Use Of Questions Research Articles

Theoretical Developments and Applications of the Social Resource Theory: A Review of Törnblom & Kazemi (2012)

The ‘‘Handbook of Social Resource Theory,’’ edited by Kjell Tornblom and Ali Kazemi (both Center for Social Justice Research at the University of Skovde, Sweden), carries a contemporary collection of theoretical extensions and applications of Social Resource Theory (SRT). Following the idea of a handbook closely, it addresses the needs of researchers who want to learn about the theory in focus and at the same time gives further insight into theoretical critique, modifications, and its social applications. So, this volume also speaks to scholars who already know and use the SRT approach. In this vein, the book shows how easily SRT is able to bridge between and play a lively background for very different research questions and applications. On the other hand, this potential of SRT to cover a wide spectrum of phenomena opens the door to the critique of topical randomness or at least points to the eventual conceptual weaknesses of its inherent construction. But, the editors and authors of the handbook do not fall prey the temptation to become a worship service for SRT. Indeed, the majority of chapters take much effort to be a critical exegesis. To stay with the same metaphor, Foa and Foa deliver the scripture of SRT, but almost all the authors convened by the editors in this handbook do not use it as their bible but rather as a starting point for various critiques, metamorphoses, further developments, and practical applications. In this best sense, this handbook is a collection of important, if not to say necessary, commentaries on SRT and should be known by every scholar who wants to rethink the questions of usefulness and influence of SRT, especially with respect to the field of justice research. After reading this publication, some might consider borrowing elements of the SRT approach for their own purposes, or even discover that they already do without being aware of it.

СОЗДАНИЕ КОМАНДНЫХ ФАЙЛОВ И ИХ ПРОГРАММИРОВАНИЕ С ПОМОЩЬЮ РЕДАКТОРОВ ОС UNIX

In this article the question of use of the ed and vi editors who allow to edit system files is considered and to correct loading process, system recovery and search of errors of failure.

НАПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ КЛАСТЕРНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ

Получив признание в качестве двигателя экономической политики в индустриально развитых странах в начале 1990-х годов, кластерная политика сосредоточила на себе фокус политики в области развития. В действительности, вопрос об использовании кластерной политики для ускорения экономического развития в принципе не ограничивается контекстом индустриально развитых стран. Поскольку кластерные политики обязательно должны быть специальным образом скорректированы в каждом индивидуальном случае, неудивительно, что их реализация в развивающихся странах отличается от их реализации в индустриально развитых странах. Безусловно, кластерная политика в развивающихся странах также будет отличаться между собой. Можно выделить некоторые общие подходы, отвечающие типичным рамочным условиям развивающихся стран. В данной статье предлагаются направления развития кластеров.

Multicenter Intestinal Current Measurements in Rectal Biopsies from CF and Non-CF Subjects to Monitor CFTR Function

Intestinal current measurements (ICM) from rectal biopsies are a sensitive means to detect cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function, but have not been optimized for multicenter use. We piloted multicenter standard operating procedures (SOPs) to detect CFTR activity by ICM and examined key questions for use in clinical trials. SOPs for ICM using human rectal biopsies were developed across three centers and used to characterize ion transport from non-CF and CF subjects (two severe CFTR mutations). All data were centrally evaluated by a blinded interpreter. SOPs were then used across four centers to examine the effect of cold storage on CFTR currents and compare CFTR currents in biopsies from one subject studied simultaneously either at two sites (24 hours post-biopsy) or when biopsies were obtained by either forceps or suction. Rectal biopsies from 44 non-CF and 17 CF subjects were analyzed. Mean differences (µA/cm2; 95% confidence intervals) between CF and non-CF were forskolin/IBMX=102.6(128.0 to 81.1), carbachol=96.3(118.7 to 73.9), forskolin/IBMX+carbachol=200.9(243.1 to 158.6), and bumetanide=-44.6 (-33.7 to -55.6) (P<0.005, CF vs non-CF for all parameters). Receiver Operating Characteristic curves indicated that each parameter discriminated CF from non-CF subjects (area under the curve of 0.94-0.98). CFTR dependent currents following 18-24 hours of cold storage for forskolin/IBMX, carbachol, and forskolin/IBMX+carbachol stimulation (n=17 non-CF subjects) were 44%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, respectively of those in fresh biopsies. CFTR-dependent currents from biopsies studied after cold storage at two sites simultaneously demonstrated moderate correlation (n=14 non-CF subjects, Pearson correlation coefficients 0.389, 0.484, and 0.533). Similar CFTR dependent currents were detected from fresh biopsies obtained by either forceps or suction (within-subject comparisons, n=22 biopsies from three non-CF subjects). Multicenter ICM is a feasible CFTR outcome measure that discriminates CF from non-CF ion transport, offers unique advantages over other CFTR bioassays, and warrants further development as a potential CFTR biomarker.

Selecting reliable cognitive complaint questions for use among older adults

Selecting reliable cognitive complaint questions for use among older adults

Twenty Years of Cognitive Work Analysis in Health Care

Improving patient safety, within the context of a complex system, forms one of the key challenges in health care today. Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is one way to analyze complex systems, and although it has been applied to health care for 20 years, little is known about its effectiveness or future research needs. This article presents a review of CWA studies in health care, addressing questions of use, usefulness, challenges, and opportunities. Results of the review make clear that the research agenda is largely confined to acute care. Of the 39 articles reviewed, 28 relate to this setting. There appears to be a growing interest in medical informatics, error investigation, and decision support. Conversely, work in physiological monitoring has slowed, associated with the uncertainties of modeling “biological” systems. Studies related to “organic” social systems are similarly challenged, although there is a recognition that important opportunities exist, such as studying work flow processes between teams. Other opportunities relate to new methods to enhance CWA; new technologies, such as auditory displays; and new applications, such as requests for proposals and incident investigation. Ultimately, the capacity to foster an understanding into the deep structures of a system may prove to be the greatest contribution of CWA to health care today.

To “Bee or Not to Bee” Male or Female? An Educational Primer for Use with “The Am-tra2 Gene Is an Essential Regulator of Female Splice Regulation at Two Levels of the Sex Determination Hierarchy of the Honeybee”

An article by Nissen et al. in the November 2012 issue of GENETICS emphasizes the importance of alternative splicing in the sex determination cascade of the honeybee Apis mellifera. This study demonstrates the application of reverse transcriptase PCR and RNA interference screens as genetic tools to better understand the regulation of transcription and splicing. It also provides the opportunity to explore the evolutionary origins of genes by considering the functions of orthologs and paralogs in different species. This Primer article provides background information and explanations of the concepts and findings of Nissen et al. and offers discussion questions for use in the classroom.

Disentangling Twitter’s Adoption and Use (Dis)Continuance: A Theoretical and Empirical Amalgamation of Uses and Gratifications and Diffusion of Innovations

Drawing on Uses and Gratifications (UG) Theory and Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT), this study aimed to augment an exploration of individual user needs based on UG constructs with an analysis of the material characteristics of the innovation based on DIT constructs to provide a comprehensive explanation of people‘s motivations underlying various Twitter usage levels and frequencies. Whereas previous literature on Social Network Sites (SNS) have explored individuals‘ motivations underlying initial adoption, the equally interesting and relevant question of use (dis-) continuance has so far been largely overlooked. To fill this void in the literature, this study compares active users that have continued to use Twitter and inactive users that initially adopted, yet discontinued usage of Twitter. This study provides insights into different usage levels and frequencies through an investigation of 1) users‘ perceptions of the medium, 2) users‘ expected outcomes associated with the medium‘s use, and 3) the role and effect of mobile access. An analysis of 130 surveys with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and R2 partitioning revealed that an understanding of adoption and use (dis-) continuance of Twitter requires us to account for both user-related motivations (UG) and perceived characteristics of the medium (DIT), as combining UG and DIT increased explanatory power (R2) for the overall sample. Furthermore, our findings showed that inactive users‘ initial adoption and subsequent discontinuance was solely impacted by user-related needs, (i.e. UG constructs), whereas active users‘ continued use was largely motivated by technology characteristics, (i.e. DIT constructs). Finally, our study revealed significant differences between active and inactive users in terms of the devices and platform used for accessing Twitter, with active users reporting a significantly higher use of mobile devices. Based on these findings, we discuss contributions and implications for future research and practice.

Methodological Biases in Zooarchaeology and the Interpretation of Human Activity from the Faunal Record

AbstractZooarchaeology is a growing multidisciplinary field, which can answer questions about the relationship of humans and other animals and its effects on the environment. There are significant advantages to studying faunal data over other types of assemblages. First, bones allow for a culture‐free taxonomy where there is little question of use. Second, faunal data from the past can be matched to species that still exist in the modern day. The latter especially, allows for the use of middle range theory or the ability to create a controlled experiment with living systems based on general principles. The biases in the methods of zooarchaeology can affect interpretation of human activity, therefore taphonomy, recovery, identification, and choice of quantification methods should be taken into account. Each of these methods should be standardized and tailored to a specific research question. Also I believe with the help of ethnoarchaeology we can increase awareness and even reduce some of the biases in zooarchaeology.

Advances in surveillance of periodontitis: the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention periodontal disease surveillance project.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has as one of its strategic goals to support and improve surveillance of periodontal disease. In 2003, the CDC initiated the CDC Periodontal Disease Surveillance Project in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology to address population-based surveillance of periodontal disease at the local, state, and national levels. This initiative has made significant advancements toward the goal of improved surveillance, including developing valid self-reported measures that can be obtained from interview-based surveys to predict prevalence of periodontitis in populations. This will allow surveillance of periodontitis at the state and local levels and in countries where clinical resources for surveillance are scarce. This work has produced standard case definitions for surveillance of periodontitis that are now widely recognized and applied in population studies and research. At the national level, this initiative has evaluated the validity of previous clinical examination protocols and tested new protocols on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), recommending and supporting funding for the gold-standard full-mouth periodontal examination in NHANES 2009 to 2012. These examinations will generate accurate estimates of the prevalence of periodontitis in the US adult population and provide a superior dataset for surveillance and research. Also, this data will be used to generate the necessary coefficients for our self-report questions for use in subsets of the total US population. The impact of these findings on population-based surveillance of periodontitis and future directions of the project are discussed along with plans for dissemination and translation efforts for broader public health use.

Spotlight on the September 11 Issue

The RAND/UCLA method was used to integrate available evidence and expert consensus to create 8 multiple-choice questions for use in determining candidacy for epilepsy surgery evaluation. This tool was appropriate for those over age 12 years with focal epilepsy. The RAND/UCLA method might be considered for development of guidelines in epilepsy care. See p. 1084 From editorialists Langfitt & Mathern: “Only after the evaluation can the proper risk-benefit assessments be made, which should be individualized and include the patient's view of his or her desires and goals so as to arrive at the …

Engaging Politicians with Citizens on Social Networking Sites

Governmental policy makers can use social networking sites to better engage with citizens. On the one hand social networking sites are well accepted by citizens and a familiar environment where discussions are already taking place and social networking sites are also more important for politicians. Thus, a need for information retrieval (the policy maker gathering information), dissemination (the policy maker broadcasting information) and two-way dialog between the policy maker and citizens over these platforms. The idea is to connect both the policy makers and the citizens. In fact social media is a mass medium and it’s difficult to sieve through multitudes of comments to get to the crux of a debate. The authors’ approach to address this is to use automatic analysis components to summarise and categorize text. To be able to place successful tools that can be used in the policy maker’s everyday life within the design process is important. This paper describes the phase of combining the policy makers’ requirements with the technical feasibility to develop a software prototype, where the analysis tools can be validated within the domain of policy makers and policymaking. This paper sets up the environment for evaluating this approach and to address the question of usefulness with respect to a dialogue with citizens.

Про матричний критерій спостереження

The questions of use of matrix criterion of observation for linear dynamic systems are examined. It was shown that in some cases the matrix criterion has a lacks (check of conditions of applicability, instability of results of supervision), which is complicate for his practical use.

The Core Content of Emergency Medical Services Medicine

On September 23, 2010, the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS) approved emergency medical services (EMS) as a subspecialty of emergency medicine. As a result, the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) is planning to award the first certificates in EMS medicine in the fall of 2013. The purpose of subspecialty certification in EMS, as defined by ABEM, is to standardize physician training and qualifications for EMS practice, to improve patient safety and enhance the quality of emergency medical care provided to patients in the prehospital environment, and to facilitate integration of prehospital patient treatment into the continuum of patient care. In February 2011, ABEM established the EMS Examination Task Force to develop the Core Content of EMS Medicine (Core Content) that would be used to define the subspecialty and from which questions would be written for the examinations, to develop a blueprint for the examinations, and to develop a bank of test questions for use on the examinations. The Core Content defines the training parameters, resources, and knowledge of the treatment of prehospital patients necessary to practice EMS medicine. Additionally, it is intended to inform fellowship directors and candidates for certification of the full range of content that might appear on the examinations. This article describes the development of the Core Content and presents the Core Content in its entirety.

СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПАМЯТЬ КАК МОДЕРНИЗАЦИОННЫЙ РЕСУРС: ТОПОСЫ ПРОШЛОГО В РОССИЙСКОМ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ЛАНДШАФТЕ

Article is devoted to the question of use of social memory as the main resource of the modernization processes proceeding in modern Russia. The author analyzes actual strategy of the appeal to the past, coming to a conclusion that the Russian modernization is characterized by the special political and sociocultural goals, is cardinal not similar to reference points of «catching-up modernization».

Should Scholars Delineate a Data Set Apart from a Research Project? Considering Objects, Methods, and Purposes for Studying Presidential Rhetoric

At first glance, phrase may appear as a readily understood and transparent phrase that identifies a clearly bounded and delineated body of discourse and an attendant area of scholarship. Presumably, refers to rhetoric of presidents--their persuasive, speeches and statements. While terms persuasive and public may generate different interpretations among scholars, presidential rhetoric putatively avoids many of difficulties involved in identifying, say, a rhetoric of science or a visual rhetoric, since both categories suggest more porous and less established boundaries. On this basis, move to identify presidential addresses, as Kevin Coe and Rico Neumann (2011) have done, ought to entail a comparatively straightforward process of articulating and justifying various criteria that scholars may evaluate in terms of their suitability. Initial appearances notwithstanding, presidential rhetoric references a fluid field of study, even if we set its boundaries as rhetoric of presidents. Presidential speeches and statements invite scholarly questions about how they should be understood and studied. Any effort to identify a body of discourse implicates questions of use--whether or not we explicitly pursue these questions. Coe and Neumann (2011) hold that we should study addresses by modern presidents to generalize about addresses by modern presidents. Unanswered in this somewhat circular rationale is question of just what we hope to generalize from these I do not raise this issue to discredit Coe and Neumann's project, since articulating a common scholarly endeavor and engendering more expansive and sustained scholarly conversations are potentially important contributions. However, I am wary of efforts to answer questions of use--and thus to identify suitable texts for study--in advance of articulating a clearer research program. question of which presidential speeches and statements to study raises questions of how scholars of presidential rhetoric understand their objects of study, methods, and purposes. I do not hope to answer these questions conclusively, since I do not believe that a single scholar or study could offer a definitive statement. Rather, I shall suggest some of ways that texts we select for analysis may differ depending on how scholars answer these questions when studying presidential rhetoric. Objects Speeches have beginnings and endings, but meaning and significance of what presidents say in their speeches may be understood as arising from speeches as discrete texts and/or as texts that make meaning in connection with other presidential and nonpresidential discourses. Moreover, presidential speeches may be understood as meaningful and significant in terms of their parts and wholes. These issues do not compel mutually exclusive choices, nor do they compel scholars to pledge allegiance to one or another theory of signification and textuality. Rather, we may glean alternative insights by focusing on single speeches or larger sets, and our selections may or may not include major addresses. A focus on single speech texts as important sites of meaning has been advanced importantly by project of close textual analysis. A leading proponent of this approach, Michael Left justifies a focus on singular texts in radically particular quality of speech, since the action in an oration is bound to moment of its utterance, even as specific speeches may establish more general rhetorical standards (1986, 382). Particularity reveals ineluctably time-bound character of presidential rhetoric, as speeches and statements make meaning in moments. For Left, temporality signals work of rhetorical scholar, who should consider how a speech appears in time and shapes audience understandings of time: The timing in discourse mediates our perception of time in world (1986, 385). …

Update on the harmonisation of disability data collection in UK surveys (Part 1)

This article reports progress to date in the development of new National Statistics harmonised questions: measuring disability in established national social survey sources using a face-to-face interviewing mode of data capture. The harmonisation of these questions across these survey sources will enhance the availability of consistent disability statistics to government and the wider user community.This work began in response to the recommendation of the Review of Equality Data published in 2007: to develop and apply a principled approach to data collection to meet future data needs, following the introduction of equality legislation in 2010. It also contributes to improving international comparability, by better meeting the definitions for measures of long-standing illness and disability derived from the European Union's Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC).Further work is currently being undertaken to adapt questions for use in surveys applying different methods of data capture, such as paper-based and on-line surveys.The project also developed questions which measure disability as a restriction in participation in key areas of life such as employment, and the self-perceived social barriers affecting participation (that is aspects of society and the physical environment, which do not take adequate account of the needs of people with impairments). However, at the time of writing, a finalised standard had not been agreed: these data inputs will be reported on in a future Health Statistics Quarterly article. The National Statistics Harmonisation Group (NSHG) and its Health, Disability and Carers Sub-Group contain representation across government, related public sector bodies and academia. These groups agreed the following project objectives for disability data harmonisation:a) Establish a conceptual framework for disability definitionb) Develop question inputs to measure the definition for use in social surveys using a face-to-face interviewing method of data capturec) Test the performance of these questions for interpretability and consistency with established sources, and refine questions, where indicated, through the findings of testing and consultationd) Recommend harmonised standards for implementation across sourcesA process of question suite development included: user consultation, which gathered cross-sector views to clarify and prioritise data needs; cognitive testing, which guided question formats, content and terminology, and interviewer probes and instructions. The findings of these exercises were used in the construction of questions which were subsequently field tested for coherence with other data sources and described in an accompanying article in this issue of Health Statistics Quarterly. The definition of disability developed to harmonise standard data inputs and outputs is founded on the Disablement Process (Verbrugge and Jette 1994), and the bio-psycho-social model of disability used in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICFDH) (WHO, 2001). This model presents disability as a process bringing together medical, societal and individual factors which affect daily activities and participation and disentangles concepts of illness, impairment and disability. Disability is defined as restriction in activities and participation related to the interaction between functional impairment and the provision of supports (personal, mechanical and environmental/societal).The results of cognitive testing found issues with the proposed question formats, interpretation of key terms such as 'disability' and sensitivities to the negative focus of questions; the researchers made a number of recommendations to improve the flow of questions and improve interpretation, including better signposting and use of interviewer probes and instructions, and changes to the terminology used in the body of questions and their response categories. The extensive consultations undertaken, including government departments, other public sector bodies, academia and third sector organisations, demonstrates a clear commitment on the part of the Health, Disability and Carers Harmonisation Sub-Group to gather a wide range of views to identify the deficiencies in existing data inputs to social survey data sources; guide priorities as equitably as possible to meet the variety of needs expressed; and to lessen the sensitivities associated with existing question terminology when drafting question inputs.The application of respected conceptual frameworks and internationally recognised definitions and classifications to the data needs identified, and the modifications suggested following cognitive testing has given the draft questions for field testing a stronger relevance to the concept of disability advocated in the Prime Minister's Strategy Unit Report 'Improving the Life Chances of Disabled People' and championed in the Office for Disability Issues Equality 2025 agenda.

The Clinical Deployment of Therapeutic Frameworks and Genogram Questions to Serve the Servicewoman

Female United States armed services members are among the fastest and most steadily growing in military membership. Despite such advancement, little attention has been accorded to the individual servicewoman, as well as her family, by the marriage/couple and family therapy field. To attend to this identified gap, provided is an overview of the story of women in the military, as well as information on the prevalence of female personnel. Also identified are some of the common problem areas that servicewomen and their families' experience, as well as suggested frameworks and related focused genogram questions for use with such problems and clientele. Future areas worthy of greater scholarly attention are also considered.

Development of a Tool to Identify Poverty in a Family Practice Setting: A Pilot Study

Objective. The goal of this pilot study was to develop and field-test questions for use as a poverty case-finding tool to assist primary care providers in identifying poverty in clinical practice. Methods. 156 questionnaires were completed by a convenience sample of urban and rural primary care patients presenting to four family practices in British Columbia, Canada. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses compared questionnaire responses with low-income cut-off (LICO) levels calculated for each respondent. Results. 35% of respondents were below the “poverty line” (LICO). The question “Do you (ever) have difficulty making ends meet at the end of the month?” was identified as a good predictor of poverty (sensitivity 98%; specificity 60%; OR 32.3, 95% CI 5.4–191.5). Multivariate analysis identified a 3-item case-finding tool including 2 additional questions about food and housing security (sensitivity 64.3%; specificity 94.4%; OR 30.2, 95% CI 10.3–88.1). 85% of below-LICO respondents felt that poverty screening was important and 67% felt comfortable speaking to their family physician about poverty. Conclusions. Asking patients directly about poverty may help identify patients with increased needs in primary care.

Developing a Tool for Assessing Students' Reflections on Their Practice

The concepts of reflection and reflective practice, introduced by Schon, have been widely adopted in social work education where students are expected to demonstrate reflection in practice as a learning outcome. This brief paper reports on the development and testing of a tool for assessment of students' reflections on their practice following their performance in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) adapted for social work. Phase One involved an iterative process of conceptualizing and defining dimensions of reflection; identifying practice scenarios with specific issues to be played by ‘standardized clients’; creating a set of questions for use by the rater in a reflective dialogue with the student; and creating a five-point rating scale. In Phase Two the scale was tested in a study with a five-scenario OSCE with 11 current MSW students, seven recent graduates and five experienced social workers. The study demonstrated promising reliability in the OSCE approach and scales and indicated construct validity in that it differentiated between social workers in training and experienced workers. Its potential for use in the measurement of outcomes is discussed.