Quarterly Review Research Articles

Agricultural Resilience: Perspectives from Ecology and Economics. Ecological Reviews. Edited by Sarah M. Gardner, Stephen J. Ramsden, and Rosemary S. Hails. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $120.00 (hardcover); $44.99 (paper). xv + 389 p. + 8 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-107-06762-2 (hc); 978-1-107-66587-3 (pb). 2019.

Previous articleNext article No AccessEcological Economics and SustainabilityAgricultural Resilience: Perspectives from Ecology and Economics. Ecological Reviews. Edited by Sarah M. Gardner, Stephen J. Ramsden, and Rosemary S. Hails. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $120.00 (hardcover); $44.99 (paper). xv + 389 p. + 8 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-107-06762-2 (hc); 978-1-107-66587-3 (pb). 2019.Lixin WangLixin WangEarth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 4December 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/717361 Views: 39Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Index to Articles and Commentaries Volume 96 (2021)

Previous articleNext article No AccessIndex to Articles and Commentaries Volume 96 (2021)PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 4December 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/717806 Views: 2Total views on this site © 2021 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Historical racial exclusion from board membership at the Southern Economic Association, Western Economic Association International, Midwest Economics Association, and Eastern Economic Association and their affiliated journals

AbstractThis research observes the dearth of Black economists who have ever held positions in the leadership of the Eastern Economic Association, the Southern Economic Association, the Midwest Economics Association, or the Western Economic Association International. It also records the number of Black economists to ever hold positions of editor or be members of the editorial boards of the Eastern Economic Journal, the Southern Economic Journal, Contemporary Economic Policy, the Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, or Economic Inquiry. Since the creation of the four regional economic associations and their affiliated journals until 2020, the authors estimate that there were over 6800 board positions available. To date, only 17 have ever been filled by Black scholars.

English-Language Periodicals in Parisian Reading Rooms and the Cross-Channel Transfer of Editorial Innovation (1800–65)

In the historical context of the development and modernization of the press, of an increasingly intense transnational circulation of ideas and of editorial styles, this essay sets out to analyze the reasons why reading rooms specialized in the foreign-language press, especially in English—for which the market was narrow—were successful in Paris during the first half of the nineteenth century. It examines the consequences of the circulation of the normally difficult to access British periodicals and newspapers, such as the Edinburgh Review, the Quarterly Review and the Westminster Review present in these reading rooms, on the transformation of the French media system. In the 1850s and 1860s, the wind started to change direction. By then, on the other side of the Channel, Alexander Macmillan and Mathew Arnold had become fervent admirers of the famous Revue des deux mondes. This turnabout testifies to the complexity of the mechanisms at work behind transnational cultural transfers and media innovation in France and in Britain at the time.

Review of the Quality Assurance Program of Colombo District, Sri Lanka: A Reflective Writing

Quality Assurance (QA) in health care is to maintain a high quality health care services, through monitoring of its’ the effectiveness. The QA program of Divisional Hospitals, Primary Medical Care units and Medical Officer of Health (MOH) units are monitored at the RDHS level. Likewise, RDHS of Colombo district is responsible for all the above stated institutions in Colombo district. All the above institutions have started 5S concept upto a certain extent. Work performance, clinic services, disease surveillance, supply chain management, health information system, performance reviews of MOH Units are functioning very satisfactorily. Even though the Out patient services, emergency services, Inpatient services, Supply chain management, diagnostic services, waste management, utility services are functioning well, there are significant deficiencies in every aspect in curative care settings. I was satisfied about the achievements of preventive setting with regard to QA while I am not happy about the QA of curative care settings. QA of curative care institutions are not up to the expected standards. It is mainly due to poor leadership competencies and commitment of managers, mal - functioning of the Quality Management Unit of the RDHS office, inadequate supervision and performance reviews. Monitoring of curative care institutions by the directorate of Primary Care Services is also not satisfactory, while monitoring of preventive care institutions by National Programs is substantially high, which has resulted in high QA in preventive sector. It is recommended to strengthen the functions of the QMU of the RDHS unit; to introduce monthly institutional meetings; to perform quarterly review meetings at RDHS office, strengthening health information system, training of the staff, increase the number of supervisory visits by RDHS and performance appraisal and recognition of good work.

Front Matter, Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, vol. 39, no. 1

Front Matter, Walt Whitman Quarterly Review, vol. 39, no. 1

Life in Extreme Environments: Insights in Biological Capability. Ecological Reviews. Edited by Guido di Prisco, Howell G. M. Edwards, Josef Elster, and Ad H. L. Huiskes. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $130.00 (hardcover); $49.99 (paper). xvii + 364 p. + 16 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-108-49856-2 (hc); 978-1-108-72420-3 (pb). 2021.

Previous articleNext article No AccessEcologyLife in Extreme Environments: Insights in Biological Capability. Ecological Reviews. Edited by Guido di Prisco, Howell G. M. Edwards, Josef Elster, and Ad H. L. Huiskes. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. $130.00 (hardcover); $49.99 (paper). xvii + 364 p. + 16 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-108-49856-2 (hc); 978-1-108-72420-3 (pb). 2021.Malcolm S. GordonMalcolm S. GordonEcology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 3September 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/716138 Views: 30Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

A Message to Our Readers

Previous articleNext article FreeA Message to Our ReadersPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreWe are proud to announce that Dr. Daniel E. Dykhuizen has been promoted to Editor Emeritus of The Quarterly Review of Biology, effective 1 September 2021. With Dr. Dykhuizen’s designation as Editor Emeritus, Dr. Liliana M. Dávalos will assume the responsibilities of Editor-in-Chief, joined with James D. Thomson, Gregory A. Wray, and John J. Wiens as Editors.Dr. Dykhuizen has been associated with the QRB since 1992, first as a Book Review Consultant (1992–2002), second as an Editor (2002–2005 and 2007–2010), and then as Editor-in-Chief (2010–2021).Dr. Dykhuizen is an expert in population genetics, having received a Ph.D. under the mentorship of Professor Richard Lewontin from the University of Chicago in 1970. He joined the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, now Stony Brook University, in 1987. He has served as Editor of Genetica, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, and Journal of Bacteriology, and was on the editorial board of Infection, Genetics and Evolution, and PLOS Pathogens. He has also served on numerous grant panels. Dr. Dykhuizen is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Microbiology. In 2009, the State University of New York Board of Trustees appointed Dr. Dykhuizen to the rank of Distinguished Professor. He was also the winner of the Award for Faculty Mentoring, presented by the University President in 2011. A symposium entitled “Experimental Evolution and DNA” was held in honor of Dr. Dykhuizen’s professional scientific achievements in 2012.It gives us great pleasure to thank Dr. Dykhuizen for his long service to The Quarterly Review of Biology. We wish him health and happiness in his future endeavors.The Editors and Staff of The Quarterly Review of Biology Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 3September 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/716164 Views: 235 © 2021 The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Computing Skills for Biologists: A Toolbox. By Stefano Allesina and Madlen Wilmes. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press. $110.00 (hardcover); $45.00 (paper). xxii + 417 p.; ill.; indexes of symbols; Unix commands; Git commands; Python functions, methods, properties, and libraries; LaTeX commands and libraries; R functions and libraries; SQLite commands; and general index. ISBN: 9780691167299 (hc); 9780691182759 (pb). 2019.

Previous articleNext article No AccessGeneral BiologyComputing Skills for Biologists: A Toolbox. By Stefano Allesina and Madlen Wilmes. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press. $110.00 (hardcover); $45.00 (paper). xxii + 417 p.; ill.; indexes of symbols; Unix commands; Git commands; Python functions, methods, properties, and libraries; LaTeX commands and libraries; R functions and libraries; SQLite commands; and general index. ISBN: 9780691167299 (hc); 9780691182759 (pb). 2019.Maureen A. CareyMaureen A. CareyMedicine and Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 3September 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/716122 Views: 74Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Ancient Bones: Unearthing the Astonishing New Story of How We Became Human. By Madelaine Böhme, Rüdiger Braun, and Florian Breier; Foreword by David R. Begun; translated by Jane Billinghurst. Vancouver (Canada) and Berkeley (California): Greystone Books. $28.95. xii + 337 p. + 8 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-77164-751-9 (hc); 978-1-77164-752-6 (eb). [First published in German in 2019.] 2020.

Previous articleNext article No AccessPaleontologyAncient Bones: Unearthing the Astonishing New Story of How We Became Human. By Madelaine Böhme, Rüdiger Braun, and Florian Breier; Foreword by David R. Begun; translated by Jane Billinghurst. Vancouver (Canada) and Berkeley (California): Greystone Books. $28.95. xii + 337 p. + 8 pl.; ill.; index. ISBN: 978-1-77164-751-9 (hc); 978-1-77164-752-6 (eb). [First published in German in 2019.] 2020.Jay KelleyJay KelleySchool of Human Evolution & Social Change and Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 3September 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/716131 Views: 22Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Pragmatism, truth, and cognitive agency

ABSTRACT The main objection to pragmatism about knowledge is that it entails that truth-irrelevant factors can make a difference to knowledge. Blake Roeber [2018. “Anti-Intellectualism.” Mind: A Quarterly Review of Philosophy 127: 437–466] has recently argued that this objection fails. I agree with Roeber. But in this paper, I present another way of thinking about the dispute between purists and pragmatists about knowledge. I do so by formulating a new objection to pragmatism about knowledge. This is that pragmatism about knowledge entails that factors irrelevant to both truth and ‘cognitive agency’ can make a difference to knowledge. An interesting additional upshot of my argument is the connection revealed between the debate between pragmatists and purists about knowledge, and the debate between ‘alethists’ and pragmatists about reasons for belief.

An Interview with Joy Priest

Joy Priest is the author of HORSEPOWER (Pitt Poetry Series, 2020), winner of the Donald Hall Prize for Poetry. She is the recipient of a 2021 NEA fellow- ship and a 2019-2020 Fine Arts Work Center fellowship, and has won the 2020 Stanley Kunitz Memorial Prize from APR, and the Gearhart Poetry Prize from The Southeast Review. Her poems have appeared in the Academy of American Poets’ Poem-a-Day, The Atlantic, and Virginia Quarterly Review, among others. Her essays have appeared in The Bitter Southerner, Poets & Writers, ESPN, and The Undefeated, and her work has been anthologized in Breakbeat Poets: New American Poetry in the Age of Hip-Hop, The Louisville Anthology, A Measure of Belonging: Writers of Color on the New American South, and Best New Po- ets 2014, 2016 and 2019. Joy received her M.F.A. in poetry, with a certificate in Women & Gender Studies from the University of South Carolina. She is currently a doctoral student in Literature & Creative Writing at the University of Houston.

Intermarriage in the Quilombo: Southey’s Republic of Runaway Slaves

ABSTRACT For Reginald Heber, reviewer of Robert Southey’s History of Brazil in the Quarterly Review, one of the most “striking” parts of Southey’s narrative was that the Portuguese fostered intermarriage in their colonial territories, instead of promoting segregation. Depictions of intermarriage in the text are in fact abundant but remain understudied, even amongst several recent outstanding publications on Southey and imperialism. In this essay, I analyze one of these depictions of intermarriage: the quilombo of Palmares, a “rustic republic” founded by runaway slaves. I argue that Southey uses the quilombo of Palmares, a marginalized multi-ethnic community in the Portuguese imperial territory, to imagine the origin of new nations through intermarriage. I demonstrate that Southey’s Palmares superadds classical republicanism to a discourse of organic nations with distinct customs. I conclude that, for Southey, Palmares illustrates a troubling possibility suggested by the racial constitution of the Brazilian society that pushed Palmarese citizens into marginality: that the dissolution of race categories through intermarriage could be an advantageous and inevitable outcome in imperial societies.

The North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. Wildlife Management and Conservation. Edited by Shane P. Mahoney and Valerius Geist. Published in association with The Wildlife Society by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. $74.95. ix + 166 p.; index. ISBN: 9781421432809 (hc); 9781421432816 (eb). 2019.

Previous articleNext article No AccessConservation BiologyThe North American Model of Wildlife Conservation. Wildlife Management and Conservation. Edited by Shane P. Mahoney and Valerius Geist. Published in association with The Wildlife Society by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. $74.95. ix + 166 p.; index. ISBN: 9781421432809 (hc); 9781421432816 (eb). 2019.Steven R. BeissingerSteven R. BeissingerEnvironmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, California Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 2June 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/714448 Views: 177Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

All Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental: Environmental Transformation through Species Acclimatization, from Colonial Australia to the World. Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges. By Pete Minard. Chapel Hill (North Carolina): University of North Carolina Press. $32.95 (paper). xi + 196 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 9781469651606 (pb); 9781469651620 (eb). 2019.

Previous articleNext article No AccessEcologyAll Things Harmless, Useful, and Ornamental: Environmental Transformation through Species Acclimatization, from Colonial Australia to the World. Flows, Migrations, and Exchanges. By Pete Minard. Chapel Hill (North Carolina): University of North Carolina Press. $32.95 (paper). xi + 196 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 9781469651606 (pb); 9781469651620 (eb). 2019.Matthew DellingerMatthew DellingerInstitute for Health & Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 96, Number 2June 2021 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/714461 Views: 77Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Index to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books Reviewed

Index to Titles and Authors/Editors of Books Reviewed

Appointing a Poet Laureate: National and Poetic Identities in 1813

Abstract Following the death of the incumbent Henry James Pye in 1813, the office of poet laureate came under scrutiny from press, court and government figures alike, and was eventually bestowed upon Robert Southey, having first been turned down by Walter Scott. This article examines the selection process and questions why, after a century in which the reputation of the office had fallen so far, it provoked such concern in 1813, and was suddenly thought an appropriate office for such pre-eminent ‘geniuses’ as Scott and Southey. Situating the selection process in the context of recent scholarship on national identity, cultural production and public opinion, it will be argued that the laureateship in 1813 can give us a unique and illuminating perspective on ideas of Britishness, patriotism and literature at the start of the nineteenth century, and of the place of court and public with regards to these ideas. In particular, the case of the laureateship demonstrates the variety, contingency and usability of notions of Britishness during the Napoleonic Wars: the ways that different agents invoked and thereby fashioned competing national identities in accordance with the needs of their discursive contexts. One possible constellation of Britishness, which came to the fore in the Liverpool ministry’s prosecution of the war effort and in the contest between the Edinburgh and Quarterly Reviews, validated ‘traditional’ forms of cultural production and patriotism in which court—and laureateship—played a crucial part.

Asymmetric Monitoring of Quarterly Financial Statements by Big 4 Auditors and the SEC's Timely Review Requirement

SYNOPSIS We investigate if Big 4 firms are asymmetrically more effective than non-Big 4 firms in monitoring income-increasing versus income-decreasing quarterly earnings management. We also study the Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) 2000 requirement that audit firm reviews of quarterly financial statements be completed prior to their filing with the SEC (“timely reviews”). We find Big 4 firms are more effective than non-Big 4 firms in curbing income-increasing earnings management around seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), but not income-decreasing earnings management around open market repurchases (OMRs). In the post-2000 period, after the SEC's mandate for timely reviews began, we find income-increasing earnings management around SEOs declined significantly, and this decline is primarily driven by the clients of Big 4 firms. We provide evidence that timely quarterly reviews improve earnings quality, especially when companies have incentives to engage in income-increasing accruals and are reviewed by Big 4 firms.

Profiles of institutional ethics committees and status of standard operating procedures in North East India.

Limited data are available regarding institutional ethics committees (IECs) and their standard operating procedures (SOPs) in North East (NE) India. An attempt was made to study the profiles of IECs and the status of their SOPs in health research institutes of NE India. Fourteen biomedical and health research institutes of NE India were reviewed. Only 12 of these 14 institutes had constituted their IECs. The IECs were multidisciplinary and multisectoral in nature; of the 12 institutes, 8 had adequate representation by age and seven committees had adequate representation by gender. In 11 out of 12 IECs, chairpersons were non-affiliated, and chairperson qualifications in 10 of 12 IECs were found to be in keeping with the National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research involving Human Participants, 2017, of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). There were no lay persons in 6 out of 12 IECs. Nine out of 12 institutes had framed their SOPs. Three out of nine IECs adopted all three types of reviews namely exemption from review, expedited review and full committee review. Six out of nine SOPs had adopted the provision of quarterly review meetings. Declarations of conflict of interest (CoI) were specified in seven out of nine SOPs. Five out of nine SOPs mentioned no voting power for members who declared CoI. Seven out of nine SOPs specified the designated office space, staff, and budget of the committee. Only 2 out of the 12 IECs were registered. Our findings concluded that the characteristics and composition of IECs of health research institutes in NE India are suboptimal. Most of the SOPs were not framed as per recommendations of the ICMR National Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical and Health Research Involving Human Participants, 2017, and were unregistered.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ КРИЗИС, ВЫЗВАННЫЙ ПАНДЕМИЕЙ КОРОНАВИРУСА И ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ВНЕШНЕГО ДОЛГА В ГРУЗИИ

Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has become the part of the new reality. We witnessed new measures and actions daily, from the official Government side as well as from the side oof the several organizations. This caused the new reality and new challenges. Since the WWII ended, the world did not face with such serious challenge. If ever it could happen that we would face to the necessity of increasing our foreign debts, it is just the moment now because we see that the crisis has involved the whole world and we don’t know when and how it will end. We don’t know when the vaccine will be invented and used, how will the humanity manage this wide crisis, response effectively to the challenge, so we will have to get used to living with this disease which demands new efforts; it will be difficult for people, for governments, for businesses; the society has to be prepared for the challenges and it is not easy for the separate countries, especially for such small and economically weak country as Georgia. In such serious global crisis our country depends on the help of its friendly, partner countries. The foreign debt of the country represents the part of the external debts which the country borrowed from the foreign lending entities, among them, from the commercial banks, governments, or international financial institutions. As a rule, the countries take foreign debts when their State entities do not have enough financial resources to achieve the desired goals. Almost all countries have foreign debts. This is an ordinary and important part of the economics. The debt should be returned in the same currency as it was taken. The foreign debt enables the country to scale up their production, to grow up their economics, though it is clear that countries should not take excessive foreign debts which would lead them to inability of payment. How much reasonable is the foreign debt taken by the country this can be measured through comparing the amount of the debt with the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of the country. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is one of those organizations which monitor the foreign debts of the countries. Besides that, the World Bank publishes the quarterly statistic reviews of the foreign debts of the countries in the world.