Mercury Vapor Quartz Lamp Research Articles

Clinic for Treatment of Rickets with Mercury Vapor Quartz Lamp

Clinic for Treatment of Rickets with Mercury Vapor Quartz Lamp

ANTIRACHITIC PROPERTIES IMPARTED TO INERT FLUIDS BY ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION

Within the last few years radiation has acquired a new significance for physicians, especially for those who are actively concerned with the welfare and treatment of infants. Although light rays are employed in the treatment of rickets and other diseases, little or nothing is known regarding the mechanism by which they produce such remarkable results. It seemed, therefore, that the experiments here briefly reported might be of interest in this connection. Investigations were carried out to ascertain whether by means of irradiation inert substances could be endowed with antirachitic potency. With this end in view, various fluids were irradiated with the mercury vapor quartz lamp. To summarize the results of these experiments, it may be stated that it was found that cottonseed oil, when irradiated for an hour at a distance of 1 foot, had acquired antirachitic properties. The experiments were carried out as follows: A very thin layer of

The photo-chemistry of potassium permanganate.-Part II. On the energetics of the photo-decomposition of potassium permanganate

It has been demonstrated in a previous communication that potassium permanganate is decomposed on illumination by light from the quartz mercury-vapour lamp. It was, therefore, of interest to determine the wave-length of the chemically active light and to investigate if possible the validity of the Einstein law of photo-chemical equivalent which so far has been stated not to apply to substances in solution. A study was, therefore, made of the absorption spectrum of potassium permanganate, particularly with reference to the ultra-violet, since this region is the most lacking in qualitative data. The absorption in the visible regions of the spectrum has been studied by many authors, notably Formänek, and has recently been the subject of an interesting contribution by Hagenbach and percy, who have the subject of an interesting contribution by Hagenbach and percy, who have resolved it into a simple spectral series.

The photo-chemistry of potassium permanganate. Part 1.—Application of the potentiometer to the study of photo-chemical change

In investigating the effect of the light from the quartz mercury-vapour amp on the electrode potentials of solutions of various electrolytes, a very marked and rapid change was noticed in the case of potassium permanganate. The nature of the effect suggested that it is the result of a photo-decomposition of the potassium permanganate, and the following research was undertaken to confirm the hypothesis and discover the mechanism of the chemical change. A study of the literature revealed the fact that little work has been accomplished on the photo-chemistry of the permanganates. Pouguet has stated that, in the presence of a depolariser (oxalic acid), potassium permanganate is light-sensitive, reduction taking place to potassium manganate. Matthews and Dewey noticed a very slight decomposition, with the separation of a brown oxide, when a strong solution of permanganate is illuminated by a quartz mercury-vapour lamp. They were unable to obtain any quantitative data on the rate of decomposition, nor were any experiments made to elucidate the mechanism of the process.

The influence of light and darkness upon the development of xerophthalmia in the rat

The preventive influence of direct sunlight and of radiation with the mercury vapor quartz lamp upon the development of experimental rickets in rats has been demonstrated in experiments reported in previous studies. A logical further step was to determine whether or not direct sunlight and radiation with the mercury vapor quartz lamp would also prevent the development of xerophthalmia in rats fed diets which, under ordinary conditions of roomlight, would lead to the development of both rickets and xerophthalmia and of xerophthalmia alone. If this information could be ascertained it would be a valuable contribution to the study of xerophthalmia and by analogy would suggest either the unity or the divisibility of the factors contained in cod liver oil, which prevent and cure both xerophthalmia and rickets. It was desired also to determine whether or not different combinations or groups of light rays—as for example, direct sunlight, quartz lamp radiations and roomlight—have the same or similar influence upon...

The effect of sunlight upon the concentration of calcium and of inorganic phosphorus of the serum of rachitic children

Recent studies have shown that the bone lesions of rickets may be healed by a variety of measures (administration of a proper diet, or of cod liver oil, radiation with mercury vapor quartz lamp, carbon arc lamp, cadmium open spark, etc.) Hess and Unger claim to have obtained a similar result by exposing children suffering with rickets to direct sunlight. Howland and Kramer have demonstrated that with active rickets, unassociated with tetany, there occurs regularly a marked reduction of the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the serum. In some instances there was also a moderate reduction of the calcium concentration. With active rickets the reduction is such that when the concentration of calcium expressed in mg. per 100 c.c. of serum is multiplied by that of inorganic phosphorus similarly expressed, the product does not exceed the value 30. When healing takes place the concentration of each element approaches the normal so that the value of the product is 40 or above. Since the calcium concentration in normal serum rarely exceeds 11 mg. per 100 c.c. of serum and that of inorganic phosphorus does not go beyond the upper limit of 6 mg. in the same volume of serum the product practically never exceeds the value 66. 2. To determine whether the pigmented skin of the negro interfered with the therapeutic action of the sun's rays. 3. To deinonstrate whether direct sunlight is capable of producing as definite an increase in the concentration of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in the serum as occurs with the agents above named. Although Hess and Unger claim to have produced healing of the rachitic prccess in the bones in from four to six weeks, Hess and Gutman failed to find any significant changes of the inorganic phosphorus of the whole blood when children were exposed to sunlight for the same period.

A study of light waves in relation to their protective action in rickets

In a communication presented a year ago we showed that rickets can be prevented in rats by daily exposures to direct sunlight for about fifteen minutes. A similar result was reported at the same time by others. When rats were placed in a box having flint glass windows it was found that the sun's rays, in traversing the glass, had lost their protective power. In a later communication it was shown that the pigment of the skin also hinders the action of the effective rays, that black rats require more radiation than do white rats. These experiments have been extended to ascertain more nearly the wave lengths which exert the protective action. For this purpose glass filters have been used. These filters are manufactured by the Corning Glass Works and have been tested by this establishment and by the United States Bureau of Standards, both in regard to the wave lengths which they transmit, and their percentage of transmission. In this work white rats have been used which were fed the standard rickets-producing dietary (No. 84). Previous experiments have shown that rats on this dietary can be protected against rickets by daily irradiation for two minutes or less, by the mercury vapor quartz lamp at a distance of three feet with a voltage of 76 (a unit dose). The method of procedure was to interpose the various filters and to ascertain to what extent they altered the protective action of the light at exposures of varying intensity. The animals were radiographed after an interval of about 21 days, and killed after 28 days. The interpretation of rickets was based on a microscopic examination of the epiphyses.

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION IN RICKETS

Huldschinsky 1 has shown conclusively that when children suffering from rickets are exposed repeatedly to the rays of the mercury vapor quartz lamp, healing of the rachitic process ensues. The changes were demonstrated by means of roentgenograms. The work has been amply confirmed by others. Howland and Kramer 2 have reported the observation that the inorganic phosphorus of the serum is markedly reduced in uncomplicated rickets and that the concentration of this substance rises to normal or slightly above normal limits following the regular administration of cod liver oil. Iversen and Lenstrup 3 have made a similar observation with regard to the acid soluble phosphorus of the plasma. In a previous paper 2 the importance of a normal inorganic phosphorus concentration for the orderly progress of calcification has been emphasized. McCollum, Park and their associates have produced rickets in rats by administering a diet containing an excess of calcium but

A further report on the prevention of rickets in rats by light rays

In a previous communication we showed that the development of rickets in rats fed the standard rickets-producing diet of Sherman and Pappenheimer can be prevented by daily exposures to direct sunlight for fifteen minutes. A similar result has been reported by others. If the rats are placed in a box having flint glass windows, it was found that the sun's rays which had traversed the glass had lost their protective power. Rays which were reflected to the rats from a white surface retained some of their efficacy. Rickets can be prevented in rats by daily exposures of about 2 minutes to the rays of the mercury vapor quartz lamp, or by 4 minutes or less exposure, at a distance of three feet, to the rays from a carbon are lamp. X-rays were found ineffective. In order to test the effect of the pigment of the skin on the protective action of light, a group of white and another group of black rats (the melanic form of the Norway rat) were exposed to the radiation from the mercury lamp. In the first experiment both sets of animals were protected as the dosage was excessive. In the second experiment, when one and one-and-one-half minute exposures were employed, all the white but none of the black rats were protected. The black rats showed rickets by x-ray and by pathological examination, and their blood contained a less percentage of inorganic phosphate. This experiment shows that pigment retards the rays which are effective in rickets, and indicates one factor in the exceptional susceptibility of negro infants to this disorder. Prolonged exposure to direct sunlight failed to prevent or to delay the onset of scurvy in giunea-pigs.

The prevention of rickets in the rat by means of radiation with the mercury vapor quartz lamp

All the evidence as to the preventive and curative effects in the rickets of human beings of the radiations from the mercury vapor quartz lamp has been furnished by the X-ray. In order to determine the protective action of these radiations in experimental rickets in rats and also to examine the bones themselves we performed the following experiments. Nineteen rats, mostly mixed black and white and about seven weeks old, were placed on diet 3143 which, as previous experience has shown, produces rickets comparable in every respect to the rickets manifesting itself in human beings. Nine rats were kept as control animals under ordinary laboratory conditions in a room completely screened with windows of ordinary glass (cage “R” animals). Ten rats were exposed to the radiation from a Hanovia mercury vapor quartz lamp (Alpine type) (cage “U-V” animals). One animal (16Y) in cage “R” was found paralyzed thirty-eight days after being placed on diet (age about eighty-eight days) and was killed. We have previously pointed out that the development of paralysis of the posterior extremities not infrequently occurs in rats fed on diet 3143. Another animal (26Y) was killed fifty-eight days after being placed on the diet (age about one hundred and eight days); and the other seven animals were killed sixty-four days after being placed on the diet (age about one hundred and fourteen days). The animals in cage “U-V” (rayed animals) were exposed to the radiations at a distance of three feet for varying periods of time daily for sixty-four days and were then killed. The rayed animals as contrasted with the control animals showed marked physical vigor as evidenced by growth, activity, good appetite, thick smooth coats and reproductive power.

A new spectro-pyrheliometer of the measurements of the component radiations from the sun and from a quartz mercury vapor lamp

A new spectro-pyrheliometer of the measurements of the component radiations from the sun and from a quartz mercury vapor lamp

A new spectropyrheliometer and measurements of the component radiations from the sun and from a quartz-mercury vapor lamp

A new spectropyrheliometer and measurements of the component radiations from the sun and from a quartz-mercury vapor lamp

The decrease in ultra-violet and total radiation with usage of quartz mercury vapor lamps

The decrease in ultra-violet and total radiation with usage of quartz mercury vapor lamps

The decrease in ultra-violet and total radiation with usage of quartz mercury vapor lamps

The decrease in ultra-violet and total radiation with usage of quartz mercury vapor lamps

SIMPLE QUARTZ MERCURY-VAPOR LAMPS FOR BIOLOGICAL AND PHOTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS

The quartz mercury-vapor lamps described below were made by the writer for use in connection with some experiments on the biological and chemical effects of ultraviolet light. At the time the lamps were made there were no quartz mercury-vapor lamps on the market in this country. The lamps gave, and are still giving, after four years’ use, excellent results. They are less expensive than any of the commercial lamps known to the writer; and, furthermore, as will be seen, the design of these “home-made” lamps can be altered to suit particular requirements. These lamps are not difficult to make. The quartz must be worked in an oxyhydrogen flame, and the burner must be ad- justed so as to give the highest temperature possible; but the technique required for shaping the lamps is simpler than that required to make an ordinary T-joint in, glass tubing, since the quartz joints do not have to be annealed. A good vacuum pump is required for exhausting the lamp. The greatest difficulty is found in making the seals at the points where the electrodes enter. The literature contains a number of more or less complicated and impractical methods, but the seals described below are easily made and are efficient. It may be cheaper at present to have all the quartz parts of the lamp made at the factory. As stated above, these lamps were made before quartz tubing was being manufactured in this country. Figure 1 shows a simple form which the lamp may take.’ A is a quartz tube 1 cm. in diameter. One end is bent downward

Discussion on “sterilization of water by ultra-violet rays of the mercury-vapor quartz lamp” (Von Recklinghausen), Detroit, Mich., June 26, 1914. (see proceedings for June, 1914)

Discussion on “sterilization of water by ultra-violet rays of the mercury-vapor quartz lamp” (Von Recklinghausen), Detroit, Mich., June 26, 1914. (see proceedings for June, 1914)

Sterilization of water by ultra-violet rays of the mercury-vapor quartz lamp

Mercury-vapor quartz lamps are applied industrially for the production of ultra-violet rays for the sterilization of water. To obtain ultra-violet rays economically it is important to study the temperature of the luminous part of the lamp. There are different ways for measuring the ultra-violet power, based on physical, chemical or bacteriological reactions. Such reactions are compared between them. The paper refers to the historical development of mercury lamp water sterilizers and the development of pistol lamps for large sterilizing units. Different germs are of different sensitivity to ultra-violet light. It is important that the water should be clear when entering the sterilizer. Description is given of two typical installations, one in Europe, one in America. Data are given on the power consumption for the sterilization of water by ultra-violet rays.

Sterilization of Water by Ultra-Violet Rays of the Mercury-Vapor Quartz Lamp

Mercury-vapor quartz lamps are applied industrially for the production of ultra-violet rays for the sterilization of water. To obtain ultra-violet rays economically it is important to study the temperature of the luminous part of the lamp. There are different ways for measuring the ultra-violet power, based on physical, chemical or bacteriological reactions. Such reactions are compared between them. The paper refers to the historical development of mercury lamp water sterilizers and the development of pistol lamps for large sterilizing units. Different germs are of different sensitivity to ultra-violet light. It is important that the water should be clear when entering the sterilizer. Description is given of two typical installations, one in Europe, one in America. Data are given on the power consumption for the sterilization of water by ultra-violet rays.

Societies and academies

Societies and academies