Quebracho Tannin Research Articles

PSX-20 The inclusion of a tannin-based product evaluated in a typical feedlot diet under tropical conditions increases the molar proportion of propionate in a dual-flow continuous-culture system

Abstract The objective of the present study was to evaluate increasing levels of a tannin-based product and a monensin (positive control; unique dose) using a dual-flow continuous-culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to ten fermenters in a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square with three, 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Four different levels were tested independently, resulting in 5 treatments: tannin at levels of 0 (negative control), 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21 (% of DM of the total diet) and monensin as positive control at 28 mg/kg DM. The tannin-based product was a specific blend of tannin and saponins, composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts, SilvaFeed-BX). Diets were prepared as concentrate mixes that were combined with sugarcane bagasse, corn grain, dry distillers grain, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and urea. Liquid and solid flow rates were adjusted to 10 and 5.0%/h, respectively. Samples were collected for digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and microbial growth. The basal diet consisted of a typical finishing diet for beef cattle (16:84 roughage:concentrate ratio). All results were assessed for residual normality and variance homogeneity. All variables were fitted through generalized mixed models (GLIMMIX procedure) and compared by using Tukey test (multiple comparison) and polynomial regressions (tannin concentrations, which were analyzed for linear and quadratic responses. Partial data were presented in the table below. Total VFA concentration, molar proportion of butyrate, and total Branched-chain VFA were not affected by treatments (P > 0.05). Molar proportion of acetate of the tannin-based product at 0.07 % of DM tended to be decreased compared with all other treatments. Molar proportion of propionate increased quadratically (P = 0.05) reaching the peak at the level of 0.07 % of DM, which were greater than monensin treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that a smaller dose of a tannin-based product (0.07 g/kg of DM) might manipulate ruminal fermentation by increasing molar proportion of propionate in typical feedlot diet fed under tropical conditions. This is important from an energetic standpoint for the animal host, since propionate is the precursor of glucose synthesis in ruminants.

PSIV-17 Studies on diarrhea and growth performance of early weaned piglets after supplementation with quebracho tannin product, MGM-P

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to explore the feasibility of supplementing diets of early weaned piglets with 0.5% and 1.0% MGM-P (quebracho tannin product) as an alternative to antibiotics. Weaned (n = 36) piglets were allotted to one of four groups and given the basal diet (NC), as well as the basal diet containing 0.5% (LT), 1.0% (HT) MGM-P, and antibiotics (PC), respectively. Diarrhea, growth performance, hematology, blood biochemistry and blood amino acid concentrations were monitored during feeding. 3 piglets per group were slaughtered after the experiment to assess organ index.

130 Meta-analysis of the impact of Quebracho and Chestnut tannin extract supplementation on the growth performance in growing and finishing beef cattle

Abstract Integrating tannin extracts (TE) into the diet of growing and finishing beef cattle has shown promise in optimizing protein utilization while potentially mitigating methane emissions. Despite these potential benefits, there is a notable gap in a comprehensive analysis of the influence of TE on growth rate. This study addressed this gap by collecting data on the supplementation of a blend of condensed (from Schinopsis spp.) and hydrolyzable (from Castanea spp.) tannins, which has about 70% total tannins, and its impact on critical metrics, such as average daily gain (ADG, kg/d), dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d), and feed efficiency ratio (FER, g/kg). Our objective was to conduct meta-regression analyses to understand better the nuanced effects of condensed tannin supplementation on the overall performance of beef cattle during the critical stages of growth and finishing. The dataset was constructed by collecting published studies that reported in vivo experimental data on growing and finishing beef cattle supplemented with different levels of TE. It contained 132 observations from 35 publications. The meta-analysis was conducted by linear regression with a mixed-effects model fitted by the restricted maximum likelihood method using the nlme package of R software (ver. 4.3.1). Studies were assumed as random variables, and their interaction with the intercept and slope were included in the regression. The number of animals per treatment was used as a study-specific weight. Studies accounted for 32%, 35%, or 27% of the total variance when regressing ADG, DMI, or FER, respectively, on TE (% DM). After adjusting for random effects, the ADG increased (P < 0.001) with increasing levels of dietary TE (P < 0.001): 1.344 (± 0.0071) + 0.240 (±0.0298) × TE (n = 99, r2 = 0.40). It was observed that as the dietary TE level increased, its impact on the ADG tended to decrease from 0.33 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 when fed up to 0.5% TE to 0.24 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 when fed up to 1.5% TE, suggesting a possible nonlinear relationship between these two variables. Similarly, DMI decreased slightly (P < 0.001) at 0.61 kg/d/% TE, but with a lower precision (n = 115, r2 = 0.14). Consequently, FER increased (P < 0.001) at 17 kgּ d-1ּ % TE-1 (n = 93, r2 = 0.34). Initial findings suggest that incorporating TE into the diet of growing and finishing cattle, up to a concentration of 0.5% DM, positively influences the growth rate and enhances FER while minimally affecting DMI. Subsequent research endeavors should delve into a more intricate examination of optimal TE inclusion levels and explore additional performance indicators for a comprehensive understanding of its impact.

The in vitro Antimicrobial Effects of Hydrolysable and Condensed Tannin Extracts on Escherichia coli Isolated from Pathological Samples of Deceased Poultry

Abstract Colibacillosis, caused by avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), is one of the most prevalent and economically damaging bacterial diseases affecting poultry globally. Managing colibacillosis is difficult and frequently ineffective because APEC strains have developed widespread resistance to antibiotics, and the strict regulations and public concerns towards using antimicrobial agents in poultry further complicate the situation. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial properties of hydrolysable (sweet chestnut extract) and condensed (quebracho extract) tannins on Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from poultry, exploring their potential as antibiotic alternatives in managing colibacillosis. E. coli was isolated from the internal organs of deceased poultry across 18 farms, including layers, broilers, and broiler breeders. Each isolate was assessed for the presence of APEC strain predictors (virulence genes iutA, hlyF, iss, iroN, and ompT), antimicrobial resistance to 14 antibiotics using the disc diffusion method, and the presence of resistance genes for specific antibiotics (ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and quinolones). Out of 43 isolates, 27 (62.8%) were classified as APEC, 30 (69.8%) showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes, and 32 (74.4%) carried at least one AMR gene. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for the hydrolysable tannins from sweet chestnut extract (Castanea sativa Mill.) (SwCh) ranged from 0.5 to 3 mg/mL, while for the condensed tannins from quebracho extract (Schinopsis lorentzii) (Que), the MICs ranged from 1.5 to 4.5 mg/mL. The results indicate that both hydrolysable and condensed tannins possess significant in vitro antimicrobial activity against APEC, offering a potentially valuable alternative for controlling colibacillosis in the poultry industry.

Tannin impregnation pre-treatment of potatoes as a valuable strategy for acrylamide, monochloropropanediol and glycidol mitigation in chips and frying oil

This study focused on evaluating the mitigating effect of five different natural extracts of commercial tannins on the concentration of food contaminants such as acrylamide (AA), glycidols (GD), and monochloropropanediols (MCPDs) in potato chips and frying oils after the impregnation of potatoes with tannins. The impregnated samples were used to perform 4 consecutive fryings to simulate the effect produced in restaurants. AA mitigation was achieved in all pre-treated chips throughout the four frying cycles (except for the chestnut extract). The highest AA mitigation (86.6%) was achieved using quebracho extract. This correlated positively with the progress of Maillard reaction measured at 284 nm. In potato chips, 3-MCPD and GD were decreased by most tannins tested, whereas 2-MCPD was only mitigated using hydrolyzable tannins. However, in frying oils, 3-MCPD showed a decrease using chestnut, grape seed and quebracho extracts, 2-MCPD decreased using all tannins, and no effect was observed on GD. To our knowledge, this is the first study using tannins as a mitigation strategy to decrease MCPDs and GD; and it seems a good approach to keep low concentrations of these compounds. Indeed, hydrolyzable tannins seem the best option to mitigate MCPD and GD and condensed tannins the best one to mitigate AA.

Phosphorylating Tannin in Urea System: A Simple Approach for Enhanced Methylene Blue Removal from Aqueous Media.

Tannin, after lignin, is one of the most abundant sources of natural aromatic biomolecules. It has been used and chemically modified during the past few decades to create novel biobased materials. This work intended to functionalize for the first time quebracho Tannin (T) through a simple phosphorylation process in a urea system. The phosphorylation of tannin was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), NMR, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), while further characterization was performed by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to investigate the morphology, composition, structure, and thermal degradation of the phosphorylated material. Results indicated the occurrence of phosphorylation, suggesting the insertion of phosphate-containing groups into the tannin structure, revealing a high content of phosphate for modified tannin (PT). This elevated phosphorus content serves as evidence for the successful incorporation of phosphate groups through the functionalization process. The corresponding PT and T were employed as adsorbents for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solutions. The results revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model effectively represents the adsorption isotherms. Additionally, the pseudo-second-order model indicates that chemisorption predominantly controls the adsorption mechanism. This finding also supports the fact that the introduced phosphate groups via the phosphorylation process significantly contributed to the improved adsorption capacity. Under neutral pH conditions and at room temperature, the material achieved an impressive adsorption capacity of 339.26 mg·g-1 in about 2 h.

Comparative evaluation of tannin from banana bunch and stem syrup for leather processing

Utilization of vegetable tannins in leather processing is one of the convenient solutions to protect the environment pollution. Herein, the banana bunch and syrup of banana stem are utilized to prepare an ecofriendly tanning agent. The yield of banana bunch extraction efficiency is found 69.80 %. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of condensed type tanning component owing to the bearing of different polyphenolic groups. The content of tannins in extracted banana bunch and stem syrup is 3.13 % and 2.6 %, respectively. The phenolic content in the banana bunch extract is determined to be 1332.37 mg GAE/100g of dried weight and in syrup was 873.92 mg GAE/100g of dried weight. This makes it possible to be used as vegetable tanners. The extracted bunch and syrup are applied to re-tan leather and compared with conventionally used vegetable tanning agent (quebracho) in parallel. Tensile strength, tear strength and elongation percentage for the extracted banana bunch and syrup are obtained at 23.84 N/mm2, 68.26 N/mm, 47.07 %, and 22.97 N/mm2, 68.38 N/mm, 40.70 %, respectively. The softness is found 1.41 for the extracted bunch and 2.01 for the syrup. The grain crack load, distension at grain crack, strength at ball burst, distension at ball burst are 246.86 N, 13.24 mm, 530.77 N, 24.54 mm for banana stem syrup and 338.77 N, 13.42 mm, 460.65 N, 29.08 mm for bunch extract, respectively. The shrinkage temperatures recorded for banana bunch extract, syrup and Quebracho (control trial) tannins tanned leather samples are 76.5 °C, 75 °C and 84 °C subsequently. The flexing endurance of the bunch extract and syrup revealed acceptable values that are less than 4. Moreover, the bunch extract tanned leather shows greater thermal stability and for syrup it is similar with the quebracho tanned leather. All the results are satisfactory compared to the control trial. Finally, tanned leather is evaluated to assess the possibility of the newly developed tannin which proves its efficiency as a potential source of tanning material for the leather industry.

Wood Extracts for Dyeing of Cotton Fabrics—Special View on Mordanting Procedures

Natural dyes offer a bio-based opportunity to support the attractive coloration of textile fabrics made from natural fibers like cotton, wool, hemp, and many other textile materials. They can be part of a strategy to realize fully bio-based textiles and clothing materials. In line with this statement, the following study investigates the use of wood extracts for dyeing cotton fabrics. Specifically, extract powders of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum L.), brazilwood (Caesalpinia spp.), and quebracho wood (Schinopsis lorentzii) are used. The aim of the study is to evaluate which colorations can be obtained by the application of those wood extracts and what fastness properties are reached. For this, different modified process parameters and mordants are evaluated. The dyeing process is modified using different mordants based on iron and aluminum salts. These mordants are applied in pre-, meta-, or post-mordant procedures. The color and fastness properties of prepared textile samples are determined by spectroscopic measurements, color measurements, washing procedures, and a Xenotest for measuring the light fastness. Ultimately, it is shown that a broad range of colorations can be realized through different combinations of wood extracts and mordanting procedures. Notably, stronger color depths are reached with pre- and meta-mordanting compared to post-mordanting. Good wash fastness is obtained for some color shades. However, with post-mordanting, better wash fastness can be achieved. The light fastness of the realized samples is only moderate to low. In conclusion, it can be stated that dyes from wood extracts are excellent materials to dye natural fibers if they are combined with the right mordanting agent in pre- or meta-mordanting procedures. The present study is therefore a good proof-of-concept for the realization of fully bio-based colored textile materials.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Neonatal Diarrhoea in Preweaning Calves.

Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) poses a significant health challenge in cattle herds, resulting in considerable economic losses and antimicrobial use. In response to the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, viable alternatives are imperative, aligning with European policies. This study evaluated the in-milk supplementation of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract in preweaning calves on performance, diarrhoea occurrence, Cryptosporidium spp. shedding, protein digestibility, and intestinal health. Twenty newborn calves were divided, after colostrum administration, into two experimental groups for 30 days as follows: the control (CTRL) was fed with whole milk and solid feed, and tannins (TAN) were fed whole milk supplemented with 6/g day of tannin extract and solid feed. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 for the evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding and protein digestibility. Faecal consistency was evaluated during the sampling using the faecal score scale (0-3 scale, considering diarrhoea > 1). The results showed a significant reduction in diarrhoea frequency in the TAN compared to the CTRL group (p < 0.05) over 30 days of the trial. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was generally low (12%), considering all analysed samples. Protein digestibility revealed comparable values for the TAN and CTRL groups, suggesting that tannins did not negatively affect milk protein availability. In conclusion, the in-milk supplementation of 6/g day of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract could be considered a valuable functional feed additive to decrease NCD occurrence, thus supporting animal health and decreasing antibiotic use in livestock.

Determination of ileal endogenous nitrogen losses and true ileal nitrogen digestibility during non-steady-state conditions of the 15N-isotope dilution technique

ABSTRACT The aim was to determine ileal endogenous nitrogen losses (ENL) and true ileal N-digestibility (TD-N) under non-steady-state conditions of the 15N-isotope dilution technique (15N-IDT), using diets generating low and high ENL and compare results to those obtained under steady-state conditions. Twelve growing pigs (mean LW 22.4 kg) fitted with a post-valve T-caecum cannula were fed an enzyme-hydrolysed casein (EHC)-based diet or an EHC diet + 4% quebracho tannins (QT) and were labelled via continuous 15N-leucine i.v. infusion or twice daily oral 15N-leucine administration. Digesta were collected daily over three consecutive hours with blood plasma sampled on the four consecutive days after cessation of 15N-labelling. There was a significant effect of sampling day on the dilution factor. Endogenous N losses were significantly lower for the EHC than the EHC+QT diet (2.41 vs. 8.69 g/kg DMI), while no significant effect of sampling day was observed. The TD-N of the EHC+QT diet did not differ from the TD-N of the EHC diet (95.1 vs. 92.0%). A significant effect of sampling day was observed for TD-N with day 1 and 2, being higher than day 4. Non-steady-state conditions overestimated ENL by 25–28% as compared to 3 h collections in steady-state conditions, but the relative overestimation was similar for the EHC diet as for the EHC+QT diet. TD-N did not differ significantly compared to 12 h steady-state measurements, but comparison to 3 h steady-state measurements showed that non-steady-state conditions overestimated TD-N for the EHC+QT diet by 9%. However, on day 4 this overestimation disappeared. Using the 15N-IDT during non-steady-state conditions can provide valuable additional data on endogenous N losses and TD-N.

Vanadium removal and floc characteristics of tannin biocoagulants and iron sulphate in the treatment of mine effluent

This study compared the performance of tannin (quebracho and spruce) and iron sulphate (FS) coagulants for the removal of vanadium from effluent derived from an abandoned vanadium mine. The efficacy of the materials was studied at the natural pH of the mine effluent (7.4), and at adjusted pH levels of 4 and 9. The quebracho tannin coagulant (QT) recorded impressive turbidity and vanadium removals of above 88% over a wide pH range. However, the spruce tannin coagulant (ST) was not as effective at pH 9 (39%) although it showed an improved vanadium removal of 46% and 70% at pH 7.4 and 4, respectively. This was attributed to the lower charge density of ST than that of QT, and to a loss of cationic properties at pH 9. FS performed better in terms of vanadium removal (pH 4: 86%, pH 7: 98%, pH 9: 100%) with lower coagulant doses, although effective turbidity removal required precise pH control. QT produced the largest flocs and the highest floc regrowth at pH 4 and 7. Under alkaline conditions, tannin coagulants exhibit no regrowth, which implies that a careful flocculation and floc separation step is needed. The natural organic matter fractionation results revealed that FS effectively removed hydrophilic carbon (76%) in a pH-controlled mine effluent better than tannin coagulants (QT: 12% and ST: 22%) from the pH 4 effluent; however, ST removed hydrophobic carbon entirely. All coagulants adequately removed humic substances, with FS being the most efficient (88%), followed by ST (53%) and QT (47%). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of jar test residues showed that some of the vanadium removed existed in the V(IV) oxidation state.

Digestibility and nitrogen balance of goats on high and low protein rations supplemented with a commercial tannin feed-additive

ABSTRACTDespite the increasing importance of goat production in response to high demand for their products and their relative robustness to environmental stressors, and in contrast to other ruminant species, little data is available on how tannin extract feeding affects their feed intake, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) metabolism. Therefore, a trial in Oman investigated the respective variables by using a commercial tannin feed additive. In a 4 (treatments) x 3 (periods) x 2 (animals) Youden square, two weaned Batinah bucks each were fed a high or low protein diet of Rhodes grass hay and crushed barley grain, with or without the addition of a chestnut and quebracho tannin extract at 2 g/kg metabolic weight. Feed offered, feed refused and faeces and urine excreted were quantified to determine diet digestibility, total N excretion, N retention and rumen microbial protein synthesis (MPS). Due to their young age and low live weight, feed intake of goats was relatively low. Crude protein level and tannin addition had no statistically significant effect on dry matter (DM) and N intake, DM digestibility, N excretion in faeces and urine, as well as MPS. In consequence, no benefit of tannin feeding could be confirmed for the goats’ N retention, irrespective of diet composition. These results indicate, on one hand, an effective neutralisation of the tested tannin extract along the gastrointestinal tract of goats, but on the other hand, that stimulation of MPS or N retention by tannins cannot be evidenced when diet components are present that simultaneously release energy and protein, as is the case with barley.

Effect of Quebracho Tannin (Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) F.A. Barkley and T. Meyer) on Silage Nutritive Value, Ergovaline Concentration, and Fermentation Parameters of Tall Fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Shreb.) Dumort) with Two Dry-Matter Levels

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Shreb.) Dumort) is a cool-season forage grown in the mid-south United States of America that has the potential for spring silage. Ergovaline produced by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum is preserved in tall fescue silage and can induce tall fescue toxicosis in livestock. Condensed tannins, such as quebracho (Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) F.A. Barkley and T. Meyer) extract, can bind to the nitrogenous components of ergovaline, rendering it ineffective in the ruminant. Quebracho tannin (QT) can also bind to crude protein, reducing its conversion to ammonia. Quebracho tannin was either not added (0QT) or added at 10 (10QT) or 20 (20QT) g/kg of dry matter (DM) of silage to chopped endophyte-infected tall fescue of 670 g/kg of moisture (high moisture, HM) and 440 g/kg of moisture (low moisture, LM). A moisture × QT interaction affected the final pH (p = 0.02), with the lowest pH observed in HM silages with 0QT and 10QT. The ergovaline concentrations were not significantly different (p = 0.19) among the post-ensiled forages. Ammonia concentrations (g/kg DM) were affected by a moisture × QT interaction (p = 0.05), with greater concentrations observed in HM 0QT compared with HM 10QT, HM 20QT, and LM 20QT. Lactic acid concentrations (g/kg DM) decreased (p = 0.05) with the addition of QT. The moisture × QT interaction (p = 0.02) resulted in higher concentrations of acetic acid in the HM silages with 0QT and 20QT compared to the LM silage with 20QT. The total acid concentrations (g/kg DM) were higher (p &lt; 0.01) at HM but did not differ (p = 0.54) across the QT concentrations. Ensiling tall fescue with quebracho tannin did not reduce the ergovaline concentrations, although proteolysis was reduced at the inclusion of 10 g/kg of QT in the HM silages and 20 g/kg of QT in the LM silages. The results indicate that QT as a tall fescue silage additive showed promise for modifying silage characteristics but it did not reduce ergovaline concentrations at the low QT levels used in this study.

Use of Oenological Tannins to Protect the Colour of Rosé Wine in a Bioprotection Strategy with Metschnikowia pulcherrima.

Although bioprotection is now recognised as an alternative to SO2 for limiting microbial spoilage, it does not guarantee protection against oxidation. This limits its application, more specifically for rosé winemaking. Oenological tannins present antioxidant properties, which could represent an interesting alternative to SO2 to protect must and wines against oxidation. A combination of the inoculation of a bioprotectant yeast strain and the addition of oenological tannins was tested to eliminate sulfites during the pre-fermentative step of rosé winemaking. In this experiment carried out in a winery, two oenological tannins were compared: quebracho and gall nut tannins. The antioxidant efficiency of tannins was compared to that of SO2. Colorimetric assays associated with chemical analyses of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds confirmed that the use of bioprotection alone did not protect the wine from oxidation. An addition of oenological tannins on musts stabilized the colour of bioprotected rosé wine in a similar way that SO2 addition did. Quebracho tannins appeared more efficient than gall nut tannins. The colour differences observed cannot be explained either by the concentration or forms of anthocyanins. However, the addition of tannins led to better protection of oxidation-sensitive phenolic compounds comparable to that obtained with the addition of sulfites.

Effect of commercial tannins on parasitic infection and immunity of lambs naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different doses of quebracho extract tannins (Schinopsis lorenzii) (EQ) included in the basal diet (DB) on the count of eggs per gram of feces (EPG), count of parasites in the abomasum, hematological, and immunological parameters in lambs naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus. Forty-eight lambs were evaluated for 42days and divided into four groups (n=12): CONT- lambs that received DB without EQ supplementation; G1%- DB with EQ at 1% of dry matter intake (DMI) level; G3%- DB with EQ at the 3% of DMI level; G6%- DB with EQ at the 6% DMI level. For EPG counts, feces were collected weekly. For counting abomasal parasites, at the end of the experiment (D42) half of the lambs in each group were slaughtered. For hematological and immunological analysis, venous blood samples were collected at D0, D21, and D42 to perform the erythrocyte count, mean cell volume (MCV), hematocrit, differential leukocyte count, total plasma protein dosage, and serum IgA class anti-H. contortus using an indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). In the EPG count, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the groups compared with the control. Analysis of the abomasal parasite count showed Haemonchus contortus in its entirety; however, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the number of males, females, and total parasites. No differences (p>0.05) were observed in erythrocyte count, MCV, hematocrit, and total plasma protein. The average total leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts showed no difference (p>0.05). However, the averages of segmented neutrophils in the G1% and G3% groups presented a reduction in the percentage of cells (p<0.05) between D21 and D42. Regarding the lymphocyte count, a difference was observed in the CONT and G3% groups at D21 and D42 (p<0.05), when compared to D0. The analyses of the average absorbance of anti-Haemonchus contortus serum IgA showed no difference (p>0.05), when the groups were analyzed over time or when compared between them. It can be concluded that the inclusion of different doses of tannins from EQ did not alter the parasitological, hematological, and immunological parameters of lambs infected with H. contortus.

Quebracho tannin as corrosion inhibitor in neutral media and novel rust conversion agent for enhanced corrosion protection

In the present work, the anticorrosive properties of quebracho tannins extract (QE) were tested in neutral solution to protect mild steel and a new rust conversion agent based on QE was developed. QE remarkably rich of total phenolic compounds (TPC) (2630.1 ± 11.43 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) and flavonoids (81.36±1.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g) was revealed. QE have shown good antioxidant activity (75% and 68% DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities at 500 mg/L of QE, respectively). The inhibition corrosion process of steel in 3.5% NaCl solution by QE have been studied using potentiodynamic polarization and polarization resistance measurements. The steel surface is acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Density functional theory (DFT) was used to give further insight into the adsorption and inhibition mechanism of QE on the steel surface. A tannin primer was prepared and coated panels were tested in salt spray chamber.

Effect of Yogurt Enrichment with Wood Tannin during Shelf Life: Focus on Physicochemical, Microbiological, and Sensory Characteristics.

Six food-grade tannins obtained from different woods were used as a source of polyphenolic compounds at two concentrations (0.5% and 1% w/w) in yogurt formulations and monitored during 3 weeks of storage. Yogurt containing tannins showed significantly higher total phenolic content (+200%), antioxidant activity (+400%), and syneresis (+100%) than control. These changes were higher with fortification at 1%. Tannin origin also significantly influenced the yogurt composition and yogurt obtained from a Turkish gall showed higher values of total phenolic content (4 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant activity (17 μM Trolox/g). Yogurt color was evaluated by CIELab parameters, and their values were influenced by tannin origin and concentration. The addition of tannins did not significantly affect the number of lactic acid bacteria. Yogurt with a lower amount of tannins (0.5% w/w) received higher consumer acceptability but significant differences in preferences were due to tannin origin. In particular, yogurt added with tannin obtained from Quebracho wood at 1% w/w showed higher consumer preference. The obtained results would provide an opportunity for dairy producers to develop a novel dairy food with high nutritional quality.

Tannins-Based Extracts: Effects on Gut Chicken Spontaneous Contractility.

The impossibility of using drugs for the health of farm animals leads to the search for alternative strategies with two purposes: to maintain animal health and safeguard human health. In this perspective, tannins have shown great promises. These phytocomplexes obtained from natural matrices with multiple health properties may be used as a feed supplement in chicken farms. In this work, we studied two tannin-based extracts (from Castanea sativa Mill. wood and from Schinopsis balansae Engl. Quebracho Colorado hardwood) with different chemical compositions on the spontaneous contractility on the isolated intestinal tissues of healthy chicken. The results showed that the chemical composition of the two phytocomplexes influenced the spontaneous intestinal contractility in different ways by regulating the tone and consequent progression of the food bolus. The chemical analysis of the two extracts revealed that Castanea sativa Mill. wood mainly contains hydrolysable tannins, while Schinopsis balansae Engl. hardwood mainly contains condensed tannins. The two phytocomplexes showed different effects towards gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractility, with Castanea sativa Mill. wood providing a better activity profile than Schinopsis balansae Engl. hardwood.

Tannin-based product in feedlot diet as a strategy to reduce enteric methane emissions of Nellore cattle finished under tropical conditions.

A total of 120 Nellore bulls, [initial body weight (BW) = 307 ± 11.6 kg and 12 mo of age] were allocated into 12 collective pens (10 bulls per pen) in a commercial feedlot to evaluate the effects of a specific blend of tannin and saponins on enteric methane (CH4) emissions. The study was a completely randomized design, in which pens were considered the experimental units (N = 6 pens per treatment) and were randomly allocated into one of two treatments: 1) Control (CON), a basal diet with monensin supplementation (25 mg/kg dry matter [DM]; Rumensin, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), or 2) Control + a specific blend of tannin and saponins (TAN; 7 g/kg DM; composed of quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts along with carriers from cereals rich in saponins; SilvaFeed BX, Silvateam, San Michele Mondovi, CN, Italy). After the adaptation period (20 d), the experiment was divided into two phases: growing phase (21 to 53 d; total of 33 d) and fattening phase (54 to 139 d; total of 86 d). Enteric methane emissions were estimated using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique. Interactions between treatment and period (growing vs. fattening) were detected for daily CH4 emissions, in which animals fed TAN reduced CH4 emissions by 17.3% during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.05). In addition, bulls fed TAN had lower CH4 emissions expressed by dry matter intake (DMI) during the fattening period compared to bulls fed CON (P = 0.06). The findings presented herein indicate that a specific blend of tannin and saponins can be used as a strategy to reduce enteric CH4 emissions and its intensity of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot systems under tropical conditions.

Dietary Supplementation with a Blend of Hydrolyzable and Condensed Tannins Ameliorates Diet-Induced Intestinal Inflammation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The current study evaluated the effects of hydrolyzable and condensed tannins from chestnut and quebracho wood, respectively (TSP, Silvafeed®), on zebrafish with intestinal inflammation induced by a plant-based diet (basal diet). Four experimental diets were prepared as follows: the basal diet + 0 TSP, the basal diet + TSP at 0.9 g/kg of feed, the basal diet + TSP at 1.7 g/kg of feed, and the basal diet + TSP at 3.4 g/kg of feed. Eighty-four zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed for 12 days with the experimental diets. In zebrafish fed the basal diet, intestine integrity appeared to be altered, with damaged intestinal villi, high immunoexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), and high expression of the cox2, interleukin 1 (il-1b), interleukin 8 (cxcl8-l1), and tnfα genes. The tannin treatment partially restored intestinal morphology and downregulated the expression of cytokines. The best activity was detected with 1.7 and 3.4 g/kg of feed. In the guts of all groups, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes were the most represented phyla. The most represented genera were Plesiomonas and Sphingomonas, belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum; Cetobacterium, belonging to the Fusobacteria phylum; and Lactobacillus, belonging to the Firmicutes phylum. No significant differences were detected among groups, except for a slight decrease in the Fusobacteria phylum and slight increases in the Shewanella and Bacteroides genera with TSP. In conclusion, these results suggest that tannins can improve the zebrafish intestinal inflammation caused by a terrestrial-plant-based diet in a dose-dependent manner.