Objective Questions Research Articles

Religious Belief: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis on the Experience of Minority Students in Implementing Religious Education

This study aims to explore students’ minority experiences while participating in religious education (RE). An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to answer the objective questions. Data were collected using the undergraduates’ diaries and in-depth interviews with 9 senior high school students which were selected by purposive sampling. Thematic analysis was used to categorize the information obtained. The result showed the three major themes that emerge in the IPA analysis, which include the strength of faith, basic knowledge, and a sense of religion. The finding interprets that informants have complete belief in the God they worship because of the basic understanding of religion that has been obtained from the family, community, and social media, even informants’ religious participation and activities have reached the level of sense. This study explains how the informants stand firm in worshipping their God despite receiving RE in various schools. This study concludes that even though informants are in a minority environment, they can still get religious education that is appropriate to their conditions through diverse activities and upholding the values of differences.

A quantitative equation for umami evaluation of food and condiments based on the Weber-Fechner law

Here, a quantitative equation for Overall Umami Strength (OUS) in foods and condiments, based on sensory evaluation, was defined using the Weber-Fechner law. Sensory evaluation was conducted utilizing objective questions grounded in triangulation tests and paired comparisons to accurately determine the absolute and difference thresholds for monosodium glutamate (MSG). These thresholds were employed to define various levels of umami strength, which facilitated the creation of an umami sensory difference strength curve. Subsequently, the OUS equation was constructed through a well-fitting function, represented as “OUS=9.6828×log10(CMSG)+34.8” (R2 = 0.996). Once the relative MSG concentration of the sample is determined, it can be converted into the OUS value under the thresholds scale mentioned above for quantification. To validate this quantitative equation, multiple samples, including fish, mushrooms, and soy sauce, were evaluated using the paired comparison test to obtain relative MSG concentration. The OUS value calculated by relative MSG concentration was compared with the existing method to verify its correctness and effectiveness. The results demonstrate that both foods and condiments, even from different species origins, can be reliably quantified for overall umami intensity using the proposed sensory quantitative equation.

Breast and axillary marking in the neoadjuvant setting: survey results from experts of the Brazilian society of mastology.

The precise location of the tumor site is essential for the success of surgical treatment. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a challenge for preoperative tumor and node localization. Thus, the knowledge and attitudes of the affiliated members of the Brazilian Society of Mastology (SBM) regarding breast and axilla marking were evaluated and a consensus regarding management and treatment was reached. This was an online survey conducted between June and December 2022. All 1,742 active mastologists affiliated to the SBM were invited anonymously. The online form contained 28 objective questions, of which 22 were formulated on a Likert scale. These questions addressed relevant aspects related to breast and axilla marking in the neoadjuvant setting. Responses that reached 70% agreement were considered consensual. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program version 26.0. Post hoc analysis was performed when appropriate and the significance level was set at p < 0.05. Polychoric regression analyses were conducted using `VGAM` package. In total, 468 mastologists answered the questionnaire (26.8%), with a predominance of professionals aged between 40-49 years (32.1%). Most professionals were board-certified (84,8%). The indication of tumor marking in the breast prior to NAC was consensual (96.4%) and the metal clip was the preferred method (69.7%). There was no consensus regarding the indication of pre-NAC histologically positive lymph node marking (49.8% disagree and 42.8% agree). However, there was consensus that the clinical and imaging evaluation was insufficient for staging the axilla as N1 (71.6%). The contraindication of breast and node marking in T4b tumors (71.2%) was consensual. There was consensus on the indication of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for initially cN1 (92.3%) or cN2 (72.7%) tumors that became cN0 after NAC, with 67.5% opting for dual staining with technetium and patent blue. When <3 lymph nodes were retrieved 41.0% of mastologists performed axillary lymphadenectomy. Among the 28 questions, consensus was reached on only 11 (39.3%). The indication of pre-NAC breast marking is consensual among Brazilian mastologists, although axillary nodal marking is not. There is a great divergence of attitudes among Brazilian surgeons in relation to the many issues related to pre-NAC breast and axilla marking.

„Keď zomrie tyran, zomrie s nim aj jeho vláda. Keď zomrie martýr, jeho vláda začína.“ Ku vzniku štátu Kráľovstva Srbov, Chorvátov a Slovincov na pozadí niekoľkých myšlienok existencialistov

The chilling events of World War I were a test for all of humanity, which until then could not even imagine such horrors. For many people, they meant death, suffering, or a fight for mere survival. Not even the nationals living on the Balkan Peninsula were an exception, which became the scene of the infamous trigger squeeze that started four and a half years of war frenzy. The work analyzes selected episodes preceding, concerning, or following the end of World War I and confronts them with an existentialist view of the world. In this context, it opens the question of objectivity, historical memory, political instrumentalization of fact, and the diversity of interpretation of the history of this segment of history.

Public Perceptions of the Food and Drug Administration's Regulatory Authority Over Synthetic Nicotine on Twitter: Observational Study.

The Omnibus Budget Bill, known as H. R. 2471, passed through Congress on March 10, 2022, and was eventually signed by President Biden on March 15, 2022. This bill amended the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act granting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory authority over synthetic nicotine. This study aims to examine the public perceptions of the Omnibus Bill that regulates synthetic nicotine products as tobacco products on Twitter (rebranded as X). Through the X streaming application programming interface, we collected and identified 964 tweets related to the Omnibus Bill on synthetic nicotine between March 8, 2022, and April 13, 2022. The longitudinal trend was used to examine the discussions related to the bill over time. An inductive method was used for the content analysis of related tweets. By hand-coding 200 randomly selected tweets by 2 human coders respectively with high interrater reliability, the codebook was developed for relevance, major topics, and attitude to the bill, which was used to single-code the rest of the tweets. Between March 8, 2022, and April 13, 2022, we identified 964 tweets related to the Omnibus Bill regulating synthetic nicotine. Our longitudinal trend analysis showed a spike in the number of tweets related to the bill during the immediate period following the bill's introduction, with roughly half of the tweets identified being posted between March 8 and 11, 2022. A majority of the tweets (497/964, 51.56%) had a negative sentiment toward the bill, while a much smaller percentage of tweets (164/964, 17.01%) had a positive sentiment toward the bill. Around 31.43% (303/964) of all tweets were categorized as objective news or questions about the bill. The most popular topic for opposing the bill was users believing that this bill would lead users back to smoking (145/497, 29.18%), followed by negative implications for small vape businesses (122/497, 24.55%) and government or FDA mistrust (94/497, 18.91%). The most popular topic for supporting the bill was that this bill would take a dangerous tobacco product targeted at teens off the market (94/164, 57.32%). We observed a more negative sentiment toward the bill on X, largely due to users believing it would lead users back to smoking and negatively impact small vape businesses. This study provides insight into public perceptions and discussions of this bill on X and adds valuable information for future regulations on alternative nicotine products.

Relevance Of Managerial Accounting In Financial And Budget Management

In the business environment, the present work aims to point out the role of Management Accounting in the management of the company, defined as a fundamental tool in the decision-making process within organizations. To analyze the information generated that helps managers achieve organizational objectives, answers to the following problem were sought: what are the benefits of adopting Management Accounting in business management? In search of an answer, the objective was to identify the benefits of Management Accounting within the business management model. The methodology used in this work was field study and bibliographic research. Through a structured interview, 10 questionnaires were applied, consisting of 8 objective questions, directed to accountants and administrators or professionals responsible for management, in companies from different market branches. For the survey of the company's practical information to be confronted with the theoretical knowledge related to the subject. The results showed that Management Accounting together with management is fundamental in the decision-making process

Assessment of knowledge of biomaterial used in periodontics among dentistry students: a cross -sectional study

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the degree of knowledge of biomaterials used in periodontics of dentistry undergraduate students from different semesters and universities in Brazil. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 210 students from the fifth and tenth semesters of dentistry graduation courses. A two-part (Part I, sociodemographic items; Part II, 15 objective questions about biomaterials used in periodontics) questionnaire survey was conducted using Google Forms. Results: Most participants reported having some knowledge of biomaterials (57%), with 48% stating they had little knowledge. during graduation; were interested in biomaterials; considered feasible the use of biomaterials during the graduation course. Most students considered biomaterial use safe (97%) and specific qualification for biomaterial use to be unnecessary (58%). No statistically significant association was found between sociodemographic factors and the degree of knowledge of biomaterials. Discussion: The opportunity to work with biomaterials during graduation was associated with the degree of knowledge of biomaterials. Most participants did not have the opportunity to work with biomaterials during graduation and considered that they knew nothing or little about biomaterials. Conclusion: Based on the results, we conclude that there is a gap in theoretical and practical knowledge regarding biomaterial use in periodontics in dentistry graduation courses in Brazil.

Increasing pediatric primary care providers’ confidence and use of in-office interventions for anxiety: an application of the project ECHO model

PurposeThe prevalence of pediatric anxiety disorders is on the rise but youth have challenges in accessing specialty evidence-based mental health care. As a result, families turn to their pediatric primary care provider (PCP) for assessment and management of anxiety. To increase PCPs’ abilities to manage anxiety, the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (“Project ECHO”) was used. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of Project ECHO on participating PCPs’ knowledge, self-efficacy and interventions surrounding the assessment and management of anxiety.Design/methodology/approachData were collected pre- and post-course across five cohorts. Participants completed a clinical knowledge test, ratings of self-efficacy and self-reported frequencies of in-office interventions. Satisfaction was also measured.FindingsAttendance remained strong, and participants rated high satisfaction. From pre- to post-course, participants demonstrated increased knowledge on almost all objective questions. Participants reported increased self-efficacy across all domains. Finally, participants endorsed increased use of several in-office interventions.Practical implicationsThis study highlights the importance of Project ECHO as a continuing education model to enhance PCPs’ abilities and confidence in the assessment and management of anxiety. Future continuing education endeavors should consider Project ECHO as a means of increasing PCPs’ capacity to manage mental health conditions.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that applied the Project ECHO model to pediatric anxiety as a mechanism of increasing knowledge, self-efficacy and in-office interventions with PCPs.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPAS pada Kelas V di SDN 18 Balimbing

Based on observations of the learning process carried out at SDN 18 Balimbing, the learning process in science subjects is still teacher centred. In this case the teacher still explains the learning material from beginning to end, where students are not involved in the process of discussing the material. When the teacher is explaining the material, there is no student involvement in discussing the material, not all students pay attention and lack concentration in listening to the teacher's explanation and there are also students who carry out other activities that are not related to the current learning. This type of research is quantitative research using a Quasy Experiment approach. The population in this study was class V students at SDN 18 Balimbing. The samples for this research were class V.A as the experimental class and V.B as the control class, each consisting of 16 students. The data collection technique uses a test in the form of 40 objective questions, then the resulting data obtained is analyzed using the t-test. The results of this research show that the average score for the experimental class is 80.62, while the average score for the control class is 67.81. Based on the t-test calculation, the tcount ˃ ttable value is 3.364 ˃ 2.042, meaning there is a significant difference in learning outcome values ​​at the significance level ɑ 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of the Flipped Classroom learning model influences learning outcomes in class V science and science subjects at SDN 18 Balimbing

Suboptimal Analysis of the Differential System of the Conceptual Trailer Air Brake Valve

Motivation: To increase the efficiency of the brake valve by adding a corrective member. Background: The speed of response and smooth transition between modes of operation in the braking system are the primary research questions. Objective and research question: Will the optimal selection of the input parameters of the differentiating part of a conceptual brake valve ensure the speed of operation and enable a smooth transition from the accelerating mode to the tracking mode? Methods: The mathematical model of the differentiating part of the brake valve uses the lumped method, and the solution was obtained by numerical means. Results: Within the assumed range of variation of spring stiffness and control piston bore throughput, the distribution maps of action times and piston lift were determined, and the optimal configuration of the analyzed input parameters was obtained by a genetic algorithm. Future research: future activities will focus on the development of a system of smooth variation of the throughput of the connecting chamber of the differential part of the valve. Conclusions: The determined maps of functional parameter distributions are the basis for the selection of components of the braking system; optimization indicates the directions of modification of the valve in order to obtain an acceptable performance system.

Awareness of radiation risks by medical students & referrers requesting radiological examinations in the North of Scotland: an audit

IntroductionRadiological imaging has played an important role in diagnostic medicine for over a century, though it is known to contribute to dermatological conditions, cataracts, and cancer. The associated risk of harm has led to the introduction of protective regulations around the world. Present-day NHS clinicians are increasingly requesting and relying on diagnostic imaging. Knowledge surrounding the radiation doses of common radiological investigations and the associated risks is imperative, and on a global level has been found to be inadequate. Consequently, there is a need for the formal inclusion of teaching within training programmes.Aims/objectivesThis prospective audit aims to establish the knowledge of radiation doses and risks of common radiological investigations of both medical students and referrers within four NHS Health Boards based in the North of Scotland. It also seeks to establish prior teaching and the preference for further educational interventions.Audit standardReferrers should have adequate knowledge of radiation doses and the risks associated with common radiological investigations.Audit targetThe standard should be achieved by 90% of referrers.MethodsA 19-question online survey was devised to include subjective and objective questions on ionising radiation awareness, education preference, and respondent demographics, based on RCR (Royal College of Radiologists) audit criteria and previous studies. Data collection was conducted between the 22/02/23 to the 22/03/2023 and the questionnaire was distributed to senior medical students and radiological referrers of different grades within NHS Grampian, NHS Highland, NHS Shetland, and NHS Orkney. A descriptive analysis of the data was undertaken using Microsoft Excel Version 16.71.ResultsTwo hundred eight questionnaires were completed. 22.11% (n = 46) of the sample population had received no prior teaching on the topic of ionising radiation. Over half of the respondents (51.92%, n = 108) rated the importance of radiation risks as either important or extremely important, with 69.71% (n = 145) of participants rating their perceived knowledge as limited or average. Most correctly identified that a CT scan (n = 203), PET-CT scan (n = 199) and a chest x-ray (n = 196) exposed patients to ionising radiation. A small proportion of the participants incorrectly thought that an MRI scan (n = 21) and an ultrasound scan (n = 2) involved ionising radiation. The results obtained failed to meet the RCR audit target, which states that 90% of doctors should be aware of common radiological doses. It was observed that only 17.79% (n = 37) of survey respondents scored over 50% in the knowledge assessment, with the median knowledge score of the whole cohort being 2.5 out of 9 (27.78%).Respondents who had prior teaching on the topic performed better those who had no prior teaching, with average scores of 3.19 (35.44%) and 2.04 (22.67%) respectively. Senior clinicians performed better when compared to junior clinicians and medical students.Conclusion & future recommendationsThis audit found that the knowledge of radiation risks within the North of Scotland in the selected sample population was insufficient across all levels of the clinical team. Further, continuous education around the topic and future audit opportunities may help to optimise knowledge and training.

Knowledge of residents about Chagas disease and its vectors in a municipality of Juruá, Amazonas

Introduction: Chagas disease (CD) is an infectious condition caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, primarily transmitted by vectors. Understanding the diversity of these vectors in a region is crucial for disease prophylaxis, with vector control being the main measure to reduce its incidence. Therefore, it is essential to enhance knowledge about triatomines to guide prevention and promotion actions, with active community participation. Objective: to describe residents’ knowledge about Chagas disease and its vectors in a municipality in the Western Amazon of Brazil. Methods: the data was collected by means of an interview with the application of a semi-structured questionnaire containing objective and subjective questions to residents over 18 years of age in the urban area of the municipality of Guajará - AM in their homes. Results: out of 400 participants, 75% reported having heard of Triatomines. 65.38% of those who encountered a suspected insect in their home or surroundings claimed to have killed it and most could not indicate where the insect should be taken (91.25%). Only 40.25% correctly identified the triatomines, with Rhodnius montenegrensis (22.75%) being the most chosen. Most were unaware of signs/symptoms (70.25%), transmission routes (52.75%), and preventive measures (62.5%) related to CD. Regarding dietary habits: 93% consumed açaí (Euterpe olerácea), 88.75% buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), 65.5% sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), 50.5% bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba), 50.25% patoá (Oenocarpus bataua), and 75.75% game meat. Conclusion: the research revealed several knowledge gaps on the topic, emphasizing the need to intensify health education actions.

INFLUENCE OF DIRECT INSTRUCTION SPOKEN ENGLISH (DISE) PROGRAMMES ON LEARNING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN DAY SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN RWANDA, A CASE OF BUGESERA DISTRICT

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of direct instruction spoken English (DISE) programmes on learning English as a second language in day secondary schools in Rwanda. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population for this study consisted of students, teachers, head teachers, and the Director of Studies (DOS) in Bugesera district, which amounted to a total of 253 participants. The sample size was 145 people, including 26 English teachers, 108 students, 7 Directors of Studies (DOS), and 4 head teachers. Results on first objective indicated that 80.8% strongly agreed that providing progress-monitoring English assessment is among the direct instructions for speaking English programmes. 92.3% strongly agreed that providing progress-monitoring English assessments, 61.5% strongly agreed that taking advantage of students native-language literacy skills, and 69.2% strongly agreed that teaching academic and English,80.8% strongly agreed that engaging students with fast-paced, multi-sensory activities are among the direct instructions for speaking English. Results on second objective indicated that 76.9% strongly agreed that creating an English, 69.0% strongly agreed that the degree of learning English as a second language is indicated by English-language teaching guidelines, 61.5% strongly agreed that the level of studying English as a second language is shown by practicing speaking English with other students, and 73.1% strongly agreed that responding to questions in English demonstrates proficiency in English as a second language. These findings suggest Finally, the third objective and research question are the influence of direct instruction spoken English (DISE) programmes on learning English as a second language in day secondary schools in Rwanda. The correlation matrix between independent variables (engaging students with fast-paced, multi-sensory activities, providing progress-monitoring English assessment, teaching academic and English vocabulary, etc.) and dependent variables (improved English speaking, improved English reading skills, and improved English writing skills) shows positive significance since the p-value was less than 0.05. These programmes, which focus on explicit teaching of language skills like grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation, lead to significant improvements in oral proficiency. The structured nature of these programmes, along with interactive activities, reinforces learning and builds confidence in using the language. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the long-term effects of direct instruction in spoken English programmes on the language proficiency and academic performance of students.

Students’ Chemical Literacy Ability of Senior High School in Gowa Regency

This research aims to describe chemical abilities in terms of content knowledge, chemical context, and higher-order learning skills of students on chemical equilibrium. This research is quantitative research with a survey method. The subjects of this research were students in six schools in Gowa Regency. The population in this study were all state high schools in Gowa Regency. The sampling technique is using random sampling after grouping schools based on accreditation. The instruments in this research were a chemical literacy ability test in the form of 20 multiple-choice objective questions. Chemists and chemical education experts carried out instrument validation. Empirical validation was carried out in class XI MIPA. The research results show that chemical literacy abilities in terms of content knowledge, chemical context, and higher-order learning skills are in the medium category.

Relevant factors and the student profile that result in dropout in higher education: A case study at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo campus Itapina

School dropout consists of the definitive departure of the student without completing his or her original course. This work aimed to discuss reasons that led students between the years 2014 and 2016 to drop out of the higher education course of Agricultural Sciences at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo. This research focused on investigating possible reasons for dropout that may be internal, that is, linked to the institution or linked to the personal situations of former students. Exploratory research of a qualitative nature was chosen, using tools for data collection and analysis quantitatively and qualitatively, in addition to the methodology of participatory observation. In the technical procedures, a questionnaire with objective questions was applied, based on a questionnaire used to measure the dropout of students from the institution. According to the answers obtained, it was inferred that the main reasons that led the students to drop out were the lack of recognition of the teaching profession, dissatisfaction with the contents and chosen course, dissatisfaction with their own academic performance, among others. It is necessary to emphasize that some of the above-mentioned answers disagree when taking into account that the highest dropout rates occur in the first semesters, showing that little persistence or support for the student in permanence in the course can also be a determining factor.

Current Practices in Genetic Testing for Prostate Cancer: The Indian Scenario.

Despite genetic testing being recommended by international guidelines for the selection of targeted therapy for prostate cancer (PCa), limited data are available on genetic testing for PCa in India. The objective is to understand the current genetic testing practice pattern for PCa in India. A panel of 9 experts developed and validated a premeeting online questionnaire comprising 12 objective questions. The questionnaire was circulated from February 2022 to May 2022 among medical oncologists and uro-oncologists across pan-India, followed by response collection over 3 months. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize results and concluding statements were formulated on current genetic testing practice patterns for PCa. A total of 103 responses were received. Genetic testing was advised by 35.9% of the participants in <5% of patients with PCa. Patients with a family history of PCa (88.3%) were most commonly referred for genetic testing. Nearly half (50.2%) of the participants routinely tested for homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes; 52% used blood and tissue as the most preferred specimen for performing genetic testing and 44.7% followed the testing sequence of tumor tissue followed by blood. Major barriers to genetic testing were affordability and scarcity of genetic counselors, while a major change could be brought by making it cost-effective and improving access to medication. We observed a lower prescription frequency of genetic testing for the HRR gene across pan-India. Improving the quality and access to genetic testing and the availability of cost-effective-targeted therapies will aid in delivering personalized care to patients with metastatic PCa.

BB-GeoGPT: A framework for learning a large language model for geographic information science

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit impressive capabilities across diverse tasks in natural language processing. Nevertheless, challenges arise such as large model parameter size and limited model accessibility through APIs such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, which prohibits the model deployment on mobile devices and domain adaptation or fine-tuning. Moreover, while LLMs excel in general domains, their performance in specialized fields such as GIS may not always align with the expectations of domain experts. This is primarily attributed to the diverse disciplinary origins of the training data, which often lack comprehensive coverage and treatment of knowledge specific to individual disciplines (e.g., GIS). Therefore, there is a crucial need to train and adapt LLMs specifically designed for different professional fields. In this paper, our focus is on the GIS domain, where we introduce BB(BaBy)-GeoGPT, a large language model with GIS-specific knowledge. To achieve this goal, we curated a comprehensive set of resources, comprising model pretraining data (BB-GeoPT, 26,907 documents), supervised fine-tuning data (BB-GeoSFT, 35,876 instructions), and evaluation data (BB-GeoEval, 600 objective questions and 150 subjective questions). BB-GeoGPT is developed by first adapting an open-source general-domain LLM, the LLaMA-2-7B model, to our pretraining data. Subsequently, we use instruction tuning to further fine-tune the model on our BB-GeoSFT. Through extensive experiments on the evaluation dataset, BB-GeoGPT demonstrates improvements ranging from 10.55% to 47.57% for objective questions and from 7.87% to 27.73% for subjective questions, when compared to general LLMs of similar size in terms of accuracy. Moreover, our data collection strategy and the amassed data can serve as a foundation for advancing LLM research in the GIS domain, fostering further development.

The education of fishing workers about accidents caused by marine animals: a study in the Região dos Lagos of Rio de Janeiro

Fishing exposes workers to various occupational risks, including accidents caused by poisonous, venomous and traumatizing marine animals. With this in mind, the aim of this study is to present educational activities for people working in the fishing activities in the Região dos Lagos (Lakes Region) of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, with a focus on accidents caused by marine animals (ACMA). The protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (CAAE: 53959421.8.0000.5153). The activities were carried out in the municipalities of Armação dos Búzios, Arraial do Cabo and Cabo Frio and included a workshop on the subject, lasting an average of four hours, preceded (pre-test) and followed (post-test) by an assessment consisting of objective questions on the ACMA. A total of 47 workers (with an average working time of 15.2±12.8 years) took part in the activity. Each professional suffered an average of three ACMA. A comparison of the pre-test and post-test results showed a higher percentage of correct answers to almost all the questions. Further studies are needed to estimate the risks of ACMA among fishing workers and to improve educational actions to minimize the impact of these injuries on this population.

An assessment of Brazilian dentists' knowledge about tooth fragment reattachment: A cross-sectional study.

Crown fractures are common traumatic dental injuries and tooth fragment reattachment is a viable option for restoring a fractured tooth. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and experience of dentists in the Federal District regarding the tooth fragment reattachment technique for enamel and dentin fractures. For the cross-sectional observational study, an electronic form was designed with objective and self-report questions for dentists. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with their absolute and relative frequencies. For the analysis of categorical variables, the nonparametric chi-squared or Fisher exact association tests were used in the statistical software R (version 4.2.1). A total of 416 dentists participated in the study (58.9% female and 41.1% male). Of these, 70% declared they knew about fragment reattachment, but only 42.3% reported previous experience with this procedure. The most common storage medium used for the fractured fragment was milk (78.1%), and the bonding material used for reattachment was light-cured composite resin (86.3%). A majority (66.3%) reported that for a patient with enamel and dentin fracture, with the crown fragment in good condition, they would choose to do the reattachment. Dentists demonstrated that they had adequate knowledge about the tooth fragment technique, although many did not have previous experience with this procedure.

SUBJECTIVE ANSWERS EVALUATION USING ML &amp; NLP

Every year, educational boards and universities conduct exams in offline mode, where a large number of students take subjective type exams. Evaluating such a vast number of papers manually requires significant effort. The quality of evaluation can also vary depending on the evaluator's mood, making the process inconsistent. Moreover, the manual evaluation is both lengthy and time-consuming. On the other hand, competitive and entrance exams typically consist of objective or multiple-choice questions (MCQs). These exams are evaluated using machines, making the process straightforward. This method also conserves resources and minimizes human interaction, resulting in error-free evaluations. While multiple systems are available for evaluating objective (MCQ) type questions, there is a lack of provision for assessing subjective (descriptive) type questions. Automating the evaluation process for descriptive answers would be extremely beneficial for educational institutions, as it would enable efficient and accurate assessment of students' exam answer sheets. Key Words: Subjective type exams, manual evaluation, evaluation consistency, time-consuming, objective type questions, multiple-choice questions (MCQs), automated evaluation, educational institutions, efficient assessment, accurate assessment, error-free evaluations, evaluation systems, descriptive answers, resource conservation, human interaction minimization