We consider how a cc̄ pair produced in a hadronic collision may be converted into either a cc̄ bound state or a pair of charmed particles. The fact that many other quarks are present leads us to doubt a naive application of duality to the charm sector alone. The possibility of charmed quark combination with other already existing quarks makes straightforward calculations of the charm production cross section in QCD larger than recently expected, although sensitive to the quark mass. If the observations of excess neutrinos in “beam dump” experiments are in fact due to charm, we find that they can be accommodated if the charmed quark mass is toward the lower end of the range of masses usually considered.