Quarters Of Year Research Articles

Digital Medication Management in Polypharmacy.

Inappropriate drug prescriptions for patients with polypharmacy can have avoidable adverse consequences. We studied the effects of a clinical decision-support system (CDSS) for medication management on hospitalizations and mortality. This stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized, controlled trial involved an open cohort of adult patients with polypharmacy in primary care practices (=clusters) in Westphalia-Lippe, Germany. During the period of the intervention, their medication lists were checked annually using the CDSS. The CDSS warns against inappropriate prescriptions on the basis of patient-related health insurance data. The combined primary endpoint consisted of overall mortality and hospitalization for any reason. The secondary endpoints were mortality, hospitalizations, and high-risk prescription. We analyzed the quarterly health insurance data of the intention- to-treat population with a mixed logistic model taking account of clustering and repeated measurements. Sensitivity analyses addressed effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and other effects. 688 primary care practices were randomized, and data were obtained on 42 700 patients over 391 994 quarter years. No significant reduction was found in either the primary endpoint (odds ratio [OR] 1.00; 95% confidence interval [0.95; 1.04]; p = 0.8716) or the secondary endpoints (hospitalizations: OR 1.00 [0.95; 1.05]; mortality: OR 1.04 [0.92; 1.17]; high-risk prescription: OR 0.98 [0.92; 1.04]). The planned analyses did not reveal any significant effect of the intervention. Pandemicadjusted analyses yielded evidence that the mortality of adult patients with polypharmacy might potentially be lowered by the CDSS. Controlled trials with appropriate follow-up are needed to prove that a CDSS has significant effects on mortality in patients with polypharmacy.

Axalta releases fourth quarter and full year 2023 results

Axalta releases fourth quarter and full year 2023 results

Celebrating 35 years of Human Resource Development Quarterly

Celebrating 35 years of Human Resource Development Quarterly

An Epidemiological Profile of Previously Treated Patients Registered in Tuberculosis Units in Urban Visakhapatnam

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem. Retreatment patients havehigher risk of drug resistance compared with new cases. The objective of the study is to describe the typesof retreatment (previously treated) patients and assess the Socio demographic characteristics, co morbidand behavioural conditions of retreatment patients and to identify the factors associated with relapseunder Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program ( RNTCP) in the tuberculosis units located in UrbanVisakhapatnam. The main aim of the study is to study epidemiological profile of previously treated patientsto identify the factors which make tuberculosis patients prone for retreatment so that necessary action canbe taken.Methods: This is an Observational Analytical Cross-sectional study done in Tuberculosis units in GVMC. All thesubjects(193) who were registered as Previously treated patients in TUs during the second and third quarter ofthe year 2016 i.e April to September 2016. A pretested semi structured schedule was administered. Categoricaldata was analysed by Chi square test. Quantitative variables were represented as means and standard deviation.Unpaired t test was used for testing statistical significance in quantitative data.Results : Among 193 study subjects 168 (87%) were having pulmonary TB and remaining 25 (13%) were havingextra pulmonary TB. Majority of the study participants, 141 (73%) were males whereas only 52 (27%) were females.Relapse patients were 125(64.9%) Defaulters were 12 (6.2%), Treatment failure was 9 (4.6%) and Others previouslytreated were 47 (24.3%). Chi square test was used for testing statistical significance of association betweencategorical variables.Conclusion: Socio demographic factors, behavioural and co morbid factors have an effect on Relapse andmodifying these risk factors may bring about favourable outcomes. There is further need for exploring the reasonsfor high rates of relapse.

Conference Tourism: Exploring Economic Prospects in the Post-COVID-19 Era—Qualitative Research on Greek Hotel Executives

As is widely known, the COVID-19 pandemic has affected tourism and related activities globally. Due to the restrictive measures implemented for gatherings and movements in order to limit the spread of the virus, conferences and conference tourism received a strong shock since the majority of them were canceled or postponed. At the end of the first quarter year, many countries, like Greece, started organizing digital and hybrid conferences. Therefore, there was a reset in the conference industry as the time when travel was limited allowed the organizers, as well as others involved, to work remotely. The present study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on conference tourism and, more specifically, how hotels and their conference facilities were affected. In addition, the pursuit of potential opportunities through the ‘New technologies’ adopted, as well as the shaping of the industry in the post-COVID-19 era, are studied. This is achieved through a qualitative methodology using semi-structured interviews with 27 executives of hotels that offer conference facilities in Athens, Thessaloniki, Heraklion and Rhodes in order to examine whether this specific sector has adapted to the new reality. The analysis of data in this form of research revealed that the pandemic had benefited conferences to some extent, but only under certain circumstances.

What have we learned about long-term structural change brought about by COVID-19 and working from home?

ABSTRACT March 2020 will forever be etched in our minds as the beginning of the most concerning health pandemic faced by all generations of the living population. Two-and-three quarter years on, we are starting to see signs for what the future might evolve into through structural change brought about by many events, and no more so than the burgeoning growth in working from home (WFH). WFH is no longer associated with negative stigma, and along with remote working more generally, has become recognised across most sectors of society as a way of work that has benefits for many and is to some extent here to stay. We draw on the research undertaken since March 2020 to summarise the evidence that we use to speculate on what are likely to be the big changes in the land transport sector that would not have been considered, at least to the same extent, pre-COVID-19.

Stratospheric Ozone Variations Over Obninsk from Data of Lidar and Satellite Measurements

Analysis of variations of stratospheric ozone content at 13–18, 18–23 and 23–30 km layers is presented from data of lidar and satellite measurements in 2014–2022 over Obninsk city (55.1° N, 36.6° E). Modeling of deviations from seasonal run for separate quarters of year are fulfilled by using of linear regression method. Impact factors under consideration are quasi-biennial oscillation of zonal wind in tropical stratosphere (QBO), Arctic oscillation (AO), El-Nino – Southern oscillation (ENSO), solar activity (SA), volcanic aerosol (VA) and polar stratospheric clouds (PSC). Enhancement of ozone content is observed in eastern QBO phase at 18–30 km layer (I–II quarter) and in western QBO phase at 13–23 km layer (IV quarter). At separate layers it is revealed significant impacts of AO (II–III quarters), SA (I–II quarters) and VA (III–IV). During a year influence of PSC is originally showed in II quarter at 13–18 layer and then in IV quarter at 13–18 layer. Possible physical mechanisms are discussed which are the basis of the correlation relations observed.

Estimating the hospital costs of care for people living with HIV in England using routinely collected data.

Understanding the health care activity and associated hospital costs of caring for people living with HIV is an important component of assessing the cost effectiveness of new technologies and for budget planning. Data collected between 2010 and 2017 from an English HIV treatment centre were combined with national reference costs to estimate the rate of hospital attendances and costs per quarter year, according to demographic and clinical factors. The final dataset included records for 1763 people living with HIV, which was analysed using negative binomial regression models and general estimating equations. People living with HIV experienced an unadjusted average of 0.028 (standard deviation [SD] 0.20) inpatient episodes per quarter, equivalent to one every 9 years, and 1.85 (SD 2.30) outpatient visits per quarter. The unadjusted mean quarterly cost per person with HIV (excluding antiretroviral drug costs) was £439 (SD 604). Outpatient appointments and inpatient episodes accounted for 88% and 6% of total costs, respectively. In adjusted models, low CD4 count was the strongest predictor of inpatient stays and outpatient visits. Low CD4 count and new patient status (having a first visit at the Trust in the last 6 months) were the factors that most increased estimated costs. Associations were weaker or less consistent for demographic factors (age, sex/sexual orientation/ethnicity). Sensitivity analyses suggest that the findings were generally robust to alternative parameter and modelling assumptions. A number of factors predicted hospital activity and costs, but CD4 cell count and new patient status were the strongest. The study results can be incorporated into future economic evaluations and budget impact assessments of HIV-related technologies.

The relative age effect on fundamental movement skills in Chinese children aged 3–5 years

BackgroundThe cut-off date in the education system causes a relative age difference, with developmental advantages for children who are born on the “early side” of the cut-off date and disadvantages for those born later, which is known as the relative age effect (RAE). Very few studies have examined whether there is a RAE on the development of fundamental movement skills (FMSs) in preschool children, and no studies have been conducted in China. The purpose of this study is to identify whether a RAE exists on FMS in Chinese preschool children, comparing RAEs according to gender and age.MethodsFrom a total of 378 invited preschool children regularly registered at one Chinese kindergarten, a total of 288 healthy and typically developing preschoolers (4.33 ± 0.84 years-old; 56.6% boys) were included in this study. All children were required to take part in anthropometry and FMS assessments. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was applied to examine the difference in each of the FMS items across quarter categories, year and gender groups, controlling for body mass index (BMI).ResultsFor the overall sample, the data show the significant main effects on the quarter of birth factor in locomotor skills (LC; F (3, 265) = 2.811, p = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.031), object control skills (OB; F (3, 265) = 6.319, p = 0.04, ηp2 = 0.031), and total test score (TTS; F (3, 265) = 5.988, p = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.063). There were also significant differences in the age effect on all the domains of FMS (FLC (2, 265) = 100.654, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.432; FOB (2, 265) = 108.430, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.450; FTTS (2, 265) = 147.234, p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.526) but a gender effect only in LC (F (1, 265) = 20.858; p < 0.001; ηp2 = 0.073). For gender and quarter of birth groups, RAEs in LC only exists in girls. Moreover, regarding age and quarter of birth factors, RAEs are only found at younger ages.ConclusionsThis study suggests the existence of RAEs in the FMS of Chinese preschool children. Teachers need to be aware of the effect of RAEs on the FMS when approaching development, evaluation, and teaching approaches in preschools.

성능 기반 저수지 상태평가 방법 개선 연구

More than 50% of domestic agricultural reservoirs were built before 1945, which increases defects due to deterioration of facilities and limits their original function. Agricultural reservoirs are required for evaluation of the condition through regular inspections conducted at least once a quarter every year; however, the average execution rate per quarter was 45% according to the inspection records made by local governments over the past five years. Combining the low inspection rate in practice and the aged status of the facilities results in higher probability of reservoir failures especially for small reservoirs accounting for more than 90% of them managed by local governments. In this regard, the improvement plans were proposed in this paper through performance-based inspections. The improvement of the reservoir condition evaluation will enable rapid response to the aged reservoirs and reduce the potential damage caused by disasters through preemptive safety management.

Axalta Releases Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Results

Axalta Releases Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2022 Results

Maintaining HIV testing and treatment services in Zambia during COVID-19: a story of success and resilience

ABSTRACT Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. As countries struggled to control the spread of the virus through among other measures closure of health facilities, repurposing of health care workers, and restrictions on people’s movement, HIV service delivery was affected. Objectives To assess the impact of COVID-19 on HIV service delivery in Zambia by comparing uptake of HIV services before and during COVID-19. Methods We used repeated cross-sectional quarterly and monthly data on HIV testing, HIV positivity rate, people living with HIV initiating ART and use of essential hospital services from July 2018 to December 2020. We assessed quarterly trends and measured proportionate changes comparing periods before and during COVID-19 divided into three different comparison time frames: (1) annual comparison 2019 versus 2020; (2) April to December 2019 versus same period in 2020; and (3) Quarter 1 of 2020 as base period versus each of the other quarters of year 2020. Results Annual HIV testing dropped by 43.7% (95%CI 43.6–43.7) in 2020 compared to 2019 and was similar by sex. Overall, annual recorded number of newly diagnosed PLHIV fell by 26.5% (95% CI 26.37–26.73) in 2020 compared to 2019, but HIV positivity rate was higher in 2020, 6.44% (95%CI 6.41–6.47) compared to 4.94% (95% CI 4.92–4.96) in 2019. Annual ART initiation dropped by 19.9% (95%CI 19.7–20.0) in 2020 compared to 2019 while use of essential hospital services dropped during the early months of COVID-19 April to August 2020 but picked up later in the year. Conclusion While COVID-19 had a negative impact on health service delivery, its impact on HIV service delivery was not huge. HIV policies that were implemented before COVID-19 on testing made it easier to adopt COVID-19 control measures and to continue providing HIV testing services without much disruption.

A Demedicalized Model to Provide PrEP in a Sexual Health Clinic.

Sexual health clinics (SHCs) serve large numbers of patients who might benefit from preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Integrating longitudinal PrEP care into SHCs can overburden clinics. We implemented an SHC PrEP program that task shifted most PrEP operations to nonmedical staff, disease intervention specialists (DIS). We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of PrEP patients in an SHC in Seattle, WA, from 2014 to 2020 to assess the number of patients served and factors associated with PrEP discontinuation. Clinicians provide same-day PrEP prescriptions, whereas DIS coordinate the program, act as navigators, and provide most follow-up care. Between 2014 and 2019, 1387 patients attended an initial PrEP visit, 93% of whom were men who have sex with men. The number of patients initiating PrEP per quarter year increased from 20 to 81. The number of PrEP starts doubled when the clinic shifted from PrEP initiation at scheduled visits to initiation integrated into routine walk-in visits. The percentage of visits performed by DIS increased from 3% in 2014 to 45% in 2019. Median duration on PrEP use was 11 months. PrEP discontinuation was associated with non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity [hazard ratio (HR) 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 1.76], age <20 years (HR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.26 to 3.75), age between 20 and 29 years (HR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.28), and methamphetamine use (HR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.57 to 2.49). The clinic had 750 patients on PrEP in the final quarter of 2019. A demedicalized SHC PrEP model that task shifts most operations to DIS can provide PrEP at scale to high priority populations.

Cost-effectiveness of a multidisciplinary lifestyle-enhancing treatment for inpatients with severe mental illness: the MULTI study V

IntroductionEconomic evaluations of lifestyle interventions for people with mental illness are needed to inform policy makers and managers about implementing such interventions and corresponding reforms in routine mental healthcare.ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate changes in healthcare costs 18 months after the implementation of a multidisciplinary lifestyle-enhancing treatment for inpatients with severe mental illness (MULTI) versus treatment as usual (TAU).MethodsIn a cohort study (n=114; 65 MULTI, 49 TAU), we retrospectively retrieved cost data in Euros on all patient sessions, ward stay, medication use, and hospital referrals in the quarter year at the start of MULTI (Q1 2014) and after its evaluation (Q3 2015). We used linear regression analyses correcting for baseline values and differences between groups, calculated quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and deterministic incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, and performed probabilistic sensitivity analyses.ResultsAdjusted regression showed reduced total costs per patient per quarter year in favor of MULTI (B=-736.30, 95%CI: -2145.2–672.6). Corresponding probabilistic sensitivity analysis accounting for uncertainty surrounding the parameters showed MULTI was dominant over TAU with a saving in total costs of €417.48 (95%-CI: -2,873.2–2,042.1) against 0.06 improvement in QALY (95%-CI: -0.08–0.20). Costs saving estimates were statistically non-significant showing wide confidence intervals.ConclusionsRegardless of cost savings, MULTI did not increase healthcare costs while improving QALY and additional previously observed health outcomes. This indicates that starting lifestyle interventions does not need to be hampered by costs. Potential societal and economic value may justify investment to support implementation and maintenance. Further research is needed to study this hypothesis.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Herman Ehrenberg's Memory: A Research Note

Herman Ehrenberg's Memory:A Research Note James E. Crisp (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Several stanzas of "New Yankee Doodle" shown in Alex Dienst, "Contemporary Poetry of the Texan Revolution," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 21 (October 1917): 158. University of North Texas Libraries, the Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu. [End Page 460] The longest passage written in English in Herman Ehrenberg's 1843 German-language memoir of the Texas Revolution is a song that he claims to have heard sung in the spring of 1836 by a fellow escapee from the Mexican army named John Hitchcock. The scene takes place in the abandoned home of a Texan settler by the name of Thomas Kelly, located near the right bank of the Colorado River, a few miles above the quaint port city of Matagorda. None of these details is likely to be exactly true, as Ehrenberg appears to have invented the heroic details of his second capture by the Mexican army after his escape from the murder of the Texan prisoners at Goliad. Moreover, the names of neither the alleged singer nor the alleged settler quite match the historical record.1 Nevertheless, there appears to be far more than a germ of truth behind Herman's tale of the former prisoners' reunion in a house left empty by the "Runaway Scrape," and their surprise meeting with the soldier/settler, just returned to his home from Sam Houston's army. The facts behind these and other stories are documented in the latest effort to bring Ehrenberg's long-misunderstood volume to the public: Inside the Texas Revolution: The Enigmatic Memoir of Herman Ehrenberg, which was published in 2021. Interestingly, there is in the lyrics of the song that he gave to his readers in Europe evidence of the accuracy of Herman's memories of his exciting experiences in what he called the "prairie republic" of Texas. [End Page 461] These are the song's lyrics, as written by Ehrenberg: In Mexico none shall be freeThe people is too blind to seeThey can not cheer the libertyO Yankee doddle dandy. A recent review of Texas Revolution material by the present author (and editor of Inside the Texas Revolution) in the pages of the last 124 years of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly disclosed the source of Ehrenberg's lyrics. The first stanza of a poem titled "New Yankee Doodle," published in the Telegraph and Texas Register on October 31, 1835, reads as follows: St. Ana did a notion take that he must rule the land, sir;The church and he forthwith agree to publish the command, sir.In Mexico none shall be freeThe people are too blind to seeThey cannot share the LibertyOf Yankee Doodle Dandy.2 The source of Ehrenberg's lyrics is thus obvious—and the phonetically similar sounds of "cheer" and "share" in the next-to-last line of both song and poem (as well as the slight variations in spelling) make it clear that Herman was using his memory rather than a written source as his muse. Throughout his memoir, Ehrenberg was constantly recalling the vocabulary and the cadences of speech of the Americans and Anglo Texans with whom he served—with the New Orleans Grays at the Siege of Béxar, and in the doomed command of James W. Fannin at Coleto and Goliad. If we needed one more bit of evidence as to the lasting impressions made on the mind and memory of Herman Ehrenberg by his service in the Texas Revolution, these snippets of verse and song should suffice. [End Page 462] James E. Crisp James E. Crisp, Professor Emeritus of History at North Carolina State University, has been researching and writing about the era of the Texas Revolution for more than fifty years. He is a Fellow of the TSHA and his most recent book, Inside the Texas Revolution: The Enigmatic Memoir of Herman Ehrenberg (TSHA, 2021), which he edited and was translated by Louis E. Brister and James C. Kearney, won the Summerfield G. Roberts Award from the Sons of the Republic of Texas. Footnotes 1. For the full...

A Team Effort: 125 Years of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly

A Team Effort: 125 Years of the Southwestern Historical Quarterly

Association of hypothyroidism with outcomes in hospitalized adults with COVID-19: Results from the International SCCM Discovery Viral Infection and Respiratory Illness Universal Study (VIRUS): COVID-19 Registry.

IntroductionCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Primary hypothyroidism is a common comorbid condition, but little is known about its association with COVID‐19 severity and outcomes. This study aims to identify the frequency of hypothyroidism in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 as well as describe the differences in outcomes between patients with and without pre‐existing hypothyroidism using an observational, multinational registry.MethodsIn an observational cohort study we enrolled patients 18 years or older, with laboratory‐confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection between March 2020 and February 2021. The primary outcomes were (1) the disease severity defined as per the World Health Organization Scale for Clinical Improvement, which is an ordinal outcome corresponding with the highest severity level recorded during a patient's index COVID‐19 hospitalization, (2) in‐hospital mortality and (3) hospital‐free days. Secondary outcomes were the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality.ResultsAmong the 20,366 adult patients included in the study, pre‐existing hypothyroidism was identified in 1616 (7.9%). The median age for the Hypothyroidism group was 70 (interquartile range: 59–80) years, and 65% were female and 67% were White. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (68%), diabetes (42%), dyslipidemia (37%) and obesity (28%). After adjusting for age, body mass index, sex, admission date in the quarter year since March 2020, race, smoking history and other comorbid conditions (coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia), pre‐existing hypothyroidism was not associated with higher odds of severe disease using the World Health Organization disease severity index (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92, 1.13; p = .69), in‐hospital mortality (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.92, 1.15; p = .58) or differences in hospital‐free days (estimated difference 0.01 days; 95% CI: −0.45, 0.47; p = .97). Pre‐existing hypothyroidism was not associated with ICU admission or ICU mortality in unadjusted as well as in adjusted analysis.ConclusionsIn an international registry, hypothyroidism was identified in around 1 of every 12 adult hospitalized patients with COVID‐19. Pre‐existing hypothyroidism in hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 was not associated with higher disease severity or increased risk of mortality or ICU admissions. However, more research on the possible effects of COVID‐19 on the thyroid gland and its function is needed in the future.

P445 Is objective disease monitoring strategy tailored to the presence of clinical symptoms, a prospective cohort study from a tertiary IBD center from Hungary

Abstract Background Emerging data suggest that a treat-to-target approach and early therapeutic intervention using regular objective disease assessment leads to improved outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate the value of objective disease monitoring during regular follow-up. Methods Patients presenting in our IBD center between January and December in, 2018 were included and followed up for, 1 year. Data from clinical visits, clinical disease activity using Crohn’s Disease Activity Index and partial Mayo Score, biomarkers (CBC, CRP, FCAL), stool culture, colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, CT/MRI scans, abdominal US, total number of visits, hospitalization or surgery rates, and change in medical therapy were collected. We compared monitoring strategy according to the clinical disease activity in the given quarter-year period based on the patient’s status of clinical disease activity (remission/ flare / post-flare/ continuous activity). Results N=161 patients were included (CD:118/UC:43; male:, 56%), with predominantly moderate-to-severe disease phenotype (70% on biological therapy). In total, n=644 quarter year periods (n=, 554 with patient visit) were evaluated (remission, 57%; continuous activity, 19%; post-flare, 11%; flare, 13%). CBC and CRP were performed in, 82.9% and, 83.9% of all patients with at least one clinical visit in a quarter-year period, regardless of clinical activity in IBD. Colonoscopy was performed in patients with flare or continuous disease activity in, 21.1% and, 18.9%, but, 10.1% of the patients in clinical remission also underwent colonoscopy in a given quarter-year period. In a sub-analysis of UC patients, 24.1% of the patients presenting with disease flare had colonoscopy in a given period. Stool culture and C.difficile stool tests were performed in, 17.2% of UC patients with flare. CT scans were performed at a low rate of, 2.4% in CD patients with disease flare, while MRI scans were similar in all subgroups of CD patients (7.7–16.7%)., 13.2% of patients with cont. activity and, 24.5% of patients with flare needed initiation or dose optimization of corticosteroids, while biological start or dose optimization was needed in, 31.1% and, 33.8% in a given quarter-year period. Mean number of follow-up visits per quarter-year period was high(1.6) even for patients in remission, and, 2.4 in flare. Conclusion Our study confirmed the use of regular objective biomarker monitoring, independent of clinical activity. We report high utilization of c-scope/sigmoidoscopy as well as MRI (in CD) in the objective evaluation of patients with clinical symptoms or even as part of routine monitoring. CT was reserved for emergency situations, while the use of US was relatively low. Objective monitoring resulted in frequent and early optimization of the therapeutic strategy.

Call for Papers: The Leadership Quarterly Yearly Review (LQYR) for 2024

Call for Papers: The Leadership Quarterly Yearly Review (LQYR) for 2024

Sleep of infants and toddlers during 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the midwestern United States.

Cultural sleep practices and COVID-19 mitigation strategies vary worldwide. The sleep of infants and toddlers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States is understudied. Caregivers of children aged < 3 years responded to a cross-sectional survey during 2020 (divided into quarters, with the year quarter 1 being largely prelockdown). We assessed the global effect of year quarter on parent-reported total sleep time (hours) and sleep onset latency (hours) using an analysis of variance. We used multivariable linear regression to assess the adjusted effect of year quarter on total sleep time, sleep onset latency, and parental frustration. We used logistic regression to assess the adjusted effect of year quarter on nap consistency. Of 594 children, the mean age was 18.5 ± 9.7 months; 52% were female. In the adjusted analyses, the reference categories were as follows: quarter 1 (year quarter), ≤ 6 months (age category), and < $25,000 (annual household income). Total sleep time was associated with age category (ages 12 to ≤ 24 months: β = -2.86; P = .0004; ages 24 to ≤ 36 months: β = -3.25; P < .0001) and maternal age (β = -0.04; P = .05). Sleep onset latency was associated with year quarter (year quarter 3: β = 0.16; P = .04), age category (ages 24 to ≤ 36 months: β = 0.28; P < .0001), annual household income ($100,000-$150,000: β = -0.15; P = .03; > $150,000: β = -0.19; P = .01), and lack of room-sharing (β = -0.09; P = .05). Parental frustration with sleep increased with age (all P < .05) and lack of room-sharing (P = .01). The effect of lack of room-sharing on nap consistency approached significance (adjusted odds ratio, 1.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.95-3.72). Social factors such as lower household income and room-sharing affected the sleep of U.S. infants and toddlers as opposed to the COVID-19 lockdown itself. Gupta G, O'Brien LM, Dang LT, Shellhaas RA. Sleep of infants and toddlers during 12 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in the midwestern United States. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022;18(5):1225-1234.