining binaural hearing benefits and spatial hearing ability in children. We recruited parents and guardians of 68 children ages kindergarten through eighth grade to participate. Parents completed the P-SHQ, the Speech, Spatial and Qualities of Hearing Scale-Parent version, and a demographic questionnaire. To determine the factor structure of the P-SHQ, we conducted an exploratory factor analysis and reliability was assessed by calculating correlation coefficients. Three factors emerged during factor analysis: Factor 1 = sound localization, Factor 2 = speech-in-noise perception, and Factor 3 = speech perception in quiet. The P-SHQ has good internal consistency reliability (α = .97), and high item-total correlations were found. The correlation between scores from the P-SHQ questionnaire and the SSQ-Spatial subscale questionnaire provides evidence for the construct validity of the P-SHQ. The P-SHQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess spatial hearing ability in children. This quick-to-administer tool can be incorporated into audiological care to determine the spatial hearing skills of a child and assist in counseling, making it a valuable assessment for hearing health care professionals.

The developmental course of adolescent paranoia: a longitudinal analysis of the interacting role of mistrust and general psychopathology.

Paranoia is the erroneous idea that people are targeting you for harm, and the cognitive model suggests that symptoms increase with emotional and relational distress. A factor potentially associated with paranoia is mistrust, a milder form of suspiciousness. This study investigated the longitudinal course of non-clinical paranoia in a sample of 739 students (age range 10-12 at baseline assessment, 12-14 at second assessment) using data from the Social Mistrust Scale (SMS) and the paranoia subscale of the Specific Psychotic Experiences Questionnaire (SPEQ). Prevalence of mistrustful and high paranoia children was 14.6 and 15% respectively. Independently, baseline internalizing symptoms (b = 0.241, p < 0.001) and mistrust (b = 0.240, p < 0.001) longitudinally predict paranoia after controlling for confounders. The interaction of mistrust and internalizing symptoms at T1 increases the possibility of the onset of paranoia at T2. Therefore, the effect of mistrust on paranoia is more marked when internalizing symptoms are higher. Our results confirm the role of mistrust as a factor involved in the developmental trajectory of paranoia in adolescence, enhanced by the presence of internalizing symptoms. The implications of these results are both theoretical and clinical, as they add developmental information to the cognitive model of paranoia and suggests the assessment and clinical management of mistrust and internalizing symptoms in youth may be useful with the aim of reducing the risk of psychotic experiences.

Early adaptive schemas, emotional regulation, and cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: subtype specific predictors of eating disorder symptoms using hierarchical linear regression

PurposeUnderstanding how early adaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regulation influence eating disorder (ED) symptoms, and whether this differs across diagnostic subtypes is critical to optimising treatment. The current study investigated the relationship between these variables and ED symptomology in individuals self-reporting an ED diagnosis and healthy controls.MethodsA dataset of 1576 online survey responses yielded subsamples for anorexia nervosa (n = 155), bulimia nervosa (n = 55), binge eating disorder (n = 33), other specified feeding or eating disorder (n = 93), and healthy participants (n = 505). The hierarchical linear regression analysis included Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire 6.0 Global Score as the dependent variable; Young Positive Schema Questionnaire, Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory subscale scores as the independent variables; and demographic measures as the covariates.ResultsThe number of significant predictors varied considerably by ED sub-group. Amongst the anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and healthy subsamples, the adaptive schema Self-Compassion and Realistic Expectations was associated with lower ED symptom severity. In comparison, age and body mass index were the strongest predictors for binge eating disorder, whilst the Expressive Suppression (a subscale of the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire) was the strongest predictor for other specified feeding or eating disorders.ConclusionEarly adaptive schemas, cognitive flexibility, and emotional regulation vary across ED subtype, suggesting the need for tailored treatment that disrupts the self-reinforcing cycle of ED psychopathology. Future research investigating how early adaptive schemas may predict or be associated with treatment response across diagnostic subtypes is needed.Level of evidence: Level IV, evidence obtained from multiple time-series with or without the intervention, such as case studies.

Mental issues, internet addiction and quality of life predict burnout among Hungarian teachers: a machine learning analysis

BackgroundBurnout is usually defined as a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion that affects people in various professions (e.g. physicians, nurses, teachers). The consequences of burnout involve decreased motivation, productivity, and overall diminished well-being. The machine learning-based prediction of burnout has therefore become the focus of recent research. In this study, the aim was to detect burnout using machine learning and to identify its most important predictors in a sample of Hungarian high-school teachers.MethodsThe final sample consisted of 1,576 high-school teachers (522 male), who completed a survey including various sociodemographic and health-related questions and psychological questionnaires. Specifically, depression, insomnia, internet habits (e.g. when and why one uses the internet) and problematic internet usage were among the most important predictors tested in this study. Supervised classification algorithms were trained to detect burnout assessed by two well-known burnout questionnaires. Feature selection was conducted using recursive feature elimination. Hyperparameters were tuned via grid search with 10-fold cross-validation. Due to class imbalance, class weights (i.e. cost-sensitive learning), downsampling and a hybrid method (SMOTE-ENN) were applied in separate analyses. The final model evaluation was carried out on a previously unseen holdout test sample.ResultsBurnout was detected in 19.7% of the teachers included in the final dataset. The best predictive performance on the holdout test sample was achieved by random forest with class weigths (AUC = 0.811; balanced accuracy = 0.745, sensitivity = 0.765; specificity = 0.726). The best predictors of burnout were Beck’s Depression Inventory scores, Athen’s Insomnia Scale scores, subscales of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire and self-reported current health status.ConclusionsThe performances of the algorithms were comparable with previous studies; however, it is important to note that we tested our models on previously unseen holdout samples suggesting higher levels of generalizability. Another remarkable finding is that besides depression and insomnia, other variables such as problematic internet use and time spent online also turned out to be important predictors of burnout.