Quasi-experimental Research Articles

Programs Promoting Physical Activity and Social-Emotional Learning for Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review.

Social-emotional learning (SEL) and physical activity (PA) are beneficial for adolescent development. This review aims to describe educational programs that promote SEL and PA simultaneously among adolescents. A search was conducted using electronic databases in 2023 (eg, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ERIC) eliciting 5226 articles. Studies were included (n = 5) if they: (1) evaluated a program that promotes both SEL and PA among adolescents; (2) included adolescents aged 10-19 years old; (3) reported outcomes related to SEL and PA; (4) used a quasi-experimental or experimental design; (5) were published in English within the last 25 years. Results were mixed, with some studies showing impacts on both SEL skills and PA, while others showed benefits for SEL only. Across different programs and measures, integrative SEL and PA interventions demonstrated modest effects, indicating potential but highlighting the need for more research on optimal implementation to improve adolescent well-being. These studies highlighted the importance of combining SEL with PA during in-school and out-of-school settings.

Optimizing adolescent health: Investigating physical activity’s impact on fitness, working memory, and academic performance

This quasi-experimental study investigates the intricate relationship among adolescents’ physical activity, working memory, and academic performance, recognizing their significance in adolescent development. Employing a quasi-experimental design, 85 13-year-olds from a Taiwanese junior high school were involved. Data scrutiny was facilitated through Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), with the mediation effect explored via Smart Partial Least Squares structural equation modeling (Smart PLS-SEM). Findings indicate significant improvements in physical fitness among both aerobic and resistance exercise groups compared to controls. Additionally, both exercise cohorts demonstrated a stronger positive association with verbal working memory scores than the control group. Intriguingly, visuospatial working memory fully mediated the relationship between resistance exercise and science performance. These results highlight the potential advantages of incorporating brief daily exercise sessions to bolster adolescent physical fitness and emphasize the mediating function of working memory in connecting physical activity with academic accomplishment. This study furnishes valuable insights for educators and policymakers striving to enhance adolescent well-being and academic achievement through targeted interventions.

The impact of evidence-based nursing leadership in healthcare settings: a mixed methods systematic review

BackgroundThe central component in impactful healthcare decisions is evidence. Understanding how nurse leaders use evidence in their own managerial decision making is still limited. This mixed methods systematic review aimed to examine how evidence is used to solve leadership problems and to describe the measured and perceived effects of evidence-based leadership on nurse leaders and their performance, organizational, and clinical outcomes.MethodsWe included articles using any type of research design. We referred nurses, nurse managers or other nursing staff working in a healthcare context when they attempt to influence the behavior of individuals or a group in an organization using an evidence-based approach. Seven databases were searched until 11 November 2021. JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-experimental studies, JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Case Series, Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool were used to evaluate the Risk of bias in quasi-experimental studies, case series, mixed methods studies, respectively. The JBI approach to mixed methods systematic reviews was followed, and a parallel-results convergent approach to synthesis and integration was adopted.ResultsThirty-one publications were eligible for the analysis: case series (n = 27), mixed methods studies (n = 3) and quasi-experimental studies (n = 1). All studies were included regardless of methodological quality. Leadership problems were related to the implementation of knowledge into practice, the quality of nursing care and the resource availability. Organizational data was used in 27 studies to understand leadership problems, scientific evidence from literature was sought in 26 studies, and stakeholders’ views were explored in 24 studies. Perceived and measured effects of evidence-based leadership focused on nurses’ performance, organizational outcomes, and clinical outcomes. Economic data were not available.ConclusionsThis is the first systematic review to examine how evidence is used to solve leadership problems and to describe its measured and perceived effects from different sites. Although a variety of perceptions and effects were identified on nurses’ performance as well as on organizational and clinical outcomes, available knowledge concerning evidence-based leadership is currently insufficient. Therefore, more high-quality research and clinical trial designs are still needed.Trail registrationThe study was registered (PROSPERO CRD42021259624).

A Study of the Effect of Sichuan Opera Singing on the Vocal Skills of Music Students

The purpose of the article is to explore the effects of Sichuan opera singing on music majors’ vocal skills, focusing on three key aspects: pitch test, assessment of rhythmic perception, and emotional expression. Through a quasi-experimental design, 100 music majors were selected as research subjects and divided into an experimental group that received Sichuan opera singing instruction and a control group that received traditional vocal instruction. The results showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group receiving Sichuan opera singing teaching showed significant improvement in pitch mastery, rhythm perception, and emotional expression.

Bridging gaps, building futures: evaluating a multinational’s employment programme vs. work-first for youth with diverse education levels

ABSTRACT In the Netherlands, public work-first support tends to cause unemployed young people to exit into primarily non-standard jobs. A worldwide-renowned Dutch company, Royal Philips, has offered since the mid-1980s a two-year lasting work experience and vocational training programme to long-term unemployed youth as an alternative to public work-first support. This quasi-experimental study uses data from the company programme's participants and national longitudinal register data for the matched control group receiving public work-first support. The present study observes the employment impact of this private company's employment programme compared to the public programme for inadequately skilled youth (aged 16–35) by education level. Participants’ employment levels are compared with a carefully matched public work first-subjected control group up to a maximum of ten years later. Fixed-effects panel regression models show that, due to its upskilling and work experience features, the employment programme positively affects sustained wage-fitted employment over ten years compared with the control group subjected to public work-first support. The programme's employment effect associated with upskilling is achieved notably with low-educated participants who received vocational training. In contrast, participating high-educated young people seem to profit from human capital and signalling effects.

The Influence Of Education Based On Self-Efficacy Theory On Interdyalitic Weight Gain (IDWG) In The Hemodialysa Unit

Poor fluid management among hemodialysis patients can lead to detrimental outcomes such as high Interdialytic Weight Gain (IDWG), contributing to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. While conventional education on fluid restriction exists in hospitals, non-compliance remains prevalent, highlighting the need for educational approaches grounded in self-efficacy theory to enhance patients' self-confidence in self-management. This study aimed to assess the impact of educational interventions based on self-efficacy theory on IDWG in hemodialysis patients at Malahayati Islamic Hospital. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, the study included a total of 68 participants selected through purposive sampling. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) in IDWG scores between the intervention and control groups post-intervention, indicating the effectiveness of self-efficacy-based education in improving compliance with fluid intake restrictions among chronic kidney failure patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Reducing freeloading in Global Virtual Teams: A quasi-experimental approach

Freeloading, a challenge faced by all workgroups but particularly acute in global virtual teams (GVTs), is an increasing concern as GVTs become increasingly ubiquitous in international business settings. This study employed a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of different strategies grounded in equity theory for mitigating freeloading behavior in GVTs. The study used a sample of 2,022 GVTs comprising 12,536 business students from 43 countries who, for two months, worked on international business consulting projects. The results indicate that freeloading could be significantly reduced if the performance management system promotes a sense of equity and fairness by visible monitoring of individual effort coupled with the threat of reciprocations for insufficient contributions. Importantly, making a lack of individual effort visible through regular peer evaluations but taking no immediate punitive action could reduce perceived fairness and actually increase freeloading. The implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed.

The Effect of Teaching with Web 2.0 Tools on Mathematics Achievement and Retention

This research aimed to examine the effects of Web 2.0 tools on mathematics achievement and retention in 6th-grade Algebraic Expressions. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test post-test control group design, one of the quantitative research methods. It was conducted during the 2023-2024 academic year with 88 students—44 in the experimental group and 44 in the control group—studying in the 6th grade of a public school in the Yenimahalle District of Ankara. The experimental group was instructed using Web 2.0 tools for three weeks, while the control group was taught following the textbook. The "Algebraic Expressions Achievement Test" was used to determine academic success. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Independent Samples t-test, Repeated Measures ANOVA, and Benferroni multiple comparison tests were used in the analysis process. The results showed that there was a significant difference in favor of experimental group between the post-test mean scores of algebraic expressions of the experimental and control groups. As a result, the use of Web 2.0 tools in teaching algebraic expressions in mathematics is more effective in increasing students' academic success and retention compared to current teaching methods.

P-785 Validation for effectiveness of the virtual reality based simulator for training of Neophyte on oocyte retrieval/ovum pickup

Abstract Study question To evaluate and measure the clinicians’ performance in oocyte pick-up procedures by using a VR based Simulator before they perform procedure on real patients Summary answer Clinicians’ oocyte pick-up performance significantly improved with the virtual reality simulator—evidenced by heightened accuracy, enhanced hand-eye coordination, and reduced procedure time. What is known already Virtual reality simulators hold immense potential in transforming medical training, providing a secure space for neophyte practitioners to repetitively practice procedures without the involvement of live subjects. However, despite their promise, there is a lack of rigorous evaluation regarding the translation of skills acquired on these platforms into improved clinical outcomes, such as oocyte retrieval. A critical need for comprehensive assessments to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality simulators in enhancing real-world clinical skills and ensuring their impact on patient care. Study design, size, duration The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, incorporating a 60-minute theoretical and 45-minute simulator training program for oocyte retrieval. A total of 40 participants were split into two groups, each consisting of 20 individuals, experiencing a 4-hour and 8-hour simulation session. Following the allocated training hours, participants completed questionnaires covering demographics, first impressions of the VR simulator, and its perceived usefulness. Participant performance was subsequently scored after completion of training. Participants/materials, setting, methods Forty neophyte participants, with master’s in Obstetrics- Gynecology, were divided into two groups for simulation training on oocyte pick-up using a virtual reality-based simulator. Performance parameters assessed included the total number of times the vaginal and ovary walls were pierced, the total number of aspirated follicles, remaining follicles, compromised follicles, blood aspiration count, and aspiration efficiency. These metrics aimed to comprehensively evaluate and measure participants’ proficiency in oocyte pick-up procedures using the virtual reality simulator. Main results and the role of chance The results show that training with the virtual reality-based simulator significantly enhanced clinician performance when performing oocyte pick-up. In the second group, there was a significant increase in the percentage of correctly aspirated follicles (77% vs. In the first group, 60% of patients (p < 0.05), while accompanied by a significant decrease in aspirating follicles time (26 s vs. 38 s, p < 0.05). This translated into improved accuracy of performance on the whole (2.77% vs 1.56%, p < 0.05). Furthermore, those in the second group significantly improved their performance time-wise (20s vs. 35s, p < 0.05), although the level of aspirated follicles remained about the same mean number. These improvements are unlikely to be attributed to chance, as the differences observed between the two groups are statistically significant. These findings are also supported by the study design itself, which divided participants according to two teams undergoing various durations of simulation training. The fact that the trends of improvement in speed and accuracy across sessions support the argument against chance also provides additional evidence, suggesting that use of a virtual reality-based simulator has consistent meaningful impact on clinician performance during oocyte retrieval procedures. Limitations, reasons for caution The study’s limitations include a small sample size, a focus on Neophyte participants without expert group involvement, and the absence of more complicated ultrasound cases in oocyte pickup scenarios. Considering, these outcomes are relatively small and highly sensitive to their groups, further research of larger and diverse group is warranted. Wider implications of the findings virtual reality simulators’ has a transformative impact on enhancing clinical competency in oocyte pick-up. The observed improvements in accuracy and efficacy in simulations imply practical implications for real clinical practice. Requirement of extensive studies with diverse participants are crucial, confirming initial positive results and unveiling enduring effects in clinical settings. Trial registration number not applicable

Student Perceptions of Clinical Instructor Characteristics Affecting Clinical Experiences: a Systematic Review

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate how students perceive the characteristics of clinical instructors that have an impact on their clinical experiences and aid programs in improving clinical education, and to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical instructor characteristics. Design: Study of a systematic review. Data sources: From three online web databases including PubMed, EBSCOhost (CINAHL), and Science Direct. In addition, searches for key article references were carried out. Review studies that were published from 2017 to 2022. Review methods: A five hundred sixty-two extracted literature from databased articles published in no more than five years, the PRISMA flowchart clarifying the data collection procedure which was manually reviewed, and the study included 19 documents for further analysis. Results: Through the investigation of 19 studies that met the criteria: nine qualitative studies, eight quantitative studies, and two mixed methods. The majority of these studies were cross-sectional descriptive studies while one of them was a quasi-experimental design a pretest-posttest. Two studies from quantitative design utilized the same instrument as a standardized tool used to measure the Nursing Clinical Teacher Effectiveness Inventory (NCTEI) survey tool developed by Knox and Mogan (1985). Conclusion: The experiences and opinions of many students’ nurses, faculties, and clinical instructors about the characteristics of CI is an ongoing and fluctuating process according to their perceptions of them. However, clinical instructors are crucial in helping student nurses develop the skills necessary to be effective and competent practitioners.

Platelet-Poor vs Platelet-Rich Plasma For The Treatment Of Acute Thigh Muscle Injuries.

The aim of this study was to determine whether patients treated with platelet-poor plasma (PPP) after an acute thigh muscle injury would have a faster return to activity compared to patients treated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP). This quasi-experimental study included 100 patients (ages 16-45) with an acute thigh muscle injury diagnosed by sports ultrasound and treated with either PRP or PPP followed by a course of structured rehabilitation. The primary outcome was the number of days until unrestricted participation in sport, while the secondary outcome was the rate of recurrent injury within 12 months. The time until full, unrestricted participation in sport was significantly lower in the PPP group compared to the PRP group for all injury grades, with patients in the PPP group on average returning to unrestricted participation in sport 22.89 days more quickly than the PRP group (p < 0.001). Additionally, no significant difference in recurrent injury up to 12 months post-procedure was seen between groups (p = 0.967). PPP resulted in faster return to sport than PRP for acute thigh muscle injuries with a non-inferior injury recurrence rate. These findings suggest that future high level studies comparing PPP and PRP for the treatment of thigh muscle injuries should be considered.

The Say-Do-Say correspondence in semi-natural contexts: A pilot study

The Say-Do-Say correspondence is defined as the coincidence relationship between what a person says they will do, what they subsequently do, and what they finally report having done. Despite the relevance of this phenomenon in the clinical setting, it has been scarcely investigated. The two objectives of the present work were: (1) evaluate whether the proposed methodology is adequate to measure correspondence; (2) analyze whether the delay variable affects the establishment of correspondence. To do this, a pilot study was carried out using a quasi-experimental design with two groups (Delay group and No-Delay group) and nine single-case studies were carried out, measuring the correspondence in five behaviors through questionnaires and an observational methodology. In the Delay group, each of the phases was measured with a time difference of one week, while in the No-Delay group all measurements were performed on the same day. The methodology used seemed appropriate to make a first approach to the phenomenon in semi-natural contexts, although certain limitations were found that must be taken into account in future studies. Likewise, it was found that the delay affected the establishment of the three types of correspondence relationship (Say-Do, Do-Say, Say-Say).

Impact of Cognitive Intervention on Neurocognitive Development of Schoolchildren Exposed to Lead in a Semi-Urban Community in Mexico.

A quasi-experimental study with a control group was conducted in children aged 7 to 12years from 2 communities in Morelos, Mexico. Blood lead levels were determined, and the neurocognitive function was assessed pre- and postintervention with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Children's Auditory Verbal Learning Test-2. A cognitive intervention was conducted at the school. The difference-in-differences method adjusted for variables known as priori and evaluated the impact of cognitive intervention. The differences-in-differences models indicated a significant average increase in scores on the Verbal Comprehension Index (9.58 points), Processing Speed Index (5.33 points), intelligence quotient (5.63 points) level of learning (7.66 points), interference trial (10.12 points), immediate memory span (7.98 points), and recognition accuracy (1.18 points) subtests after the cognitive intervention. The results suggest that cognitive intervention improves neurocognitive development in schoolchildren exposed to Pb.

The effect of a hybrid structured pulmonary rehabilitation education program for patients with lung cancer with a high risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: A quasi-experimental study

PurposeThe absence of standardized protocols and education are the main obstacles to perioperative pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), especially for patients with high-risk factors of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). We aimed to explore the effect of a hybrid structured pulmonary rehabilitation education program (SPREP) on patients with lung cancer at high risk of PPCs. MethodsA quasi-experimental trial with a pre-post test design was conducted. The control group (n = 53) adopted routine perioperative pulmonary rehabilitation, while the intervention group (n = 53) received SPREP. Respiratory function, 6-min walk distance, Borg dyspnea scale, quality of life, anxiety–depression scores at admission, discharge, 2 weeks and 3 months post-discharge, and incidence of PPCs were compared between the two groups. ResultsThere were no significant differences on the 6-min walk distance and Borg Dyspnoea Scale at discharge between the two groups (P > 0.05), whereas the intervention group showed improved performance at the remaining time points (P < 0.05). In addition, the intervention group had improved exercise capacity, pulmonary function and quality of life, reduced levels of anxiety and depression at discharge, 2 weeks post-discharge and 3 months post-discharge (P < 0.05). In addition, incidence of PPCs was significantly reduced in the intervention group, especially postoperative pneumonia. ConclusionsThe SPREP could show significant benefits in enhancing exercise capacity, lung function, and quality of life, while diminishing the occurrence of PPCs and mitigating the levels of anxiety and depression, future large RCT need to further explore the efficacy. Trial registrationThis study was registered with the China Clinical Trial Registration Center (ChiCTR) under the Clinical Trial Registration Number [ChiCTR2200066698].

Effectiveness of the Specific Mobility Exercises on Pain Intensity and Quality of Life Among Stoma Patients: A Quasi-experimental Study

Effectiveness of the Specific Mobility Exercises on Pain Intensity and Quality of Life Among Stoma Patients: A Quasi-experimental Study

Effect of oral health education on improving knowledge, attitude, practice, and oral health status of patients with liver cancer: A quasi-experimental study

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) in helping patients with liver cancer be aware of their knowledge, skills, and abilities in self-oral health behaviors and improve their oral health status. MethodsThis is a quasi-experimental study of 90 patients with liver cancer assigned to an oral health education or a control group. The intervention group was educated with the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. A brief oral scale and the knowledge, attitude, and practice oral health questionnaire were employed to measure the oral health status and cognitive behavioral ability to seek oral health in patients. ResultsAmong 102 eligible patients, 90 (88.23%) agreed to participate in the present study and were divided to intervention (n = 45) or control (n = 45) groups. After the intervention and one month after discharge, the oral health scores of patients in the Intervention group were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, after the intervention and one month after discharge, the patients in the test group had higher scores on knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of oral health than the control group (P < 0.05). One month after discharge, the mean knowledge and skills scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that oral health education may be a useful health intervention for patients with liver cancer. It may also improve the knowledge and beliefs of liver cancer patients seeking oral health. Larger long-term investigations are necessary to provide more support for these preliminary conclusions.

Impact of Cognitive Intervention on Neurocognitive Development of Schoolchildren Exposed to Lead in a Semi-Urban Community in Mexico.

A quasi-experimental study with a control group was conducted in children aged 7 to 12years from 2 communities in Morelos, Mexico. Blood lead levels were determined, and the neurocognitive function was assessed pre- and postintervention with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and Children's Auditory Verbal Learning Test-2. A cognitive intervention was conducted at the school. The difference-in-differences method adjusted for variables known as priori and evaluated the impact of cognitive intervention. The differences-in-differences models indicated a significant average increase in scores on the Verbal Comprehension Index (9.58 points), Processing Speed Index (5.33 points), intelligence quotient (5.63 points) level of learning (7.66 points), interference trial (10.12 points), immediate memory span (7.98 points), and recognition accuracy (1.18 points) subtests after the cognitive intervention. The results suggest that cognitive intervention improves neurocognitive development in schoolchildren exposed to Pb.

Improving Soccer Coaching: Considerations of Individual Learning Styles, Intelligence Levels, and Motivation

Problem statement. In the increasingly complex and competitive world of soccer, training approaches that do not consider differences in individual learning styles, intelligence levels, and player motivation can be a serious obstacle in producing quality players. The lack of a holistic coaching approach based on differences in learning styles, intelligence levels, and motivation in training soccer players, which has the potential to hinder the development of optimal soccer playing skills among students, is a specific problem in this study. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to develop a holistic and innovative soccer coaching approach, which not only takes into account differences in individual learning styles and intelligence levels, but also increases player motivation. Thus, it is expected to be able to produce high-quality soccer players and improve the mastery of big ball games in physical education in schools. Methods. This type of research is a Quasy experiment with a study population of 140 men, the sample amounted to 44 male students. The instruments used were soccer playing skills test and general intelligence test. The data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciens 23. Results. The results of the study are as follows: (1) in general, the soccer playing skills of students who learn to use the global method are better than the elementary method; (2) there is an interaction between training methods and intelligence levels on the ability to play soccer; (3) at high intelligence levels, the global method is better than training using elementary learning methods to improve students' soccer playing skills; (4) at low intelligence levels, the elementary method is better than training using the global method in improving students' soccer playing skills. Conclusions. It can thus be concluded that improving soccer training cannot be underestimated without seriously considering individual learning styles, intelligence levels, and player motivation. Based on the findings, a holistic approach that integrates learning style preferences, designs training strategies that match intelligence levels, and understands motivational factors, opens the door to more adaptive and successful soccer learning. Keywords: Methods, Learning, Intelligence, Play, Soccer.

Effect of Differentiated Instructional Approach on Learners' Participation and Academic Achievement in Biology in Public Secondary Schools in Mbeere North Sub-County, Kenya

Secondary school education forms the academic foundation for the acquisition of knowledge in higher institutions. Science Education is the bedrock for technological advancement in Kenya and the world at large. Biology is a key science subject and forms the foundation of various fields; therefore, it is an essential discipline. The performance of students in Biology has generally been low for the last few years. The ordinary Conventional Instructional Approach used by teachers in increasingly diverse classrooms may have contributed to the minimal performance. This study aimed to assess the effect of the Differentiated Instructional Approach (DIA) on Learner Participation and Academic Achievement in Biology in Public Secondary Schools. Quasi-Experimental Research Design was used in particular, Solomon Four Control Group Design. The target population was 2405 form two Biology students. Purposive sampling was used to select 8 Co-educational County Secondary Schools with a sample size of 360 students. Simple random sampling was used to select and assign the participating schools to Experimental and Control groups. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data, while the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26 was used for data analysis. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in all three hypotheses, with the first objective giving (F117.220, p&lt;0.05), the second objective giving (F 54.049, p ˂ 0.05) while the third objective gave (F 65.417, p &lt; 0.05) significant values. The results indicated that learners subjected to the Differentiated Instructional Approach did better than those instructed using Conventional Teaching Approaches. The study also concluded that DIA improved learners' Participation and Academic Achievement. The findings of this study would be significant to curriculum developers, educators, administrators and will also contribute to the knowledge base for the Differentiated Instructional Approach, forming the basis for further research

Implementation, intervention, and downstream costs for implementation of a multidisciplinary complex pain clinic in the Veterans Health Administration.

To determine the budget impact of implementing multidisciplinary complex pain clinics (MCPCs) for Veterans Health Administration (VA) patients living with complex chronic pain and substance use disorder comorbidities who are on risky opioid regimens. We measured implementation costs for three MCPCs over 2 years using micro-costing methods. Intervention and downstream costs were obtained from the VA Managerial Cost Accounting System from 2 years prior to 2 years after opening of MCPCs. Staff at the three VA sites implementing MCPCs were supported by Implementation Facilitation. The intervention cohort was patients at MCPC sites who received treatment based on their history of chronic pain and risky opioid use. Intervention costs and downstream costs were estimated with a quasi-experimental study design using a propensity score-weighted difference-in-difference approach. The healthcare utilization costs of treated patients were compared with a control group having clinically similar characteristics and undergoing the standard route of care at neighboring VA medical centers. Cancer and hospice patients were excluded. Activity-based costing data acquired from MCPC sites were used to estimate implementation costs. Intervention and downstream costs were extracted from VA administrative data. Average Implementation Facilitation costs ranged from $380 to $640 per month for each site. Upon opening of three MCPCs, average intervention costs per patient were significantly higher than the control group at two intervention sites. Downstream costs were significantly higher at only one of three intervention sites. Site-level differences were due to variation in inpatient costs, with some confounding likely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This evidence suggests that necessary start-up investments are required to initiate MCPCs, with allocations of funds needed for implementation, intervention, and downstream costs. Incorporating implementation, intervention, and downstream costs in this evaluation provides a thorough budget impact analysis, which decision-makers may use when considering whether to expand effective programming.