Quaternary System Water Research Articles

Vector effect of polystyrene film microplastic in enriching Sudan III from natural particles and its burst release into simulated digestive fluid containing fatty acid.

Microplastics (MPs) have aroused tremendous attentions because of their ability in accumulating contaminants from adjacent environment. However, their capability of concentrating hydrophobic organic contaminants might be influenced by huge amounts of coexisting natural particles (NaPs). Yet, our knowledge about the relative concentrating capability of MPs versus NaPs is still rare. Herein, the distribution behavior of several hydrophobic pollutants was studied in simplified MPs/NaPs/pollutant/water quaternary systems. We found that 1-(4-(phenylzao)phenyl)azo-2-naphthol (Sudan III) had similar distribution behavior with many hydrophobic pollutants and thus was used as a model pollutant. Polyethylene (PE) film debris derived from disposable plastic wrap was the most efficient microplastic which concentrated tens of times Sudan III than coexisting NaPs including bentonite, kaolin, sawdust, and diatomite. An enrichment coefficient of over 1000 times was observed in the case of PE film debris versus quartz sand. The concentrating capability of PE film MPs was found approximately equal to biochar particles. MPs seem to have limited contribution on the long distance transportation of hydrophobic organic pollutants. However, notably, over 70% of the adsorbed Sudan III could be released back into water within 0.5h in the presence of 0.5% sodium oleate, which is a common amphipathic matter forming micelles in digestive fluid. Microplastics might play an important vector-like role in increasing the biological accumulation of hydrophobic pollutants via intestine digestive absorption. Due to much bigger quantity of NaPs, the relative concentrating effect of MPs to hydrophobic organic pollutants over NaPs is possibly a more reasonable reference when considering their potential ecological risk.

Interfacial Mass Transfer in Quaternary Liquid-Liquid Systems

Interfacial properties such as interfacial mass transfer are essential for the design and optimization of industrial separation processes. In this work we investigate the interfacial behavior of the two quaternary systems water + toluene + ethanol + acetone and water + toluene + ethanol + tetrahydrofuran and the relation between interfacial enrichment and mass transfer. The Concentration Gradient Theory (CGT) is combined with the Koningsveld-Kleintjens (KK) model to calculate interfacial tension and interfacial concentration profiles. By expanding a recent study of ternary systems with ethanol, acetone or tetrahydrofuran as transferring components we demonstrate that interfacial mass transfer in quaternary systems can be modeled with CGT + KK in good accordance to experimental data by adjusting a single additional binary mobility coefficient. Moreover, the present study indicates a hint on a link between interfacial enrichment and interfacial mass transfer.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium of acetic acid – ethanol – ethyl acetate – water quaternary system: Data review and new results at 323.15 K and 333.15 K

A brief review of data on solubility and liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) in the acetic acid – ethanol – ethyl acetate – water system is presented. A new set of experimental data on solubility, LLE, and critical phases in this quaternary system, ternary subsystems (acetic acid – ethyl acetate – water, ethanol – ethyl acetate – water) and binary subsystem ethyl acetate – water are presented for 323.15 K and 333.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The gas chromatography and the cloud point technique were used to obtain experimental data. Binodal curves, surfaces, and critical manifolds are presented including 3D phase diagrams in composition tetrahedron. Experimental LLE data were correlated using the NRTL model.

Solubility and Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Isopropyl Acetate + Isopropanol + Acetic Acid + Water Quaternary System at 313.15 K and 101.3 kPa

Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) and solubility data for the quaternary system isopropyl acetate + isopropanol + acetic acid + water and for the ternary systems isopropyl acetate + isopropanol + wat...

Isobaric Vapor–Liquid Equilibria for the Quaternary System Water + Ethanol + Ethylene Glycol + Choline Chloride and the Ternary System Water + Ethanol + Choline Chloride at 101.3 kPa

An organic salt choline chloride (ChCl) was introduced in ethylene glycol (EG) for improving the entrainer performance for ethanol dehydration by extractive distillation. The mixed solvent EG + ChCl with molar ratios of 8:1, 4:1, 2:1, and 4:3 were tested through vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) measurement for the quaternary system water + ethanol + EG + ChCl at 101.3 kPa. Data were also measured for the ternary system water + ethanol + ChCl. VLE behavior of the quaternary system was modeled successfully using the NRTL equation. The mean absolute deviations for the quaternary data were 0.24 K for equilibrium temperature and 0.0041 for vapor mole fraction of ethanol, while deviations for the ternary data were 0.15 K and 0.0032. As compared with EG alone, the existence of ChCl in the mixed solvent decreases the activity coefficient of water and increases the activity coefficient of ethanol, both leading to the enhancement of the relative volatility of ethanol to water. The azeotrope of water + ethanol can be removed with the addition of EG + ChCl 4:3 at a solvent mass fraction of 0.062, showing favorable entrainer performance for ethanol dehydration by extractive distillation.

Phase equilibrium measurement, thermodynamics modeling and process simulation for extraction of phenols from coal chemical wastewater with methyl propyl ketone

The extraction of phenols from coal chemical industry wastewater with methyl propyl ketone was studied in this work by experimental determination and process simulation. Phenol and hydroquinone were separately selected as the representatives of phenolic pollutants in the phenols-containing coal chemical industry wastewater. The liquid–liquid phase equilibrium data for methyl propyl ketone+phenol+hydroquinone+water quaternary system were measured at 40°C and 101.3kPa. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental data to achieve binary interaction parameters. The process simulation for the extraction of phenols from coal chemical industry wastewater with methyl propyl ketone was developed to obtain optimized operation parameters with the binary interaction parameters fitted from the experiment. The simulation results show that, the concentration of total phenols in the coal chemical industry wastewater could be reduced from 12,700mgL−1 to 313mgL−1 in the stream of the bottom in the stripping column, which is suitable for further biochemical treatment of the wastewater. The extraction solvent could be recycled through the distillation column and the stripping column. The crude phenols would be as by product in the phenols extraction and solvent recovery.

Preparation and characterization of β-casein stabilized lipopeptide lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticles for delivery of doxorubicin.

A kind of lyotropic liquid crystal nanoparticle (LLC NPs) has been designed and prepared. LLC NPs are dSMO/OA/β-casein/water quaternary systems, and their cubic or hexagonal microstructures have been characterized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The phase transition of LLC NPs takes place with ratio and pH adjustments. The properties, such as cytotoxicity, stability, drug encapsulation and release ability, have been investigated with MTT assay, cryo-TEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results showed that LLC NPs were nontoxic to cells and stable to enzymatic degradation. Hydrophilic drug doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX·HCl) could be effectively encapsulated in LLC NPs and its release rate could be regulated by pH. It was concluded that LLC NPs are potential nanocarriers in nanomedicine technologies. We hope that this work provides new guidelines for the rational design of LLC NP systems with lipopeptides for biomedical applications.

Vapor–Liquid Equilibria for 2-Propanol Dehydration through Extractive Distillation Using Mixed Solvent of Ethylene Glycol and Choline Chloride

The mixed solvent of ethylene glycol (EG) and choline chloride (ChCl) was tested as an entrainer for 2-propanol dehydration by extractive distillation. Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data were measured at 101.3 kPa for the quaternary system water + 2-propanol + EG + ChCl. The NRTL equation was used for the modeling of the quaternary VLE. Mean absolute deviations were 0.26 K and 0.0036 for equilibrium temperature and vapor mole fraction of 2-propanol, respectively. As compared with EG alone, the existence of ChCl in the solvent significantly decreases the activity coefficient of water and increases the activity coefficient of 2-propanol, both enhancing the relative volatility of 2-propanol to water. The azeotrope of water +2-propanol can be removed with the addition of the deep eutectic mixture EG + ChCl 2:1 at a solvent mass fraction of 0.157. The mixed solvent may be readily applied in extractive distillation of 2-propanol and water, replacing the frequently used mixed solvent of ethylene glycol and potassium acetate.

Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data and Correlation for the Quaternary Systems Water + Polyphenol (Hydroquinone, Catechol, and Resorcinol) + Methyl Isobutyl Ketone + Methylbenzene

The wastewater containing polyphenol (hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol) is often found in many industrial processes. Liquid–liquid extraction is a commonly used method to separate this style wastewater. The liquid–liquid equilibrium for the quaternary systems of water + polyphenol (hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol) + methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) + toluene were measured at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa. The potential for the mixture of MIBK + toluene to extract the polyphenol from its aqueous solution was examined, and the distribution coefficient and selectivity were used to evaluate the extractive ability for the mixed solvent of toluene and MIBK. The results show that mixed solvent has better extraction ability compared with single extractant (MIBK). The nonrandom two-liquid and universal quasi-chemical models were used to correlate experimental data, and the binary interaction parameters were obtained. The values of room-mean-square-deviation (RMSD) were used to evaluate the feasibility of the two ...

Interaction in the nickel perchlorate–acetamide–perchloric acid–water system at 25°С

Heterogeneous equilibria in the nickel perchlorate–acetamide–perchloric acid–water quaternary system at 25°С were studied by studying solubility. The crystallization regions were determined for the initial solid components, eutonic compositions of the ternary systems constituting the quaternary system, binary compounds of acetamide with nickel perchlorate and perchloric acid, and also two new coordination compounds containing simultaneously nickel perchlorate, acetamide, and perchloric acid: Ni(ClO4)2 · 4CH3CONH2 · HClO4 and Ni(ClO4)2 · 2CH3CONH2 · HClO4.

Interaction in the zinc perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water system at 25°С

Heterogeneous equilibria in the zinc perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water quaternary system at 25°С were studied by investigating solubility. The crystallization regions were found for the initial solid components, eutonic compositions of the ternary systems constituting the quaternary system, binary compounds of urea with zinc perchlorate and perchloric acid, and also two new coordination compounds containing simultaneously zinc perchlorate, urea, and perchloric acid: ZnClO4 · 4CO(NH2)2 · HClO4 and ZnClO4 · 2CO(NH2)2 · HClO4.

2-Propanol Dehydration via Extractive Distillation Using a Renewable Glycerol–Choline Chloride Deep Eutectic Solvent: Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium

A renewable deep eutectic solvent, glycerol–choline chloride (molar ratio 2:1), was tested as an entrainer for dehydration of 2-propanol by extractive distillation. Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the quaternary system water + 2-propanol + glycerol + choline chloride were measured at 100 kPa. With the addition of the deep eutectic solvent, the azeotrope of water + 2-propanol can be removed at a solvent mass fraction of 0.142, which is much smaller than the minimum solvent mass fraction of 0.229 for glycerol alone. With regard to the relatively low viscosity as compared with glycerol, the deep eutectic solvent may have better performance when used as entrainer for 2-propanol dehydration. The NRTL equation was used for the modeling of the quaternary vapor–liquid equilibrium data. Binary parameters of water + 2-propanol, water + glycerol, and 2-propanol + glycerol were fixed as the same for the system water + 2-propanol + glycerol and were taken from the literature. The correlation appeared to be ...

Liquid - liquid equilibrium for the quaternary reaction system water + sec-butyl alcohol + sec-butyl acetate + acetic acid

There is a reversible reaction (sec-butyl acetate + water ⇔ sec-butyl alcohol + acetic acid) catalyzed by acetic acid in the quaternary system water + sec-butyl alcohol + sec-butyl acetate + acetic acid. In this work, the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for this quaternary system were determined at 303.15–333.15 K at atmosphere pressure. The LLE model of this quaternary reaction system was established with consideration of the chemical equilibrium of the reversible reaction. The measured LLE data were used to correlate the binary interaction parameters of the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The NRTL model is more suitable than UNIQUAC model for describing the LLE of this quaternary reaction system.

Solubility in the manganese perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water system at 25°С

Heterogeneous equilibria in the manganese perchlorate–urea–perchloric acid–water quaternary system at 25°С were studied by investigating solubility. The crystallization regions were determined for the initial solid components, eutonic compositions of ternary systems constituting the quaternary system, binary compounds of urea with manganese perchlorate and perchloric acid, and also two new coordination compounds containing simultaneously manganese perchlorate, urea, and perchloric acid: Mn(ClO4)2 · 4CO(NH2)2 · HClO4 and Mn(ClO4)2 · 2CO(NH2)2 · HClO4.

Comment on “Determination of the quaternary phase diagram of the water–ethylene glycol–sucrose–NaCl system and a comparison between two theoretical methods for synthetic phase diagrams” Cryobiology 61 (2010) 52–57

Recently, measurements of a considerable portion of the phase diagram for the quaternary system water–ethylene glycol–sucrose–NaCl were published (Han et al., 2010). In that article, the data were used to evaluate the accuracy of two non-ideal multi-solute solution theories: the Elliott et al. form of the multi-solute osmotic virial equation and the Kleinhans and Mazur freezing point summation model. Based on this evaluation, it was concluded that the freezing point summation model provides more accurate predictions for the water–ethylene glycol–sucrose–NaCl system than the multi-solute osmotic virial equation. However, this analysis suffered from a number of issues, notably including the use of inconsistent solute-specific coefficients for the multi-solute osmotic virial equation. Herein, we reanalyse the data using a recently-updated and consistent set of solute-specific coefficients (Zielinski et al., 2014). Our results indicate that the two models have very similar performance, and, in fact, the multi-solute osmotic virial equation can provide more accurate predictions than the freezing point summation model depending on the concentration units used.

Salt-induced counterion condensation and related phenomena in sodium carboxymethylcellulose-sodium halide-methanol-water quaternary systems.

Polyion-counterion interactions in sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) in methanol-water media have been investigated conductometrically with reference to their variations with polyelectrolyte concentration, relative permittivity and the type and concentration of added electrolytes. The specific conductance data in polyelectrolyte-salt solutions were analyzed using an equation recently developed by us following the scaling description for the configuration of a polyion chain according to Dobrynin et al. Excellent quantitative agreement between the experimental results and those obtained with the new equation developed was observed. The results demonstrate that approximately 43-59% of the counterions remain free and that there has been a suppression of counterion dissociation in the presence of a salt in any given mixed solvent medium, the extent of which increases with increasing salt concentration. NaCl was found to be slightly more efficient than NaBr in suppressing the counterion-condensation in NaCMC-methanol-water systems. An increase in the amount of methanol in the media causes a reduction in the fraction of free counterions. The results further demonstrate that the monomer units experience more frictional resistance as the methanol content of the mixture increases or as the concentration of the added electrolytes increases. The results were discussed in terms of various interactions prevailing in these systems.

Composition of the Middle Phase Microemulsion Formed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate/1-Alcohol/n-Alkane/Water

The composition of the microemulsion plays a key role in modulating the formation of nanoparticles of inorganic materials. In order to understand the modulating mechanism, the composition of the middle phase microemulsion formed by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfonate/ 1-Alcohol/ n-Alkane/ Water quaternary system was studied by δ-γ phase diagram. A series of phase inversions O/W (2) → B.C.(3) → W/O( ) were observed with the increase in 1-alcohol concentration. Some physicochemical parameters, such as the coordinates of the start (βΒ, εB) and end points (βE, εE) of the middle-phase microemulsion, the mass fractions of AS (CS) and 1-alcohol (CA) in the total system, and the solubilities of AS (SO) and 1-alcohol (AO) in oil phase, were calculated. The influences of n-alkanes, 1-alcohol and concentration of NaCl solution on the composition of middle phase microemulsion were significantly.

Further separation of KCl and NH4Cl by 1-propanol–KCl–NH4Cl–water aqueous two-phase system

The solubility of KCl and NH4Cl in water, 1-propanol and 5%1-propanol were determined by static analytical method. Based on the conjunction of static analytical method and titration method, the phase diagrams for 1-propanol–KCl–NH4Cl–water quaternary systems with different mass fraction of KCl and NH4Cl have been determined experimentally at 298.15K. Furthermore, the binodal curve data were satisfactorily correlated using a three-parameter equation. In the liquid–liquid–solid area of the phase diagram, the selective partition of KCl and NH4Cl has been studied. The effects of several parameters on the yield and the purity of KCl or NH4Cl in the precipitation were also investigated, such as different mass fraction of KCl to NH4Cl, the concentration of 1-propanol and temperature. The experimental results showed that the increase in the mass fraction of KCl to NH4Cl favored both the yield and the purity of KCl in the precipitation, and the purity of KCl is more than 98%, 95% and 91% when KCl/NH4Cl (w/w)=3/1, 2/1 and 1/1, respectively. The purity of NH4Cl is much higher only when KCl/NH4Cl (w/w)=1/3 and the purity can be >98%. The results also showed that low temperature favored the yield and has insignificantly influence on the purity of KCl. The increase in the concentration of 1-propanol favored the yield greatly, while the purity of the precipitation has a modest decrease.

Thermodynamic modeling of ternary and quaternary (liquid + liquid) systems containing water, FeCl3, HCl and diisopropyl ether

Liquid–liquid extraction using ethers as solvents is a potentially energy saving alternative for the concentration of aqueous ferric chloride solutions. Adequate thermodynamic models that describe the behavior of the resulting quaternary systems (FeCl3, ether, acid and water) are not available in the literature. In this paper, the development of an equilibrium description applying the NRTL-model is presented, including experimental validation and fitting of the NRTL-parameters on the validated data. Equilibrium experiments were performed for the ternary systems (water+HCl+DiPE) and (water+FeCl3+DiPE) and the obtained data is in good agreement with the results from Maljkovic et al.[37] and Cambell et al.[39]. Experimental data of the quaternary system is taken from Maljkovic et al.[37]. The obtained binary interaction parameters to describe the (liquid+liquid) quaternary system (water+FeCl3+HCl+DiPE) and the constituting ternaries by the NRTL model are presented. Model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Thermodynamic promotion of carbon dioxide–clathrate hydrate formation by tetrahydrofuran, cyclopentane and their mixtures

Gas clathrate hydrate dissociation pressures are reported for mixtures of carbon dioxide, water and thermodynamic promoters forming structure II hydrates.Hydrate (H)–aqueous liquid (Lw)–vapour (V) equilibrium pressures for the ternary system composed of water, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and carbon dioxide (CO2), with 5.0mole percent THF in the initial aqueous phase, are presented in the temperature range from 283.3K to 285.2K. At 283.3K, the three-phase equilibrium pressure is determined to be 0.61MPa (absolute pressure).Four-phase hydrate (H)–aqueous liquid (Lw)–organic liquid (La)–vapour (V) equilibrium data are presented for the ternary system of water–cyclopentane–carbon dioxide at temperatures ranging from 285.2K down to 275.5K.New four-phase H–Lw–La–V equilibrium data for the quaternary system water–THF–cyclopentane–carbon dioxide are presented in the temperature range from 275.1K to 286.6K. It is shown that upon adding THF to the pure aqueous phase to form a 4mass percent solution, the equilibrium pressure of the formed hydrates may be lowered compared to the ternary system of water, cyclopentane and carbon dioxide.