Rutin Research Articles

Electron Scattering at Ru–TiN–Ru Interface Stacks

Electron Scattering at Ru–TiN–Ru Interface Stacks

Molecularly imprinted alginate-PVP membrane for the selective fluorescence detection of flavonoids in foods: A practical case for rutin

Flavonoids benefits have rendered them interesting molecules in the realm of sensing. However, a significant challenge lies in their selective and sensitive detection in complex matrices. One of the most relevant flavonoids is rutin (RU), a flavonoid glycoside. In this work, a novel, straightforward, and green approach is proposed to prepare a selective molecularly imprinted membrane (MIM) for RU based on sodium alginate and polyvinylpyrrolidone, following a central composite design for the optimization of the MIM preparation. The developed membrane was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy to assess the functional, thermal, and morphological properties of the membrane, respectively. The developed MIM was successfully applied for the selective and sensitive solid spectro-fluorescence sensing of RU within a concentration range of 0.01–10 µg/mL and a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.6 ng/mL. Furthermore, a new 3D-printed smartphone accessory was designed and applied in smartphone-based solid fluorescence assays. This innovation enabled portable, label-free, rapid, cheap, and green detection of RU across a concentration interval of 0.05–10 µg/mL, with a LOD of 20 ng/mL. Moreover, MIM showed important long-term stability and good reusability (10 regeneration cycles). Finally, the proposed methodology was validated using an accuracy statistical approach. Overall, this study didn’t only demonstrate an innovative and straightforward approach to imprinting technology but also highlighted the promise of the proposed smartphone-based sensing method as a versatile tool with a broad range of applications to automatize the analysis and to enhance portable diagnosis technology.

Design of Experiment Enhanced Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Analysis of Ascorbic Acid and Rutin

This work intends to develop a QbD-based RP-HPLC method and validate rutin (RU) and ascorbic acid (ASC) in combined tablet dosage form. The method is optimized by the central composite design. The independent variables chosen are mobile phase ratio and pH. The dependent variables are retention time for RU (R1), retention time for ascorbic acid ASC (R2), and resolution (R3). Analysis of variance revealed that the method parameters were significant (p <5). Waters Alliance-e2695 [C18 (150x 4.6 mm, 3.5)] was used to separate rutin and ascorbic acid using a mobile phase Acetonitrile: Hexane Sulphonic Acid (pH-2.5/OPA) in a 70:30 ratio, the selected wavelength was 215 nm. Method validation and degradation studies were performed ICH guidelines are followed. The approach was determined to be easy, suitable, accurate, precise, and robust for quantitative analysis of ascorbic acid and rutin.

Divergent metabolism of two lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pulp flavonols and their modulatory effects on gut microbiota: Discovery of hydroxyethylation in vitro colonic fermentation.

Quercetin 3-O-rutinose-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside (QRR), a characteristic lychee pulp flavonoid, has been linked to diverse bioactivities involving microbial metabolism. By integrating colonic fermentation and mass spectrometry, the catabolites including 7-O-hydroxyethyl-isorhamnetin and 3'-amino-4'-O-methyl-7-O-hydroxyethyl-isorhamnetin were unprecedently identified and unique to QRR metabolism, relative to the structural analog quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (QR) metabolism. These above-described metabolites highlighted a special biotransformation hydroxyethylation in QRR catabolism. QRR was partially deglycosylated into quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-α-l-rhamnoside potentially catalyzed by Bacteroides. QR was more directly degradable to aglycone during colonic fermentation than are QRR. Unlike with QR fermentation, equivalent QRR effectively upregulated concentrations of propionic and butyric acids that were highly relevant with Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus. After fermentation, the relative abundances of Bacteroides uniformis (0.03%) and Akkermansia muciniphila (0.13%) were only upregulated by QRR among all fermentation groups, leading to the enrichments of the corresponding genera. These results further reveal the relationship between flavonoid structures and metabolic characteristics.

Ultrasensitive rutin electrochemical sensor based on in-situ salt template growth two-bimetallic ZIF-derived zinc/cobalt@nitrogen doped ultra-thin carbon nanosheets (Zn/Co@N[sbnd]CNSs)

Rutin (RU) is a common flavonoid compound that has attracted widespread attention. Accurately and quickly detecting RU is crucial. Herein, a novel electrochemical RU sensor based on in-situ salt template two-dimension ZIF-derived ultra-thin zinc/cobalt@ nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets composites modified glassy carbon electrode (Zn/Co@NCNSs/GCE) was constructed. Zn/Co-ZIF was synthesized by in-situ salt template method and the ultra-thin sheet structure Zn/Co@NCNSs were obtained by directly pyrolysis Zn/Co-ZIF and template removal showing good electrochemical performance for rutin detection, which benefited from the sheet structure with larger surface. For the detection of rutin, the Zn/Co@NCNSs/GCE showed wider linear range (10 nM - 1000 nM) and lower detection limit (LOD, 2.7 nM). In addition, the sensor achieved good recovery and accuracy in detecting RU in actual samples (RU tablets and orange juice).

Strong metal–support interaction boosts the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution capability of Ru nanoparticles supported on titanium nitride

AbstractRuthenium (Ru) has been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to substitute Pt for catalyzing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), owing to its inherent high activity and being the cheapest platinum‐group metal. Herein, based on the idea of strong metal–support interaction (SMSI) regulation, Ru/TiN catalysts with different degrees of TiN overlayer over Ru nanoparticles were fabricated, which were applied to the alkaline electrolytic water. Characterizations reveal that the TiN overlayer would gradually encapsulate the Ru nanoparticles and induce more electron transfer from Ru nanoparticles to TiN support by the Ru–N–Ti bond as the SMSI degree increased. Further study shows that the exposed Ru–TiN interfaces greatly promote the H2 desorption capacity. Thus, the Ru/TiN‐300 with a moderate SMSI degree exhibits excellent HER performance, with an overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Also, due to the encapsulation role of TiN overlayer on Ru nanoparticles, it displays super long‐term stability with a very slight potential change after 24 h. This study provides a deep insight into the influence of the SMSI effect between Ru and TiN on HER and offers a novel approach for preparing efficient and stable HER electrocatalysts through SMSI engineering.

Mitigation potential of zingerone and rutin on toxicity mechanisms of nickel to zebrafish based on morphological, DNA damage and apoptosis outcome analysis

Although nickel (Ni) is an important cofactor for various enzymes in biological systems, it can cause serious problems when insufficient or excessive in an organism. Therefore, it is very important to investigate Ni in biological systems, especially in cells with its related pathogenic mechanism. This study was carried out to demonstrate the effects of zingerone (ZO) and rutin (RN) administration against nickel chloride (NiCl2) toxicity on neurobehavioral performance and brain oxidative status in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae on histological perspective. The experimental design of the study, which included twenty groups of fish, each containing 10 embryos, was prepared as semi-static and the trial continued for 96 hpf. In the obtained findings, it was determined that ZO and RN had a mitigating effect in this toxicity table where Ni caused oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae, induced DNA damage and apoptosis. A similar picture is valid for malformation processes as well as survival and hatching rates. These results showed that nickel is toxic to developing embryos via acting different mechanisms. In conclusion, we observed that ZO and RN have a greater effect on physiology, DNA damage and apoptosis than gross morphology, with a significant ameliorative effect.

Modulation of Antioxidant Compounds in Fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco Using Postharvest LED Irradiation.

Phlegrean mandarin fruits are already known for health-promoting properties due to the high concentration of phytochemicals in peel, pulp, and seed. Biotic and abiotic factors, including light, may modulate their biosynthesis, metabolism, and accumulation. In this context, light-emitting diodes (LED) have recently been applied to control nutritional traits, ripening process, senescence, fruit shelf-life, and pathogenic microbial spoilage of fruits. This study investigated the effect of the seven-day exposure of Phlegrean mandarin fruits to two LED regimes, white (W) and red-blue (RB), to test the possibility that the storage under specific light wavelengths may be used as green preservation technology that enhances fruit phytochemical properties. To pursue this aim, the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic profile of the pulp and peel of mandarins under W and RB light regimes were evaluated and compared with Control fruits not exposed to LED treatment. Our results indicated that storage under W and RB treatments modulates the antioxidant content in pulp and peel differently. Compared to W, the RB regime increases the ascorbic acid, flavonoid, anthocyanin, and carotenoid concentrations, while the polyphenol profile analysis reveals that the number of important phytochemicals, i.e., quercetin rutinoside, chlorogenic acid, sinensetin, and rutin, are higher under W. The overall data demonstrated that postharvest LED irradiation is a valid tool for modifying fruit phytochemical properties, which also boosts specific bioactive compounds.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Centranthus longiflorus Stems Extracts Recovered Using Ired-Irrad®, an Innovative Infrared Technology, Compared to Water Bath and Ultrasound.

Extraction of polyphenols from Centranthus longiflorus stems was conducted using ultrasound and infrared Ired-Irrad® techniques, and compared to the conventional water bath method. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the effect of time, temperature, and ethanol percentage, as well as to optimize the three extraction methods. The highest phenolic content (81 mg GAE/g DM) and antioxidant activity (76% DPPH inhibition) were recorded with the Ired-Irrad® extract obtained under the optimal conditions: 55 °C, 127 min, 48% (v/v) ethanol. Biological activities (antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm) of the three extracts were assessed. All C. longiflorus stems extracts showed limited antibacterial effects regardless of the extraction method (MIC = 50 mg/mL), whereas Ired-Irrad® extract exhibited the highest biofilm eradication and prevention capacities (93% against Escherichia coli and 97% against Staphylococcus epidermidis, respectively). This bioactivity is likely related to abundant caffeoylquinic acid and quercetin rutinoside, as identified by RP-UHPLC-PDA-MS analysis. The results obtained further promote the effectiveness of Ired-Irrad® as a highly flexible and cost-efficient extraction technique.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of fenugreek flavonoids and its geographical-based comparative evaluation using green UHPLC-DAD analysis

BackgroundThis study, for the first time, reports a simultaneous determination of flavonoids; rutin (RT), quercetin (QT), luteolin (LT), and kaempferol (KF) in different origins of fenugreek seeds samples (N = 45) using a green UHPLC-DAD analysis MethodologyUltrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract fenugreek flavonoids using different polarity solvents of n-hexane (n-hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and methanol (MeOH) ResultsThe extract yield on an individual basis was observed in the range of 1.03–17.29 mg, with the highest yield (mg/sample) for the Egyptian sample (17.29 mg). The highest total extract yield (mg/origin) was observed for the Iranian sample (82.28 ± 5.38). The solvent with the highest extract yield (mg) was n-hex 169.35 ± 13.47, followed by MeOH 114.39 ± 12.27. The validated green UHPLC-DAD method resulted in a short runtime (9 min) with an accuracy of 97.86(±12.32)-101.37(±5.91), r2-values = 0.993–0.999, LOD = 2.09–4.48 ppm, and LOQ = 6.33–13.57 ppm for flavonoids analysis within the linearity range of 1–500 ppm. The general yield for flavonoids exhibited a descending order (ppm): RT (2924.55 ± 143.84) > QT (457.05 ± 34.07) > LT (82.37 ± 3.27) > KF (4.54 ± 0.00). The yield (ppm) for the flavonoids was more in MeOH solvent (3424.81 ± 235.44) constructing a descending order of MeOH > n-hex > DCM. For an individual flavonoid yield; MeOH was seen with an order of RT > QT > LT, n-hex (LT > QT), and DCM (RT > LT > QT). The statistical analysis of PCA (principle component analysis) revealed a widespread distribution of flavonoids in fenugreek seeds with a variance of 35.93% (PC1). Moreover, flavonoids extraction was prone to the nature and specificity of the solvent used (PC2: 33.34%) rather than the amount of the extract yield (P = 0.00). The K-mean cluster analysis showed the origins with higher flavonoids yield in appropriate solvent as I3M (Indian accession # 3 MeOH extract) with more QT amount, IR2M (Iranian accession # 2 MeOH extract) with more LT amount along with I2M (Indian accession # 2 MeOH extract) and Q2M (Qassim Saudi Arabia accession # 2 MeOH extract) containing high amount of RT. The outcomes are supported by KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett’s test value of 0.56 with X2-value of 191.87 (P = 0.00) ConclusionThe samples were effectively evaluated and standardized in terms of flavonoid amount suggesting a significant variation in fenugreek quality.

Phytochemical study, antioxidant and vasodilatation activities of leafy stem extracts of Flemingia faginea Guill. & Perr. (Barker), a medicinal plant used for the traditional treatment of arterial hypertension

BackgroundFlemingia faginea Guill. & Perr. is a medicinal plant used for the endogenous treatment of hypertension. This study aimed to establish the phytochemical profile, antioxidant power, and vasodilation effects of aqueous decoction (FAD), ethyl acetate (EAF) and aqueous residual fractions (ARF) of the leafy stem of Flemingia faginea (F. faginea). MethodsThe phytochemical study was performed using high-performance thin-layer chromatography technique and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride colorimetric methods were used, respectively, to quantify total polyphenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant properties of the extracts were determined using 2,29-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic (ABTS•), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and ferric ion reduction (FRAP) methods. The vasodilatory effects of F. faginea extracts were performed using the DMT 620M myograph technique for an ex vivo study. ResultsThe phytochemical study revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, sterols, and triterpenes, alkaloids, and saponins in the extracts studied. HPLC MS analysis identified as the main phenolic compounds, gallic acid-glucoside (16.56 ± 0.06 mg/g), myricetin rhamnoside (15.39 ± 0.04 mg/g), myricetin rutinoside (9.32 ± 0.00 mg/g), quercetin rutinoside (9.05 ± 0.00 mg/g), caffeoyl-glucoside (6.07 ± 0.02 mg/g) and 5-Caffeoylquinic acid (4.52 ± 0.00 mg/g). The present data also showed higher contents of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in fractions of ARF (280.49 ± 0.08 mgGAE/g) and EAF (33.31 ± 0.33 mgQE/g) fractions respectively. Furthermore, the ARF fraction had the best iron ion reduction capacity (16.96 ± 0.01µgAAE/100 mg), while, the EAF (ABTS: IC50=67.33 ± 0.04 µg/mL; DPPH: IC50=4.69 ± 0.20 µg/mL) was the best free radical scavenger. In endothelium-intact rings, study extracts showed a vasodilation effect in a concentration-dependent manner with half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) of 0.24 ± 0.03 mg/mL, 0.85 ± 0.07 mg/mL and 0.05±0.01 mg/mL respectively for FAD, ARF and EAF. In endothelium-denuded vessels, these values were 0.26 ± 0.09 mg/mL, 0.57 ± 0.05 mg/mL, and 0.85 ± 0.01 mg/mL for EAF, FAD, and ARF, respectively. The maximum effects were of 99.94 ± 0.15%, 86.89 ± 5.58%, and 62.69 ± 5.14% (endothelium-intact) and of 100 ± 0.06%, 96.55 ± 4.68%, and 74.16 ± 4.06% (endothelium-denuded), respectively, for EAF, FAD, and ARF with a significant difference between them. ConclusionThis study reports that the decoction and fractions of F. faginea are rich in various chemical compounds and possess antioxidant and vasodilatory properties. These preliminary data provide a scientific basis which contributed to justify that plant used in traditional medicine.

Electrochemically Polymerized DL‐Phenylalanine‐Deposited Graphene Paste Electrode for the Detection of Rutin

AbstractThe sensitive, economical, green, and simple voltammetric sensor for the detection of the redox behaviour of rutin (RT) was prepared by the electrochemical polymerization approach. The constructed polymerized DL‐phenylalanine (DL‐PN) modified graphene paste electrode (MGPE) and bare graphene paste electrode (BGPE) were elucidated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE‐SEM) approaches. The analysis of RT in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) of pH 6.5 was demonstrated by the application of a modified electrode (Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE) with higher electrocatalytic activity and active sites as compared to BGPE. The important electrochemical parameters such as the influence of PBS, pH, scan rate, and concentration of RT on Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE were evaluated. The variation of scan rate and PBS pH assessment discloses that the RT redox nature at Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE surface has proceeded via pH‐dependant and adsorption‐controlled pathways. The Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE senses RT in the range from 0.2 to 10.0 μM with a lower limit of detection (LOD) value of 8.31 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 27.70 nM. The Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE shows excellent reproducibility, antifouling nature, repeatability, and stability for the detection of RT. Also, the Poly(DL‐PN)MGPE analytical applicability was discussed for RT detection in citrus fruit juice samples.

Quercetin 3-O rutinoside prevents gastrointestinal injury through regulation of apoptosis in 7.5 Gy total body irradiated mice

BackgroundDespite the heightened threat to unforeseen nuclear/radiological exposures worldwide, no countermeasures are currently approved to prevent gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity induced by radiation in humans. PurposeIn this study, we aim to establish the gastroprotective role of flavonoid, Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (Q-3-R) against 7.5 Gy total body gamma radiation dose that contributes to the hematopoietic syndrome. MethodsQ-3-R (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered intramuscularly to C57BL/6 male mice before exposure to 7.5 Gy and monitored for morbidity and mortality. The GI protection against radiation was ascertained by histopathological and xylose absorption studies. Intestinal apoptosis, crypt proliferation and apoptotic signaling were also investigated in different treatment groups. ResultsWe found that Q-3-R prevented the radiation-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, maintained ATP levels, regulated the apoptotic pathway, and activated crypt cell proliferation in the intestine. Radiation-induced villi and crypt damage as well as mal-absorption were significantly minimized in the Q-3-R treated group. We observed 100% survival post Q-3-R administration against 33.3% lethality in 7.5 Gy (LD33.3/30) exposed C57BL/6 mice. The Q-3-R pre-treated mice that survived the 7.5 Gy dose revealed no pathological changes related to the development of fibrosis in the intestine and thickened mucosal wall till 4 months post irradiation. Complete hematopoietic recovery was observed in these surviving mice when compared to age matched control. ConclusionThe findings revealed that Q-3-R regulated the apoptotic process to achieve GI protection against LD33.3/30 dose (7.5 Gy) that primarily caused death due to hematopoietic failure. The recovery observed in mice survivors suggested that this molecule may also have the potential to minimize side effects on normal tissues during radiotherapy.

Nanofibrillar biochar from industrial waste as hosting network for transition metal dichalcogenides. Novel sustainable 1D/2D nanocomposites for electrochemical sensing

Industrial wastes have become elective sustainable sources to obtain materials for electronic/electroanalytical purposes; on the other hand, easy and green strategies to include semiconductor 2D graphene-like materials in conductive networks are highly required.In this work, 1D/2D nanocomposites (NCs) based on nanofibrillar biochar (BH) from paper industry waste and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs: MoS2, WS2, MoSe2, and WSe2), were prepared in water via liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) using sodium cholate as bioderived surfactant. The TMD amount in the NCs has been carefully optimized, searching for the best compromise between electron transfer ability and electroanalytical performances. Four different water-dispersed BH-TMD NCs have been selected and comprehensively studied from the electrochemical point of view and morphologically characterized. The BH-TMDs potentiality have been demonstrated in model solutions and real samples towards different analytes of biological and agri-food interest. The most performing NCs have been selected and used for the simultaneous determination of the neurotransmitters dopamine (DP) and serotonin (SR), and the flavonoids quercetin (QR) and rutin (RT), obtaining good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9956) with limits of detection ranging from 10 to 200 nM. Reproducible quantitative recovery values (90–112%, RSD ≤6%, n = 3) were obtained analyzing simultaneously DP and SR in synthetic biological fluid and drugs, and QR and RT in food supplements, proving the usability of the proposed materials for real analyses.This work proves that BH-nanofibers act as a sustainable conductive hosting network for 2D-TMDs, allowing full exploit their electroanalytical potential. The proposed BH-TMD NCs represent a sustainable, affordable, and captivating opportunity for the electrochemical and (bio)sensoristic field.

Selective enrichment of Rutin in sunscreen by boronate affinity molecularly imprinted polymer prior to determination by high performance liquid chromatography

In this study, AgCl was used as the carrier matrix, TiO2 was introduced on the substrate surface, carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) was used as the boronate affinity functional monomer, and Rutin (RT) as template to prepare molecular imprinted adsorbent AgCl@TiO2 @B-MIPs (B-MIPs). The effects of synthesis conditions, solid-phase extraction (SPE) conditions, selectivity, competitiveness, reproducibility, and reusability were evaluated in detail. Under the optimum adsorption conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity is 31.70 mg g−1. The utility of B-MIPs as a SPE adsorbent for RT was supported by an abundance of pore structure, as well as boric acid affinity sites that facilitate rapid binding of adsorbents to templates. The linear range is 0.05–50 mg L−1, and the limit of detection (LOD) is 0.023 mg L−1. The method was used for the determination of RT in sunscreen and isolation cream by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The target analytic recoveries are in the range of 84.7–98.0% (relative standard deviation is less than 2.4%, n = 3). Furthermore, this work provides a potential possibility to detect other cis-diol containing analytes in the complex matrix.

Noncovalent interaction mechanism and functional properties of flavonoid glycoside-β-lactoglobulin complexes.

The interaction of flavonoid glycosides with milk protein and effects on the functional properties of flavonoid glycoside-β-lactoglobulin complexes are still inexplicit. The noncovalent interactions between flavonoid glycosides including quercetin (QE), quercitrin (QI), and rutin (RU) with β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) were determined by computer molecular docking and multispectral technique analysis. The fluorescence quenching results indicated that the flavonoid glycosides formed stable complexes with β-LG by the static quenching mechanism. The computer molecular docking and thermodynamic parameters analysis conclude that the main interaction of β-LG-QE was via hydrogen bonding, while for β-LG-QI and β-LG-RU it is via hydrophobic forces. The order of binding affinity to β-LG was QE (37.76 × 104 L mol-1) > RU (16.80 × 104 L mol-1) > QI (11.17 × 104 L mol-1), which indicated that glycosylation adversely affected the colloidal complex binding capacity. In this study, the physicochemical properties of the protein-flavonoid colloidal complex were determined. The analysis by circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that flavonoid glycosides made the protein structure looser by inducing the secondary structure of β-LG to transform from the α-helix and β-sheet to random coils. The hydrophobicity of β-LG decreased due to binding with flavonoid glycosides, while functional properties including foaming, emulsification, and antioxidant capacities of β-LG were improved due to the noncovalent interactions. This study presents a part of the insight and guidance on the interactive mechanism of flavonoid glycosides and proteins and is helpful for developing functional protein-based foods.

One-pot synthesis of dynamically cross-linked polymers for serum-resistant nucleic acid delivery.

Cationic polymers used for nucleic acid delivery often suffer from complicated syntheses, undesired intracellular cargo release and low serum stability. Herein, a series of ternary polymers were synthesized via facile green chemistry to achieve efficient plasmid DNA and mRNA delivery in serum. During the one-pot synthesis of the ternary polymer, acetylphenylboric acid (APBA), polyphenol and low-molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI 1.8k) were dynamically cross-linked with each other due to formation of an imine between PEI 1.8k and APBA and formation of a boronate ester between APBA and polyphenol. Series of polyphenols, including ellagic acid (EA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), rutin (RT) and rosmarinic acid (RA), and APBA molecules, including 2-acetylphenylboric acid (2-APBA), 3-acetylphenylboric acid (3-APBA) and 4-acetylphenylboric acid (4-APBA), were screened and the best-performing ternary polymer, 2-PEI-RT, constructed from RT and 2-APBA, was identified. The ternary polymer featured efficient DNA condensation to favor cellular internalization, and the acidic environment in endolysosomes triggered effective degradation of the polymer to promote cargo release. Thus, 2-PEI-RT showed robust plasmid DNA transfection efficiencies in various tumor cells in serum, outperforming the commercial reagent PEI 25k by 1-3 orders of magnitude. Moreover, 2-PEI-RT mediated efficient cytosolic delivery of Cas9-mRNA/sgRNA to enable pronounced CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in vitro. Such a facile and robust platform holds great potential for non-viral nucleic acid delivery and gene therapy.

Flow bioprocessing of citrus glycosides for high-value aglycone preparation

A one-pot, 2-step flow bioprocess for the obtainment of hesperetin (HP) and quercetin (Q) aglycones from hesperidin (HES) and rutin (RT), has been developed, employing a co-immobilized preparation of α-rhamnosidase (RN) and β-glycosidase (HOR).

Electrochemical Polymerisation of Glutamic Acid on the Surface of Graphene Paste Electrode for the Detection and Quantification of Rutin in Food and Medicinal Samples.

Rutin (RU) is one of the best-known natural antioxidants with various physiological functions in the human body and other plant species. In this work, an efficient voltammetric sensor to detect RU in food samples was explicated using a poly (glutamic acid)-modified graphene paste electrode (PGAMGPE). In order to detect RU, the proposed sensor diminishes material resistance and overpotential while increasing kinetic rate, peak currents, and material conductance. Using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), the analysing efficiency of a PGAMGPE and a Bare graphene paste electrode (BGPE) was evaluated in 0.2 M phosphate buffer (PB) at an ideal pH of 6.5. in a potential window of -0.25 V to 0.6 V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyse the prepared electrode materials' conductivity, charge transfer resistance, and the kinetics of electron transport. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were considered to compare the exterior morphology of the PGAMGPE and the BGPE. It was discovered that the PGAMGPE and the BGPE have electroactive surfaces of 0.062 cm2 and 0.04 cm2, respectively. It was determined that two protons and two electrons participated in the redox process. The resultant limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.04 µM and 0.06 µM, respectively, using DPV and CV methods. In spite of common interferents such as metal ions and chemical species, the developed sensor's selectivity for RU detection was impressive. For the simultaneous analysis of RU in the presence of caffeine (CF), the PGAMGPE affords a good electrochemical nature for RU with good selectivity. Due to the good stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and ease of use of the present RU sensor, it is useful for real sample analysis such as food and medicinal samples with recovery ranging from 94 to 100%.

Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside prevents radiation induced oxidative damage and inflammation by coordinated regulation of Nrf2/ NF-κB/ NLRP3- inflammasome signaling in gastrointestine

BackgroundIrradiation causes extensive alteration in the cellular homeostasis leading to severe organ damage and dysfunction. The lack of understanding of the mechanism conferring radioprotection is often considered a major limitation in the development of agents that suppress the damaging effects of radiation. PurposeIn this study, we demonstrate that Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (Q-3-R), a flavonoid, can significantly protect the gastrointestine against gamma radiation induced damage. MethodsQ-3-R (10 mg/kg body weight) treated C57BL/6 mice were investigated for anti-oxidant status, regulations of critical targets of Nrf2, NF-κB signaling and the inflammasome complex in the irradiated intestine. ResultsProphylactic administration of Q-3-R stabilized radiation induced reactive oxygen species, maintained total antioxidant and glutathione levels in the intestine. Q-3-R pretreatment activated Nrf2, supported its nuclear translocation and upregulated cytoprotective proteins, HO-1, thioredoxin1, GST and GCLC. The key inflammatory mediator, NF-kB p65 was found down-regulated in Q-3-R treated jejunum. NF-kB p65 downregulation caused suppression of genes of the inflammasome complex, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6 and TNF-α) expression and myeloperoxidase activity. ML385, a specific Nrf2 inhibitor that, when used at a concentration of 30 mg/kg prevented Q-3-R mediated activation of Nrf2 and upregulated NF-kB, suggesting that Q-3-R mediates protection against radiation primarily via Nrf2 activation. Q-3-R also prevented intestinal apoptosis by inhibiting mitochondrial translocation of cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspase-3. Molecular docking studies confirmed the interactions of Q-3-R with key antioxidant and anti-inflammatory proteins. ConclusionThe findings suggest that Q-3-R effectively coordinated the regulation of cellular anti-oxidant and inflammatory response, thereby minimizing apoptotic event in the irradiated intestine.