Questioning Strategies Research Articles

Integrating The Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) and The Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Reviews (SQ3R) Strategy to Enhance Students’ Reading Comprehension of Descriptive Text in Senior High School

This research aims to find out whether there is any significant improvement in students’ reading comprehension after the students were taught through the integrated Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) and Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Reviews (SQ3R) strategy. This is a quasi-experimental research design that conducts a quantitative method with 30 students as the samples. The students were tested through the reading test before and after the treatment namely the integrated DRTA with SQ3R. The data were statistically analyzed using paired samples t-test through SPSS version 22. The finding shows that there is a significant improvement in students’ reading comprehension after the students are taught using the integrated Directed Reading Thinking Activity (DRTA) and Survey, Question, Read, Recite and Reviews (SQ3R) strategy. The average score in the pre-test is 54.33, while in the post-test, it is 72.53. The sig (2-tailed) is 0.000 which is lower than 0.05. It means that there is a significant difference between the score of pre-test and post-test. Then, it is suggested for teachers to apply this new integrated strategy at class because this is a very good choice to embrace students to the effective steps in answering the questions of reading comprehension. Last, this research could be a reference for further researchers who want to conduct similar researches.

Impact and Functions of Questioning in English Classes

This study offers valuable insights into how English teachers in Nepali secondary schools are utilizing questioning techniques in the classroom, highlighting both the strengths and challenges of current practices. Adopting a qualitative research design for the study, eight secondary-level English teachers from four community schools in the Rupandehi district were selected as informants. The data were elicited through classroom observation and semi-structured interviews. First, classroom observation of eight teachers was carried out. Then, they were interviewed, and the data were processed. It was found that the teachers employed a range of questioning types, including higher-order, lower-order, and follow-up questions. These varied approaches aimed to foster interactive classroom environments and enhance students' communicative abilities. Critical thinking and brainstorming questions were also used, suggesting an effort to develop students' analytical skills. Most students responded positively to being questioned, indicating a preference for interactive engagement. However, a minority of students expressed fear of making mistakes, which could hinder their participation. Some teachers occasionally used an inappropriate tone, such as shouting or displaying anger, leading to irrelevant or unsuitable questions. This approach negatively impacted student motivation and participation. The findings highlight the importance of using a variety of questioning techniques to promote critical thinking and communication skills. Teachers should be mindful of their tone and approach when asking questions to avoid creating a fearful or uncomfortable classroom environment. There is a need for ongoing professional development to help teachers refine their questioning strategies, ensuring they are effectively fostering student engagement and critical thinking. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how questioning practices can be optimized in English language teaching to improve student learning outcomes in Nepali classrooms.

What is the State of Organisational Compassion-Based Interventions Targeting to Improve Health Professionals' Well-Being? Results of a Systematic Review.

To identify and assess the state of knowledge regarding compassion-based interventions and outcomes, targeted to the organisational level, that aim to improve health professionals' well-being. Systematic review. Using the PICO model, the clinical question and search strategy were structured. The searches were performed on 20 September 2022 and 26 December 2023 in the Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global databases. Content analysis was applied to analyse data, and the PRISMA and SWiM guidelines were followed for reporting. Thirty-eight studies, mostly from the United Kingdom and the United States, met the inclusion criteria and were quality assessed and analysed. Compassion-based interventions that target the organisational level are quite new, thus representing a burgeoning initiative. In this review, many included quantitative studies revealed significant methodological challenges in effectively measuring organisational compassion (interpersonal relationships, organisational culture and retention/turnover). However, the review findings overall indicate that interpersonal connections between colleagues that foster a sense of community, through shared experiences, mindfulness and (self-)compassion practices and social activities, may be a protective factor for well-being. Further, the review emphasises the crucial role of management support in catalysing organisational changes to improve health professionals' well-being. Evidence strongly suggests that fostering human interconnectedness among health professionals is associated with enhanced well-being. Further rigorous studies are needed to validate these findings, clarify the organisational cultural aspects of compassion and develop an effective outcome measurement tool for organisational compassion. Organisational compassion-based interventions may help foster a culture of compassion within organisations, enhance health professionals' capacity for compassion and benefit both their well-being and the quality of care provided to patients and relatives. This review is part of a larger project about compassion and includes two patient representatives (mothers of children with cancer) in the research team.

Update of the Consensus Statement of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on the use of biological and synthetic targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis

ObjectiveTo update the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) regarding the use of targeted biological and synthetic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the aim of assisting clinicians in their therapeutic decisions. MethodsA panel of 13 experts was assembled through an open call by SER. We employed a mixed adaptation-elaboration-update methodology starting from the 2015 Consensus Document of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology on the use of biological therapies in RA. Starting with systematic reviews (SR) of recommendations from EULAR 2019, American College of Rheumatology 2021, and GUIPCAR 2017, we updated the search strategies for the PICO questions of GUIPCAR. An additional SR was conducted on demyelinating disease in relation to targeted biological and synthetic therapies. Following the analysis of evidence by different panelists, consensus on the wording and level of agreement for each recommendation was reached in a face-to-face meeting. ResultsThe panel established 5 general principles and 15 recommendations on the management of RA. These encompassed crucial aspects such as the importance of early treatment, therapeutic goals in RA, monitoring frequency, the use of glucocorticoids, the application of conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological DMARDs (bDMARDs), and targeted synthetic DMARDs. Additionally, recommendations on dose reduction of these drugs in stable patients were included. This update also features recommendations on the use of bDMARDs and Janus Kinase inhibitors in some specific clinical situations, such as patients with lung disease, a history of cancer, heart failure, or demyelinating disease. ConclusionsThis update provides recommendations on key aspects in the management of RA using targeted biological and synthetic therapies.

Investigating Test-Taking Strategies in an English Reading Comprehension Test Used by Secondary High School Students

Reading is a crucial skill that Indonesian learners are expected to master, as outlined in the 2013 Curriculum. Students are required to develop comprehension skills to understand both explicit and implicit information in a text. To assess students’ knowledge, teachers often use tests. During these reading tests, students may employ strategies to aid their comprehension. This study investigates the strategies used by secondary high school students at MA Darul Ihsan Samarinda during an English reading comprehension test, along with the challenges they face when using these strategies. This study employs a qualitative design to examine the strategies utilized by six students: high score, middle score, and lowest score. The data, gathered through the think-aloud method and interviews, is analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that students employed 23 out of 31 strategies to answer factual questions and 19 strategies for inferential questions. Both the high score and middle score students predominantly used the strategy of reading the text for clues in both types of questions. Conversely, the lowest score student primarily relied on the strategy of rereading the question. Despite the differences, all students utilized a meaning-based text strategy to choose their answers. The middle score and lowest score students frequently faced challenges with time management and complex vocabulary. Additionally, using mixed-method research designs could provide deeper insights into test-taking strategies. This study focused on the strategies used by high school students during reading tests, while other research has examined test-taking strategies in high-stakes language tests

An Analysis of Teachers’ Questioning Strategies during the Classroom Interaction (A Descriptive Qualitative Research on SMK Negeri 1 Paloh)

A good teaching-learning process involves students and teachers as a single main source in the classroom. Student participation is essential in the teaching-learning process because it allows for good interaction between teachers and students. Teachers' questioning strategies can encourage students to participate more actively in the language-learning process. Teachers must use questioning strategies because they are one of the factors that contribute to an effective teaching and learning process. The purpose of this study was to learn about the types of English teachers' questioning strategies and why they used them in their classroom interactions at SMK Negeri 1 Paloh. In this study, the writer used a descriptive qualitative method. To collect data, the writer conducted classroom observations and recorded audio interviews. The data was collected from two English teachers at SMK Negeri 1 Paloh who teach in grades X and XI to determine the types of questioning strategies used and why they were used during classroom interactions. Based on the observations, the study findings indicate that the teachers asked procedural, convergent, and divergent questions. During the classroom interaction in which they were asked the question, the English teachers actively used question strategies to assess the student's understanding of the previous material, to attract the students' attention, to support the students' contributions in class, and to motivate the students to learn. As a result, the English teacher used their questioning strategies in their teaching-learning process, and the students were more active and confident in their ability to understand and answer questions.

The competitive dynamics of strategic risk‐taking, unethical behavior, and entry

AbstractResearch SummaryThis article argues that strategic risk‐taking in the form of unethical behavior can lead to successful entry and that this entry can drive incumbents to either adopt similar behavior or potentially be forced out of the market. Thus, entrepreneurs can introduce innovative, but socially destructive, behavior to a market and motivate its adoption by incumbents. Empirical support is found using a policy change in the liver transplant market to identify the use and adoption of unethical misrepresentation of patient health status. This article contributes to our understanding of entrepreneurial strategy as well as the competitive dynamics between entrants and incumbents in adopting new risky innovations and, in particular, unethical behaviors.Managerial SummaryThis article highlights the impact of strategic risk‐taking through unethical practices, showing how they can sometimes lead to a successful market entry. Successful entry can force existing market players to either follow suit or risk being forced out of the market. This study looks at the liver transplant market, where transplant centers took advantage of a previous policy by misrepresenting patient health status to move their patients to the top of the transplant list. The findings underscore the importance of understanding the competitive dynamics of adopting innovative yet ethically questionable strategies by both new entrants and established companies, offering valuable insights into how businesses navigate competitive pressures and ethical boundaries. It also highlights the importance of policymakers considering these competitive dynamics when setting policy.

ANALYSIS OF SALES VOLUME THROUGH THE UTILIZATION OF SHOPEE AND TIKTOK SHOP

The development of technology and telecommunications caused by globalization requires entrepreneurs to change their marketing strategies in order to keep up with the changes. The marketing strategy in question is digital marketing. Digital marketing techniques include many things, such as content marketing, social media marketing, email marketing, and search engine optimization (SEO). This research aims to determine the effect of Shopee and TikTok Shop on sales volume in a business. This research uses descriptive qualitative methods, the data collection techniques used are interviews, observation, and documentation, researchers want to analyze how the sales volume of Denisa Fashion Shop when utilizing digital marketing strategies with Shopee and TikTok Shop as the media. The results of this study indicate that the use of these two applications provides positive results because it can increase sales volume followed by increased business profits.

EXPLORING DIVERGENT QUESTIONS AND COLD CALLING IN A CLASS DISCUSSION

Effective communication is crucial in education as it plays a pivotal role in fostering student engagement and participation in the classroom. Students encounter numerous challenges when engaging with teachers, particularly in English classes. They must exert greater focus and be more proactive in the learning process to comprehend the information, which hinders their ability to remain engaged and actively participate. Researchers aim to explore questioning strategies and cold-calling techniques to enhance students' comprehension, increase their engagement in the learning process, and create avenues for them to articulate their viewpoints using cold-calling approaches facilitated by the teacher. This study aims to analyze how students react to the combination of the questioning method and cold calling in a collaborative setting. The study employed the qualitative descriptive method as its research approach and design. The research findings demonstrated that integrating the questioning method and cold calling was not beneficial in facilitating the development of practical lessons. It was evident from the shift in class dynamics observed after the study. Conversely, cold calling continues to pressure students, causing them to lose concentration on class issues. Implementing questioning and cold-calling strategies in the classroom yields distinct effects. There were two opposing situations in which students attempted to maintain their focus to respond to the teacher's questions while also experiencing anxiety simultaneously.

The force of questioning and pragmatic strategies in courtroom interrogation: A conversation analysis

This is a conversation analysis study on courtroom communication. This study aims to investigate how the forces of question (information seeking and confirmation seeking) were achieved and the pragmatic strategies, particularly repetition, and reformulation, used by the prosecutor during a cross-examination of the defendant in an Indonesian murder case; a courtroom trial of a cyanide poisoning case considered weak due to a lack of sufficient evidence against the defendant. The data was obtained from the Kompas TV YouTube Channel and was transcribed using Jefferson’s (2004) technique of transcription. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method to discover the force of questions and pragmatic strategies. The data was analyzed by adapting Gibbons’ (2003) and Archer's (2005) classification of question form and question force. The results demonstrate both information-seeking and confirmation-seeking questions were used by the prosecutor. Gibbons’ (2003) repetition and reformulation strategies were used to further investigate the pragmatic strategies. The finding shows pragmatic strategies, particularly repetition, and reformulation, were also evidenced in the lines of questioning. The patterns of the findings indicate that the prosecutor attempted to portray the defendant’s unreliability and untrustworthiness in court. These findings also implicate that the existence of the strict rules of courtroom communication and power imbalance in court allows the prosecutor to influence the defendant’s response.

Exploring the interpretation techniques in Bach’s Cello Suite No. 1 Prelude: A theoretical and practical approach to baroque performance practice

This study investigates the essential strategies for interpreting Johann Sebastian Bach's Cello Suite No. 1 Prelude, with a specific emphasis on historically informed performance practices (HIP). The focus of this study is the intricate implementation of Baroque performance methods, including slurs, detached notes, double stops, cross-string techniques, and ornamentation. These skills are crucial for providing a faithful interpretation of Bach's music. The significance of this research is to connect historical performance techniques with present interpretative approaches, guaranteeing that contemporary performers may give performances that are both historically precise and emotionally captivating. The research methodology employed in this study involves an extensive examination of relevant literature, specifically focusing on the contributions of prominent academics such as Frederick Neumann, David Schulenberg, and Jean Claude Veilhan. These scholars have offered valuable insights into the fundamental aspects of Baroque performance practices. Furthermore, this analysis examines the incorporation of historical knowledge with contemporary performance practices by studying the practical insights of esteemed cellists such as Anner Bylsma and Pieter Wispelwey. This dual approach enables a comprehensive comprehension of both the theoretical foundations and actual implementations of the performance strategies in question. This research emphasizes the crucial function of slurs in producing smooth and connected phrasing, the significance of detached notes for precise rhythm, the utilization of double stops and cross-string techniques to enhance harmonic richness and technical complexity, and the importance of ornamentation in deepening the expressive quality of the Prelude. This research offers a complete framework for interpreting Bach's Cello Suite No. 1 Prelude by combining theoretical analysis with practical performance suggestions. This technique not only respects the artistic authenticity of Baroque music but also guarantees that Bach's enduring masterpiece remains relevant to contemporary audiences, thus contributing to the continuous development of classical music performance.

Between the People and the Populists: Safeguarding Judicial Independence in a Changing World

This article examines the impact of social media on the dissemination and influence of populist ideology, as well as the strategies populist movements have employed to erode the independence of the judiciary, including public resistance, constitutional amendments, and the expansion of the judiciary. This article analyzes strategies and solutions designed to preserve and safeguard judicial independence. The in question strategy includes strengthening the legal and institutional framework, cultivating a culture that upholds the supremacy of law, increasing judicial accountability, and encouraging collaborative dialogue between judicial institutions. This paper employs a case study methodology to examine the resistance of the judiciary to populist pressures in South Africa, Colombia, and Indonesia. This article’s conclusion demonstrates that the court faces a dilemma between the importance of maintaining judicial independence from populist interests over legal requirements and the necessity of popular opinion for public legitimacy. In the context of populism, this is a challenge for judicial independence. Therefore, this paper encourages collaboration between academics, practitioners, and policymakers to safeguard judicial independence in an increasingly interconnected and rapidly developing world.

Questioning Strategies: Employed the Most During Cross-Examinations in Pakistani Courts

This research study aims to ascertain the questioning strategies employed the most during cross-examinations in Pakistani courts. A quantitative method, based on power dynamic as the conceptual framework, has been used to explore the research topic at hand. The data were collected through a questionnaire from a random sample of 300 law practitioners. They were quantitatively analyzed, using percentage, standard deviation, and ANOVA to explore their questioning strategies to deal with witnesses. The study found that "establishing fact" and "contradiction and inconsistency" are the most widely used questioning strategies. While "leading questions" and "emotional appeal" are the rarest strategies employed by Pakistani law practitioners during cross-examinations. The study has honestly reported the results with some recommendations, such as training law practitioners in using diverse questioning strategies and investigating linguistic power imbalance, among others, for future researchers.

Artificial versus natural intelligence: Overcoming students' cheating likelihood with artificial intelligence tools during virtual assessment

AbstractAssessment techniques need to evolve beyond traditional methods in light of the rapidly developing artificial intelligence (AI) tool technologies, such as Copilot, Bard, and ChatGPT. These AI‐powered Chatbot is designed to appear similar to human speech or text and present information conversationally, making them tenable options for student assessment support worldwide. Consequently, to take advantage of the weaknesses in the AI system and foster a creative attitude in their pupils, educators must reconsider their approach to evaluation. The study conducts a comparative experiment on two different assessment methods—the traditional questioning strategy (Experiment I) versus the alternative or modified strategy (Experiment II), to assess how well the AI tools perform in the assessment and how the new technique can deter students from engaging in academic dishonesty. According to the study in Experiment I, the AI‐Chatbot had a 100% positive response correlation, but in Experiment II, it had a shockingly low positive response correlation. Comparably, pupils who use AI‐Chatbot and those who do not have significant performance disparities (α = 0.05, p‐value < 0.001; 1.8331). Inferentially, AI‐Chatbot helped students a lot in Experiment I but did considerably less in Experiment II. In other words, Experiment II's questioning approach outperforms the AI tools' level of competence. The study comes to the conclusion that if AI is effectively harnessed, human natural intelligence will always be able to overcome the challenges posed by these powerful AI technologies.

Research Proposal on Teacher Questioning and Classroom Interaction in Chinese University EFL Classrooms

This research proposes to investigate the correlation between teacher questioning strategies, classroom dynamics, and student engagement in Chinese university EFL (English as a Foreign Language) settings. The proposed research will draw upon mixed methods approach using both quantitative and qualitative analyses including classroom observation, questionnaires, focus group interviews with students and semi-structured interviews with teachers, a kind of methodological triangulation. By addressing the impact of questioning methods on student participation and interaction, this study aims to offer insights into enhancing instructional practices and fostering a more engaged and participative learning environment.

PQRS (Preview, Questions, Read, and Summarize) Strategy for Teaching Reading Skill: An Action Research at Indonesian Senior High School Students

It is evidence that the literacy and reading proficiency for Indonesian students need to be enhanced. Therefore, the objective of this study is to enhance the reading proficiency and learning engagement of eleventh-grade students at SMA Persada Bandar Lampung in the academic year 2023/2024 through the implementation of the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) strategy. The research involved twenty-two students and followed the Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach, consisting of planning, acting, observing, and reflecting phases within each research cycle. Notably, the progress in students' learning engagement is evident in the mean scores, with the first cycle averaging 35.32 and the second cycle averaging 38.50, indicating an improvement of 3.18 points. Additionally, there was a noteworthy enhancement in students' reading proficiency, illustrated by the mean scores for their learning activities: 58.52 in the first cycle and 70.45 in the second cycle, reflecting an improvement of 11.93 points. These findings affirm that the PQRS Strategy effectively enhances both students' reading ability and their engagement in learning activities. Therefore, it is important to recommend PQRS teaching strategy to be used in English class. Keywords: CAR, Reading Comprehension, PQRS (Preview, Question, Read, and Summarize) Strategy

IMPROVING MENTAL HEALTH, PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PERSONS LIVING WITH OSTEOPOROSIS AND DEPRESSION OR ANXIETY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Osteoporosis (OP) is a progressive, age-related condition impacting approximately 3.8% of Australians. OP is associated with increased psychological distress, increased pain and decreased quality of life. Correlations exist between OP and psychological distress, with people living with OP three times more likely to experience very high levels of psychological distress compared to those without. Emerging evidence suggests a connection between bone loss and depressive symptoms. For people living with OP, depression and/or anxiety, increasing physical activity is recommended to improve overall health outcomes. Currently, no guidelines for exercise recommendations exist for people living with these co-occurring conditions. The aim of this systematic review is to identify the most effective physical activity intervention to improve mental and physical health, quality of life and pain in people with co-occurring OP and symptoms of depression and/or anxiety. The research question, eligibility criteria and search strategy were developed, and peer reviewed by the research team, and the search was registered through PROSPERO (CRD42023440020). A systematic search of the following databases was conducted using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for identifying randomized trials and Polyglot search translator: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, PsycInfo, Scopus & Web of Science. From 7,405 results, 2,372 were excluded as duplicates leaving 5,033. Covidence was used to screen by title and abstract, with a further 5,009 excluded based on study design, population and outcome measures. Full-text screening by two researchers (CF & KM) led to 19 studies included for data extraction, with 5 excluded based on population (OP diagnosis), questionnaire validity and availability of data. Data extraction and analysis is currently underway with results to be presented at the conference. Findings will be used to design and implement a tailored lifestyle intervention program for people living with OP and symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. This research has been generously funded by the Estate of the Late Faye Patricia Williams.

Engage Wider Audience or Facilitate Quality Answers? a Mixed-methods Analysis of Questioning Strategies for Research Sensemaking on a Community Q&A Site

Discussing research-sensemaking questions on Community Question and Answering (CQA) platforms has been an increasingly common practice for the public to participate in science communication. Nonetheless, how users strategically craft research-sensemaking questions to engage public participation and facilitate knowledge construction is a significant yet less understood problem. To fill this gap, we collected 837 science-related questions and 157,684 answers from Zhihu, and conducted a mixed-methods study to explore user-developed strategies in proposing research-sensemaking questions, and their potential effects on public engagement and knowledge construction. Through open coding, we captured a comprehensive taxonomy of question-crafting strategies, such as eyecatching narratives with counter-intuitive claims and rigorous descriptions with data use. Regression analysis indicated that these strategies correlated with user engagement and answer construction in different ways (e.g., emotional questions attracted more views and answers), yet there existed a general divergence between wide participation and quality knowledge establishment, when most questioning strategies could not ensure both. Based on log analysis, we further found that collaborative editing afforded unique values in refining research-sensemaking questions regarding accuracy, rigor, comprehensiveness and attractiveness. We propose design implications to facilitate accessible, accurate and engaging science communication on CQA platforms.

Interviewing young offenders about child-on-child sexual abuse.

This study compared two versions of the NICHD Protocol for interviewing young suspected sexual offenders: the Revised Suspect Protocol (RSP) and the Standard Suspect Protocol (SSP). The RSP incorporated relevant evidence-based practices informed by research on the value of (a) effectively explaining the suspects' rights, (b) rapport building and support, and (c) appropriate questioning strategies. Interviewers using the RSP communicated the children's rights more effectively (reading them more often, checking, verifying, and correcting understanding) and provided more support. In the substantive phase, they remained supportive while recall prompts dominated the questioning. Compared to children in the SSP group, children in the RSP condition understood their rights better, were more responsive during rapport-building, and reacted to interviewer support in the substantive phase with increased responsiveness, which in turn, predicted reduced reluctance, increased emotional expression, and greater informativeness. They were also more likely to make full rather than partial confessions than children in the SSP group. Full confessions were positively predicted by the appropriate communication of legal rights, interviewer support, and reliance on open-ended prompts, thereby confirming the superiority of the RSP relative to the SSP.

Forensic interviewers' difficulty with the birthday narrative

BackgroundNarrative practice increases children's productivity in forensic interviews, and one recommended topic is the child's last birthday, though interviewers have raised concerns about its productivity. Study 1 ObjectiveStudy 1 surveyed forensic interviewers' use of and attitudes about the birthday narrative. Participants and settingParticipants included 170 forensic interviewers who subscribed to a webinar promoting use of the birthday narrative (Mage = 43 years, SD = 10.2, 94 % female). ResultsOver half (55 %) of interviewers reported that they rarely/never asked about children's birthdays, and non-users were especially likely to view the birthday narrative as never/rarely productive. Although interviewers viewed memory difficulties as more likely to occur with the birthday narrative than other practice topics (the child's likes, the child's day), non-users did not view memory difficulties, reluctance, generic reports, or religious objections as especially problematic. Open-ended responses identified negative experiences with the birthday as an additional concern, and interviewers' recommended wording of the prompts suggested suboptimal questioning strategies. Study 2 ObjectiveStudy 2 assessed the use of the birthday narrative in forensic interviews. Participants and settingThe sample included 350 forensic interviews with 4- to 12-year-old children (Mage = 8.85, SD = 2.59). ResultsOnly 4 % of children failed to recall substantive information if interviewers persisted, though another 11 % failed when interviewers stopped persisting. Invitations were more effective than other question types, especially among older children. 21 % of children mentioned a negative detail during their narrative. ConclusionsInterviewers' skepticism about the birthday narrative may be due to suboptimal questioning and sensitivity to occasional failures and negative information.