Test Questions Research Articles

CME Test Questions: February 2025

CME Test Questions: February 2025

Understanding empathy and theory of mind in Romanian dental students for improved educational strategies

Empathy and theory of mind (ToM) are critical components of social cognition that significantly impact patient care. This study evaluates the levels of empathy and ToM among dental students in Romania, examining demographic influences and predictors of high empathy. Utilizing the Toronto Empathy Questionnaire, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test and sociodemographic questions, the study involved 300 dental students, 78.3% females, with a median age of 22. Statistical analyses included the chi-square, Mann–Whitney and correlation tests. Logistic regression was used for the prediction of the highest tertile of empathy. The findings revealed that 73.3% of students had higher-than-average levels of empathy. High empathy is associated in a multivariate model with female gender (OR 2.032, 95% CI 1.041–3.963), excellent or very good perceived health status (OR 1.903, 95% CI 1.143–3.167), and theory of mind (OR 1.078, 95% CI 1.011–1.149). However, the year of study and perceived stress levels did not significantly influence empathy scores. A subset of students (25.6%) showing below-average ToM scores raises concerns, emphasizing the need for further investigation and screening of possible related conditions to enable early detection and intervention. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating empathy training and cognitive skill development into dental education to foster patient-centered care and address the emotional and cognitive needs of future practitioners.

Developing and evaluating a training programme in legal psychology for Finnish asylum officials

ABSTRACT Recent research has questioned the accuracy of asylum decisions, as asylum officials only partly follow evidence-based interviewing methods and hold assumptions regarding human memory and behavior that are not supported by psychological science. To correctly and effectively adjudicate asylum claims, asylum officials need more training in evidence-based interviewing and decision-making methods. We developed a novel 75-hour-long hybrid training programme in legal psychology for asylum officials and evaluated its effectiveness in a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest study with a waitlist control group. We measured the participants’ knowledge about relevant legal psychology topics such as memory and interviewing, and their ability to identify, evaluate, and produce appropriate interview questions in an online test. The training had a large positive immediate effect (d = 1.67) on the test scores and the improvements remained after a follow-up period of 5 months. The results indicate clear support for the utility of the novel training programme. Future studies should assess the transfer of the acquired knowledge to actual asylum adjudications.

Sleep disturbances in patients with comorbid coronary heart disease and depression

Aim. To study the presence and severity of insomnia in patients with comorbid coronary heart disease (CHD) and depressive disorder (DD).Materials and methods. The study included 132 patients with CHD (class II–III exertional angina after myocardial infarction experienced more than 6 months ago): 58 patients with DD and 74 patients without depression. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to diagnose DD. The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by a therapist. Sleep disturbances were assessed using the Sheehan Patient-Rated Anxiety Scale (ShAS). The data were presented as M ± SD; n (%); and Me [25%; 75%]. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05.Results. Insomnia in the general group of patients was registered as follows: none or clinically not significant – in 62 patients (54.9%), clinically significant – in 51 patients (45.1%). Night awakenings in the general group of patients were detected as follows: none or clinically not significant – in 66 patients (58.4%), clinically significant – in 47 patients (41.6%). Disturbances in falling asleep and night awakenings were significantly pronounced in patients with CHD with identified DD compared to patients without mental disorders: disturbances in falling asleep – 2 [1; 3] vs. 1 [0; 2] (p = 0.0001), night awakenings – 2 [1; 3] vs. 1 [0; 2] (p = 0.00002), respectively. In the group of CHD with DD (n = 58), 2 people (3.4%) did not complete the scale. Among those who did, 12 patients (21.4%) had no difficulty falling asleep, 9 patients (16.1%) had little difficulty, and 35 patients (62.5%) had clinically significant disturbances. In the group of CHD without DD (n = 74), 17 people (23%) did not complete the scale. Among those who did (n = 57), 21 patients (36.8%) had no difficulty falling asleep, 20 patients (35.1%) had little difficulty, and 16 patients (28.1%) had clinically significant problems. In patients with comorbid CHD and DD who completed the ShARS (n = 56), 7 patients (12.5%) had no night awakenings, 17 patients (30.4%) had few night awakenings, and 32 patients (57.1%) had clinically significant disturbances in maintaining sleep. In the group without DD, among those who completed the ShARS (n = 57), 18 patients (31.6%) had no night awakenings, 24 patients (42.1%) had few night awakenings, and 15 patients (26.4%) had clinically significant disturbances in maintaining sleep. Significant differences were noted for all test questions (p < 0.0005).Conclusion. In patients with comorbid CHD and DD, changes in the circadian rhythm are detected in the form of significant disturbances in falling asleep and awakening, which can aggravate the clinical course of CHD and the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular diseases.

Frontier-Model Chatbots Can Help Instructors Create, Improve, and Use Learning Objectives.

Learning Objectives (LOs) are a pillar of course design and execution, and thus a focus of curricular reforms. This study explored the extent to which the creation and usage of LOs might be facilitated by three leading chatbots: ChatGPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Google Gemini Advanced. We posed three main questions, as follows. Question A: When given course content, can chatbots create LOs that are consistent with five best practices in writing LOs? Question B: When given LOs for a low level of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, can chatbots convert them to a higher level? Question C: When given LOs, can chatbots create assessment questions that meet six criteria of quality? We explored these questions in the context of four undergraduate courses: Applied Exercise Physiology, Human Anatomy, Human Physiology, and Motor Learning. According to instructor ratings, chatbots had a >70% success rate on most individual criteria for Questions A-C. However, chatbots' "difficulties" with a few criteria (e.g., provision of appropriate context for an LO's action, assignment of an appropriate Revised Bloom's taxonomy level) meant that, overall, only 38.3% of chatbot outputs fully met all criteria and thus were possibly ready for use with students. Our findings thus underscore the continuing need for instructor oversight of chatbot outputs, but also illustrate chatbots' potential to expedite the design and improvement of LOs and LO-related curricular materials such as Test Question Templates (TQTs), which directly align LOs with assessment questions.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTEXTUAL-BASED CHEMISTRY TEACHING MATERIALS ON THE SUBJECT OF BUFFER SOLUTION IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

This study was aimed to analyse: (1) Development of contextual-based chemistry teaching materials on the subject of BSNP standardized buffer solutions, (2) Validity of lecturers and chemistry teachers on developed chemistry teaching materials, (3) Improvement of student learning outcomes with the use of contextual-based chemistry teaching materials on the subject of developed buffer solutions. The research method uses RD with ADDIE model.The instruments used are in the form of interview sheets, BSNP standardized teaching material validation sheets, student response questionnaire sheets, and test question instruments as many as 20 valid questions. After being validated, this teaching material was tested to students of class XI IPA 1 SMA N 11 Medan in the 2023/2024. The research results obtained, namely: (1) The development was carried out using the RD method with the ADDIE development model which was adjusted to the BSNP eligibility standards, (2) The results of validation obtained an average value of 3,64 with valid criteria and feasible to use and based on student response questionnaires to teaching materials obtained an average value of 92,23% with very good criteria (3) The results of the N-Gain analysis obtained by 0,33 with a medium category,there is an increase in student learning outcomes.

Gen Z Generation's Difficulties in Proving Trigonometric Identities with The Help of Gpt Chat

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies, which play an important role among emerging technologies, have developed rapidly and have begun to be used in various fields in recent years, especially in education. Many factors cause low student learning ability in mathematics lessons. This study aimed to analyze Gen Z students' difficulties in completing trigonometric identity proofs by utilizing ChatGPT Trigonometry-assisted learning. The type of research used was qualitative research. Research data were collected through observation of student activities, direct interviews, and related literature studies. This research was conducted in SMA N 1 Indralaya Selatan. The instruments used were test question sheets and interview guidelines. The results of this study indicate that Generation Z struggles with basic trigonometry concepts, early solution strategies, and proper algebraic manipulation. In addition, reliance on ChatGPT often reduces students' conceptual understanding of the material. This article recommends learning strategies integrating technology and direct teacher assistance to improve learning effectiveness.

Analisis Kesulitan Belajar Matematika Dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Pilihan Ganda Konteks Sehari-hari Materi Perkalian Pada Peserta Didik Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar Negeri 24 Pontianak Tenggara

The aim of this study is to determine whether there are still students experiencing learning difficulties in solving multiplication word problems within the learning process of the Merdeka Curriculum. This research uses a Descriptive Quantitative method. The data sources for this study are 22 fourth-grade students from State Elementary School 24 Pontianak Tenggara and one class teacher. The data collection instruments used in this research are observation, interviews, and test questions. The results of the study indicate that 8 out of the 22 fourth-grade students did not meet the school's minimum mastery criteria of 75. A total of 8 students (36%) still experience learning difficulties in solving multiplication word problems.

Virtual Neonatal Resuscitation Curriculum for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to Improve Out-of-Hospital Newborn Care

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES Out-of-hospital births are associated with a 2-to 11-fold increased risk of death compared to in-hospital births and are growing. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) clinicians have limited exposure to hospital birth emergencies, and there is no standardized prehospital neonatal resuscitation curriculum. Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) guidelines are the standard of care for infants born in the United States but focuses on in-hospital births and is not easily applied to EMS. There is a need for tailored NRP training to meet EMS clinicians’ specific needs, context, and systems. METHODS This was a prospective observational study of a virtual EMS-tailored, newborn resuscitation curriculum focused on initial steps of newborn resuscitation in the out-of-hospital setting. The initial content (90-minute) was pilot tested virtually among 350 urban EMS clinicians, with favorable feedback (89% survey response rate). Based on feedback, we created a 60-minute interactive, virtual curriculum that includes NRP-based didactic and memory aids to reinforce how NRP differs from pediatric resuscitation designed specifically for EMS. The course also includes video demonstrations with pauses for hands-on self-directed skills practice. We delivered the curriculum to clinicians from 17 EMS agencies in rural Oregon. To assess neonatal resuscitation knowledge acquisition and retention, participants completed the same 10-question test before, after, and 3 months following the training. Questions were adapted from the 8th Edition NRP Textbook and NRP test questions. RESULTS Eighty-four EMS clinicians completed the pre-test, curriculum, and post-test and demonstrated improvement in immediate post-curriculum NRP knowledge (pre-test mean score 5.32 ± 1.99; post-test mean score 8.61 ± 1.26; p < 0.001). Forty participants completed the 3-month follow up test and scores remained improved from baseline (3 month-follow up mean score 6.88 ± 1.83, p < 0.001). Prehospital clinicians (N = 84) thought that this EMS-tailored NRP curriculum was easy to complete (100%), valuable to their clinical practice (99%), and filled a gap in their education (98%). They felt that implementing/requiring this training is possible/doable (99%) and recommend the curriculum to other EMS agencies (99%). CONCLUSIONS A virtual EMS-tailored, NRP-based educational curriculum improved neonatal resuscitation knowledge immediately and was sustained at 3 months compared to baseline. The curriculum is feasible and acceptable to EMS clinicians.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of GASMAN anesthesia simulation software combined with case-based learning versus traditional lecture-based learning in inhalation anesthesia education.

To evaluate the effectiveness of integrating GASMAN anesthesia simulation software with case-based learning (IGC) compared to traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) in teaching inhalation anesthesia to undergraduate anesthesiology students. Fourth-year students from two academic years (2022, n = 110; 2023, n = 131) enrolled in a five-year anesthesiology program were assigned to either traditional lecture-based learning (LBL) or IGC groups. The LBL group received traditional lectures using PowerPoint slides, while the IGC group engaged with GASMAN anesthesia simulation software (a tool designed for anesthesia simulation and gas monitoring) combined with case-based learning. The cases used in the IGC group were structured around realistic clinical scenarios, simulating real-world challenges in inhalation anesthesia. These scenarios were integrated with the GASMAN software to provide interactive simulations, enhancing students' understanding of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Teaching effectiveness was evaluated through expert assessments and student feedback, with learning outcomes compared via post-course assessments. The IGC group scored significantly higher in student evaluations in areas such as comprehending and mastering theoretical knowledge, resolving clinical challenges, nurturing clinical reasoning, increasing learning interest, enhancing learning efficiency, consolidating memory, improving analytical skills, and refining application proficiency (adjusted P < 0.001), however, there were no significant differences between the two groups in the improvement of practical skills. Post-course test scores were also higher in the IGC group for both total post-course test and subjective questions scores (adjusted P < 0.001), though no difference was found for objective question scores. After applying false discovery rate (FDR) correction, expert evaluation scores showed no significant differences between the two groups. The integration of GASMAN software with case-based learning significantly enhances the quality of inhalation anesthesia education by improving student engagement, critical thinking, and conceptual understanding. This approach demonstrates promise for advancing clinical education, although further research is needed to evaluate its long-term impact.

Japan’s super-aging society and the need for the dementia prevention -CKPT to detect decline before dementia onset and it’s application-

Background: The total world population was about 7.8 billion in 2020, but is expected to exceed 10.1 billion in 2060. The population of people aged 65 and over is also expected to rapidly increase from about 700 million to about 1.8 billion. This clearly indicates that the number of dementia patients, the biggest risk factor for which is aging, is rapidly increasing, and this is a challenge for humanity. In Japan, which has the world’s highest aging rate, the number of dementia patients is estimated to be about 6.3 million in 2020 and reach 11.54 million in 2060, and the burden on the public in relation to dementia care is a problem. For this reason, the government established the Dementia Policy Promotion Guidelines in 2019, and is promoting policies based on two pillars: coexistence with people with dementia and prevention of dementia. Objective: To detect subtle changes before the onset of dementia without using expensive equipment or invasive methods in order to prevent dementia. Methods: To achieve this goal, we devised a neuropsychological test called CKPT (Color Kanji Pick-out Test) and established evidence for it. We then established diagnostic criteria using large-scale data and are moving towards practical use. Results: It has been about a year since we started dementia prevention activities using CKPT, and we will introduce how it works in annal CKPT Reports. Since the CKPT can be easily translated into other languages, we have been preparing an English version. We have prepared the test questions and the explanatory Power Point presentation to be used when administering the test. Conclusion: I hope that someone will be interested in an English version of CKPT.

Profil Literasi Membaca pada Materi Mitigasi Bencana di Sekolah Dasar

The importance of developing reading materials on disaster mitigation aims to equip students with knowledge on self-rescue to reduce casualties and the consequences caused by disasters. Providing disaster mitigation education to students from an early age is one of the initial efforts to raise community awareness of disasters. Early-grade students are the most vulnerable group to natural disasters. To address this issue, it is necessary to develop storybooks incorporating disaster mitigation materials. This study employed a descriptive quantitative method. Descriptive research aims to provide an overview of phenomena within a specific population. Data collection methods in this study focused on students through written tests. The research sample consisted of 30 fourth-grade elementary school students, with 10 students selected as the sample, along with three teachers. Data were collected through interviews, test questions, and questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted using a descriptive qualitative approach. The results of the study revealed that elementary school students’ reading literacy met the medium criteria, with an achievement percentage of 68.82%. The study suggests that parents should be more involved in their children's literacy education.

CME Test Questions: January 2025

CME Test Questions: January 2025

The effectiveness of green technology-based STEAM projects to improve scientific literacy

Indonesian students' scientific literacy is classified as low in terms of international and regional research results. This research aims to increase students' scientific literacy through learning green technology-based STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, Mathematics)-projects. This research is a quasi-experimental study using a nonequivalent pretest-posttest control-group design. The research sample consisted of 288 junior high school students in Yogyakarta. The details of sample involved in this study were 144 students from the experimental class and 144 students from the control class. The sampling technique is cluster random sampling because the population is divided into regions or clusters. The instrument is in the form of scientific literacy test questions. The test items were analyzed using the gain score test and the Independent Sample T-Test with SPSS 22. The results showed that green technology-based STEAM projects can increase scientific literacy in the high category. The increase in students' scientific literacy in the experimental class was higher than in the control class. The results of the study also showed that there were differences in scientific literacy between the experimental class and the control class. Green technology-based STEAM projects can be an alternative for teachers to develop student's scientific literacy.

Analisis Kemampuan Literasi Digital Biologi Dan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Peserta Didik Kelas XI MIPA Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Kota Ternate

Along with the development of the 21st century, students are required to have high-level thinking skills, digital literacy, communication skills, personal and social responsibility. The objectives of the study: 1) to measure the level of digital literacy in biology and, 2) to measure the level of cognitive learning outcomes of class XI MIPA students at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Ternate City. This study was conducted using a descriptive quantitative research type. The population in this study was 115. The sampling technique was selected randomly in class XI MIPA, the selected samples were class XI MIPA 2 (28) and XI MIPA 4 (21) which totaled 49. The instruments used were a 32-item digital literacy questionnaire and 10 essay-type cognitive learning outcome test questions. The research data analysis technique used descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed a level of digital literacy ability in biology with a percentage of 2.04% in the very high category, 61.22% in the high category, 36.74% in the moderate category; 0% low category and 0% in the very low category. For cognitive learning outcomes obtained 53.06% in the very high category, 34.70% high, 10.20% sufficient, 21-40% in the low category, and 0% very low. Digital literacy should be used in useful things especially among students to be consumed both in the realm of education and society. For this reason, it is hoped that the development of digital literacy will continue to be carried out by schools, families and other institutions

Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning Dengan Bantuan Media Brosur Terhadap Keterampilan Argumentasi Siswa Kelas Xi Di Sma It Nurul Hasan Kota Ternate

ABSTRACTIn responding to problems that arise, especially related to the implementation of Biology learning, it is important to improve argumentation skills so that appropriate efforts are needed to overcome them. One alternative that can be done to this problem is to use the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model. The application of this model makes students more active in thinking by analyzing and inquiring about real problems around them so that they create a deep impression in learning. The purpose of this research is to analyze the influence of the Problem Based Learning model with the help of brochure media on the argumentation skills of grade XI students at Nurul Hasan IT High School, Ternate City. This research method uses a quantitative approach. In this study, using the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model with the help of brochure media, this type of research is a quasi-experiment. The design of this study is a pretest - posttest control group design. In this design, the experimental group and the control group were tested twice, namely the pretest and the posttest. The technique in collecting data in this study, namely the Essay test questions as many as 5 questions, and the observation of teachers and students, to determine the achievement of the Problem Based Learning learning model. The data in this study used the analysis of prerequisite tests, normality tests, homogeneity tests, and hypothesis tests using SPSS 29.0. Based on the results of the study using the t-test, it was obtained that there was an influence of the Problem Based Learning model with the help of brochure media on students' argumentation skills on environmental pollution materials with a significance value of 0.002 &lt; 0.05, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Problem Based Learning model with the help of brochure media on the argumentation skills of grade XI students at Nurul Hasan IT High School, Ternate CityKeywords: Problem Based Learning, argumentation skills, brochure

Development of Student Activity Sheets (SAS) to Practice Each Creativity Characteristics on Redox Reaction with Project Based Learning (PjBL) Model

This study aims to determine the feasibility of a Project Based Learning (PjBL) based student activity sheet (SAS) as a learning media on redox reaction material. The feasibility of this SAS is reviewed based on validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The research method used is the research and development model. The product trial design used a one-group pretest posttest. This research was conducted with a total of 29 student in class XI. The research instruments used in this study were SAS validation sheet, student response questionnaire sheet, student activity observation sheet, learning implementation observation sheet, creativity test question sheet, and learning outcome test question sheet. The SAS developed was declared: (1) feasible because it gets a mode score of 4, (2) practical because it gets the results of the student response questionnaire of 97.6%, the results of the observation of student activity and the observation of learning implementation which gets a mode score of 5, (3) effective for training student' creativity because it gets a p-value of 0.000 from the results of the paired sample t-test which shows that the posttest value is higher than the pretest value and there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest values. The effectiveness of the developed SAS is also supported by the results of the learning outcomes test which get a p-value of 0.000 from the paired sample t-test results which also show that the posttest value is higher than the pretest value and there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest values. For this reason, PjBL-based SAS on redox reaction material is suitable for use as a learning medium.

Examining Ghanaian Lower Secondary School Science Test through Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy

This study examined integrated science questions of the Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE) in Ghana at the end of grade 9. Results from BECE determine which senior high school a student can attend. Science questions (n = 751) over the span of eight years were analyzed in this study and viewed under the lens of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy using content analysis. Results show that the majority of the test questions fall under the categories of remembering facts and understanding issues in the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. There were fewer questions related to applying acquired knowledge and analyzing or evaluating issues. Test questions did not include items testing the creation of new knowledge or related combinations. Questions were proportionally distributed across agriculture and environmental science, and the natural sciences (biology, physics, and chemistry). The test also contained several inquiry-related questions distributed across the taxonomy levels and various disciplines. Inquiry questions spanned remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, and evaluating with most questions belonging to remembering and understanding. By emphasizing higher-order thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, and creation in test questions, it is possible that the test may direct science education to enhance students’ competencies in their personal and professional lives.

CẢI TIẾN QUY TRÌNH LÀM ĐỀ VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN HỆ THỐNG CHẤM THI TỰ ĐỘNG TRONG MÔN TIN HỌC ĐẠI CƯƠNG

This paper presents several improvements to standardize the creation of test questions and answers and digitize all of these documents. The authors successfully researched and developed an automatic grading system for the subject of General Computer Science. The automatic grading system will select the criteria that must be assessed on the student's test, match them with the digitized criteria in the answers, and grade them according to the corresponding ratio. This solution improves efficiency and consistency and ensures accuracy and objectivity in student assessment. Experimental results show that the proposed method can entirely and effectively replace the traditional manual grading method, improving the quality of teaching and learning for General Informatics.

Reliability and Validity Analysis of Test Paper Quality Based on True Score Theory -- A Case Study of Linear Algebra

In this paper, two undergraduate majors were randomly selected as samples from the final examination of Linear Algebra in Nanchang Engineering College, and their final examination papers of Linear Algebra were used as the research object to analyse the reliability and validity of the papers respectively. Firstly, the reliability of the test papers was calculated to be 0.731 by the alpha coefficient method, and the degree of influence of each test question on the reliability of the test papers was analysed. Secondly, the content validity of the test papers is qualitatively analysed by using the two-way breakdown table of the examination content and competence requirements, with the average of the midterm grade and the usual grade as the validity score, and the correlation validity of the test papers obtained by using the correlation method is 0.669. Therefore, the reliability and validity of the final paper of "Linear Algebra" meet the requirements of the two undergraduate majors for the professional certification of engineering education. The test results truly and objectively reflect the actual level of the candidates, and the measurement results can reflect the intended purpose of the test