Quarantine Orders Research Articles

The Impact of COVID‐19 on Family Dementia Caregivers in Vietnam ‐ Insights from A Memory Clinic in Ho Chi Minh City

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic has unprecedented consequences on stress, isolation, and financial well‐being for family caregivers of people with dementia globally. In Vietnam, soaring COVID‐19 cases have led to widespread social distancing, isolation, and quarantine orders from the government. To date, limited evidence exists about the situation of persons with dementia and their family caregivers during the pandemic in Vietnam.ObjectivesThe study aimed to provide insights into the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family caregivers of people with dementia.MethodsMixed methods were used, and data collection took place in two rounds. In the first round during the first wave of infections at Ho Chi Minh City, semi‐structured interviews with caregivers and health care workers (n = 16) were conducted and analysed thematically. In the second round, this data will be complemented with survey data from family caregivers of people with dementia (n = 30). The survey includes a combination of closed‐ and open‐ended questions on the impact of the pandemic on the caregivers’ health and caregiving responsibilities.ResultsResults of the first round of data collection showed a high impact of the pandemic on caregivers resulting in negative psychosocial and emotional consequences of caregivers such as worry, stress, frustration as well as restrictions in time and place. Caregivers had reduced access to counselling services needed. At the same time, treatment services for people with dementia were reduced or even halted. The results from the survey will give additional insights into the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family caregivers of people with dementia, including their challenges and concerns. These results will help to adapt counselling and treatment services for dementia family caregivers and will be presented in detail.ConclusionThe study will lead to a better understanding of the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on family caregivers of people with dementia and will facilitate the adaptation of the existing as well as integration of new topics into our caregiver counselling program. Additionally, the development of (digital) self‐help groups for caregivers could be another option to prevent disruption of the health care system and to ensure ongoing service provision despite pandemic‐related restrictions.

Performance of the Swiss Digital Contact-Tracing App Over Various SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Waves: Repeated Cross-sectional Analyses.

Digital proximity-tracing apps have been deployed in multiple countries to assist with SARS-CoV-2 pandemic mitigation efforts. However, it is unclear how their performance and effectiveness were affected by changing pandemic contexts and new viral variants of concern. The aim of this study is to bridge these knowledge gaps through a countrywide digital proximity-tracing app effectiveness assessment, as guided by the World Health Organization/European Center for Prevention and Disease Control (WHO/ECDC) indicator framework to evaluate the public health effectiveness of digital proximity-tracing solutions. We performed a descriptive analysis of the digital proximity-tracing app SwissCovid in Switzerland for 3 different periods where different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (ie, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron, respectively) were most prevalent. In our study, we refer to the indicator framework for the evaluation of public health effectiveness of digital proximity-tracing apps of the WHO/ECDC. We applied this framework to compare the performance and effectiveness indicators of the SwissCovid app. Average daily registered SARS-CoV-2 case rates during our assessment period from January 25, 2021, to March 19, 2022, were 20 (Alpha), 54 (Delta), and 350 (Omicron) per 100,000 inhabitants. The percentages of overall entered authentication codes from positive tests into the SwissCovid app were 9.9% (20,273/204,741), 3.9% (14,372/365,846), and 4.6% (72,324/1,581,506) during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variant phases, respectively. Following receipt of an exposure notification from the SwissCovid app, 58% (37/64, Alpha), 44% (7/16, Delta), and 73% (27/37, Omicron) of app users sought testing or performed self-tests. Test positivity among these exposure-notified individuals was 19% (7/37) in the Alpha variant phase, 29% (2/7) in the Delta variant phase, and 41% (11/27) in the Omicron variant phase compared to 6.1% (228,103/3,755,205), 12% (413,685/3,443,364), and 41.7% (1,784,951/4,285,549) in the general population, respectively. In addition, 31% (20/64, Alpha), 19% (3/16, Delta), and 30% (11/37, Omicron) of exposure-notified app users reported receiving mandatory quarantine orders by manual contact tracing or through a recommendation by a health care professional. In constantly evolving pandemic contexts, the effectiveness of digital proximity-tracing apps in contributing to mitigating pandemic spread should be reviewed regularly and adapted based on changing requirements. The WHO/ECDC framework allowed us to assess relevant domains of digital proximity tracing in a holistic and systematic approach. Although the Swisscovid app mostly worked, as reasonably expected, our analysis revealed room for optimizations and further performance improvements. Future implementation of digital proximity-tracing apps should place more emphasis on social, psychological, and organizational aspects to reduce bottlenecks and facilitate their use in pandemic contexts.

PLANT QUARANTINE: AN EFFECTIVE APPROACH FOR THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES: A REVIEW

A major factor in the long-distance spread of diseases and insect pests that could be dangerous to the agriculture of the importing country is the interchange of germplasm and the international trade of agri-horticultural products. Protecting nations from the unauthorized influx of novel insect pests and illnesses fall within the purview of the National Plant Protection Organizations. Combining regulatory and technical strategies that can guarantee biosecurity for a country or region can be used to achieve the exclusion. The International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), which offer standards on pest prevention, detection, and eradication, are developed by the Food and Agriculture Organizations International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Inthe recent era, the import and export of plant commodities have dramatically increased,and the chance of plant diseases is also increased from their original native place to new location, where it does not exist. The new diseases have tremendous loss in India and the world. In the last decade beginning the government of India in 2003 has notification of new Plant Quarantine order (PQ order)that harmonized Indias regulatory frameworkwith the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and internationally accepted standards and the tenants of the sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) agreement of the world trade organization. So,to prevent exotic diseases from a foreign country or within country legal restrictions are enforced commonly known as quarantinelaws. Plant Quarantine measures are taken at the domestic or in time or as well as foreign Quarantine. It acts as an important tool to exclude plant diseases.Effectively implementation of Quarantine is highly emphasized for disease management.

IMPACT OF SOCIAL DISTANCING DURING THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIRAL RESPIRATORY ILLNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED EVENTS

IMPACT OF SOCIAL DISTANCING DURING THE SARS-COV-2 PANDEMIC ON THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIRAL RESPIRATORY ILLNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR-RELATED EVENTS

Public perception of urban wildlife during a COVID-19 stay-at-home quarantine order in Chicago.

Reduced human activity to mitigate the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by reports of unusual wildlife sightings in highly developed areas. Such experiences with urban nature may have helped residents cope with the stress of the pandemic and increased public interest in urban wildlife; however, this may depend on the species residents encountered. In this study, we surveyed Chicago, Illinois, USA residents during a stay-at-home order to understand if residents in more affluent or greener neighborhoods saw more wildlife species. We also evaluated whether encounters with pest and non-pest species were associated with residents’ values about wildlife. Of 593 responses included in our analyses, respondents in higher-income and greener neighborhoods were more likely to perceive increased wildlife sightings and respondents in higher-income areas reported observing a higher number common birds and mammals. Support for seeing wildlife in residential areas was associated with seeing passerine birds and not seeing rats during the stay-at-home order. Our results suggest that perceived increases in wildlife sightings were common during a stay-at-home order, especially for affluent residents, and that residents’ perceptions depended on the species encountered. Understanding how changes in human behavior modifies human-wildlife interactions can help mitigate human-wildlife conflict and foster positive engagement with local wildlife.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11252-022-01284-x.

Mediating Effect of Psychological Process Variables on the Relationship between Dysfunctional Coping and Psychopathologies: A Comparative Study on Psychopathologies during COVID-19.

The COVID-19 crisis has had repercussions on global mental wellbeing. This study aimed: (1) to identify the mediating role of psychological process variables, namely psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility on the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies in Indonesian undergraduate students subjected to national quarantine orders throughout July, 2020 and (2) to compare the level of anxiety, depression, and anxiety between Indonesian and Malaysian undergraduate students. A cross-sectional study was performed with 869 Indonesian undergraduate students from Nahdlatul Ulama University of Surabaya (UNUSA) and 515 undergraduate students from Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). The BIPM, MAAS, AAQ-I, DASS-21, and Brief COPE were used to assess the research variables. The proportion who scored “moderate” and above for depression, anxiety, and stress were 20.2%, 25.0%, and 14.2%, respectively, in Malaysian samples and 22.2%, 35.0%, and 23.48% in Indonesian samples. In Study 1, psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility significantly mediated the relationship between dysfunctional coping and psychopathologies. In Study 2, Indonesians demonstrated significantly higher anxiety and stress compared to Malaysian samples. Despite the contrasting COVID-19 situations in Malaysia and Indonesia, psychopathologies were more affected in Indonesia. Hence, our study suggests how crucial it is for mental health providers to consider promoting psychological mindedness, psychological mindfulness, and psychological flexibility to alleviate the corresponding psychopathologies among undergraduate students.

The role of personality traits in following quarantine orders during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Patients’ personalities seem to affect their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the association of personality traits and characteristics of Iranian COVID-19 outpatients with their compliance to nonmandatory quarantine orders. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2020-2021 on 97 COVID-19 outpatients. The temperament and character inventory-revised short version (TCI-RS) and a self-report checklist assessing compliance with quarantine orders were used to collect data. SPSS was used to analyze the data and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of 142 patients who were contacted, 97 participated in the study (68% response rate). The mean age of patients was 39.21 ± 10.27 years and 54 (55.7%) of them were men. Compliance with quarantine orders was correlated with cooperativeness (r = 0.33; P = 0.001), persistence (r = 0.23, P = 0.020), self-transcendence (r = 0.27, P = 0.006) and harm avoidance (r = -0.26, P = 0.008). Linear regression analysis demonstrated persistence (P = 0.034), cooperativeness (P = 0.008) and being married (P = 0.002) as predictors for following the quarantine orders. Lower levels of cooperativeness, persistence, self-transcendence, and higher levels of harm avoidance are associated with noncompliance with quarantine orders. These traits should be considered while persuasive communication to the public is formulated to recognize the target population and increase compliance with nonmandatory quarantine orders.

Shipment of insects and related arthropods into and out of India for research or commercial purposes.

This paper provides a concise summary of the guidelines and regulations that govern the shipment of insects and related arthropods into and out of India. It discusses the Plant Quarantine (Regulation of Import into India) Order, 2003, which regulates the import of agents for biological control, and the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and associated Biological Diversity Rules, 2004, which guide the transfer of insects and related arthropods for identification, taxonomic research, and commercial purposes. Insect trade for some food and feed purposes is also mentioned. Finally, some implications, conclusions and recommendations are presented.

2022/7 Dismissal for violation of Covid-19 quarantine order (AT)

2022/7 Dismissal for violation of Covid-19 quarantine order (AT)

Transitioning Behavioral Healthcare in Louisiana Through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Policy and Practice Innovations to Sustain Telehealth Expansion.

A statewide COVID-19 quarantine order forced an abrupt shift for Louisiana’s behavioral health providers who provide mental health and substance abuse treatment services. The Center for Evidence to Practice conducted a study of this unprecedented shift to better understand the disruption and continuation of care during early statewide adoption of telemental health. The Center performed a mixed-method assessment including a series of focus groups and key informant interviews followed by a survey of over 300 responding providers. Over 85% of providers reported sustaining behavioral health services using a variety of telemental health strategies. While traditional referral networks and client volume were significantly disrupted, temporary relaxation of Medicaid regulatory and reimbursement policies appeared to be a key facilitator of telemental health adoption and continued services. Shifting to telemental health relied on provider’s quick adaptations, engaging clients with a hybrid of teleconferencing platforms, calls/texts, and socially-distanced in-person visits. Larger multi-clinician providers and evidence-based practice (EBP) providers were better equipped to support the adoption of telemental health. Rural and EBPs providers disproportionately discontinued services. Although many practitioners viewed the original COVID-19 pandemic as a short-lived condition, the recent emergence of Delta and other variants has shown the impact on the BH care system may be lasting. Flexibility across policies and a variety of telemental health platforms are keys to telehealth adaptation. However, the contraction of the client base raises concerns of increasing disparities among vulnerable and hard-to-reach populations if telemental health becomes a sustained approach in response to future COVID-19 variants.

The impact of an integrated safer use space and safer supply program on non-fatal overdose among emergency shelter residents during a COVID-19 outbreak: a case study

BackgroundOpioid-related harms, including fatal and non-fatal overdoses, rose dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic and presented unique challenges during outbreaks in congregate settings such as shelters. People who are deprived of permanent housing have a high prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders, and need nimble, rapid, and portable harm reduction interventions to address the harms of criminalized substance use in an evidence-based manner.Case studyIn February 2021, a COVID-19 outbreak was declared at an emergency men’s shelter in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Building on pre-existing relationships, community and hospital-based addictions medicine providers and a local harm reduction group collaborated to establish a shelter-based opioid agonist treatment and safer supply program, and a volunteer run safer drug use space that also distributed harm reduction supplies. In the 4 weeks preceding the program, the rate of non-fatal overdoses was 0.93 per 100 nights of shelter bed occupancy. During the 26 days of program operation, there were no overdoses in the safer use space and the rate of non-fatal overdoses in the shelter was 0.17 per 100 nights of shelter bed occupancy. The odds ratio of non-fatal overdose pre-intervention to during intervention was 5.5 (95% CI 1.63–18.55, p = 0.0059). We were not able to evaluate the impact of providing harm reduction supplies and did not evaluate the impact of the program on facilitating adherence to public health isolation and quarantine orders. The program ended as the outbreak waned, as per the direction from the shelter operator.ConclusionsThere was a significant reduction in the non-fatal overdose rate after the safer drug use and safer supply harm reduction program was introduced. Pre-existing relationships between shelter providers, harm reduction groups, and healthcare providers were critical to implementing the program. This is a promising approach to reducing harms from the criminalization of substance use in congregate settings, particularly in populations with a higher prevalence of substance use and substance use disorders.

Ethical Limits of Pandemic Governance

This article explores the context-bound qualities of the legally sanctified practices of ‘quarantine’ and border closures as it examines the normalized invisibility of populations on the move who have not been ‘protected’ through the use of such standard Covid-19 measures. Inside national borders, isolation and quarantine orders are traditionally issued by states in accordance with the state’s broad powers to protect public health. Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, these orders have been either not applied to or on certain occasions intervened with or suspended when a quarantine was deemed unreasonable or inapplicable with reference to migrants, refugees and displaced people. The article proposes a redefinition of death as ‘death-in-living’ and ‘grievable lives’ as ‘disposable lives’ in order to understand the conundrum concerning the selective application of Covid-19 measures to irregular migrants, refugees, undocumented and non-status peoples and stateless communities. Legal responses to the pandemic continue to have a far greater impact upon populations on the move, displaced communities and refugees in radically unequal ways. The article reveals the ethical limitations of global pandemic governance in terms of how legal and policy-based practices systemically fail and desert certain populations and advances a notion of justice that starts from a deeper understanding of existing injustices.&#x0D; Keywords: global governance; death-in-living; grievable lives; populations on the move; Covid-19 pandemic; ethical limits of law.

Epidemiological Investigation of a COVID-19 Community Cluster in Kedah, Malaysia

Introduction: A cluster of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) linked to an international traveller was reported in Kedah, Malaysia in July 2020. This study aimed to report data of a local community cluster of COVID-19 with a view to document the lessons learnt and to identify key points for future containment strategy in response of the ongoing pandemic. Methods: Epidemiological and clinical data from individuals with confirmed cases of COVID-19 within this cluster were collected via interviews and in-patient medical records. All data were analysed, and socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of all cases were presented. Results: Total of 31 cases of COVID-19 were confirmed and linked epidemiologically in Kedah state. The index case was identified and reported to breach quarantine order for international traveller given by health authority. The virus transmission widely spread among family members, restaurant customers and later in the community. Conclusion: Non-adherence to the preventive measures is the driving factor for the widespread of this cluster infection. Active contact tracing, aggressive containment measures, and effective risk communication are important to control the virus transmission in this locality.

Dietary Habits by Income Level during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Results from the IndoNutriLifeCOVID-19 Online Survey

Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many lifestyle changes, especially in the diet. Policies such as physical distancing and quarantine orders aimed to mitigate to spread of COVID-19 have affected the economy and, therefore, the dietary habits of the people. &#x0D; Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze the associations between income levels and dietary habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. &#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study included 697 Indonesian adults from various regions in Indonesia. The study was conducted from June - August 2020. Data were obtained through a self-administered online questionnaire including dietary habits, lifestyles, and quality of life data adapted from MyNutriLifeCOVID-19 Online Survey. To analyze the associations between income levels and dietary habits during the COVID-19 pandemic, a chi square test was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. &#x0D; Results: Respondents had mean age of 27.56 ± 8.58 years and the majority were women (83.6%). The percentage of people with large-scale social restrictions was 47.5%. Respondents reported that their dietary habits were healthier during the pandemic (46.2%), with the majority categorized as high and very high-income status (59.1%). From self-reported of the people in Indonesia, there was association between high-income level and self-perceived healthier dietary habits. Higher-income level was also associated with higher frequency of online food/drink delivery, consuming western diet foods, consuming dietary supplements, and probiotic consumption (p&lt;0.05). &#x0D; Conclusions: The self-reported that during the COVID-19 pandemic, the dietary habits of people with a higher income level had healthier compared to their dietary habits before the pandemic. However, it is also related to higher energy, cholesterol, and saturated fat intakes due to consuming high western diet foods. Social inequalities in dietary intake should be considered through promoting a healthy balanced diet with affordable price and healthy food processing in the community.

Judging Biden

It would have been easy for President Joe Biden to approach judicial appointments (and, particularly, circuit court appointments) the same way as the Administration he served as Vice President. Like President Obama, President Biden inherited a country in turmoil. A deadly pandemic had killed nearly 400,000 Americans. Necessary quarantine orders shuttered schools and businesses, and ground the economy to a halt. Partisan tensions were still raging, culminating in the violent storming of the Capitol by right-wing insurrectionists. People needed the vaccine, economic relief, and a return to some semblance of normalcy. Also, like President Obama (and thanks to President Trump), President Biden inherited relatively few judicial vacancies—only forty-six, the fewest since President George H.W. Bush inherited thirty-seven in 1989. So, like President Obama, you could understand if President Biden felt the need to focus his efforts elsewhere. But after watching President Trump appoint young, deeply conservative appellate judges and justices for four years, the Biden Administration realized it could not repeat the same well-meaning mistakes Democratic administrations had been making for decades. Instead, it has recognized that—at least for the time being—it has an opportunity to make an impact on the federal judiciary and seems poised to do what it can to maximize it.

Factors associated with Hospitalization among COVID-19 Home Quarantine Patients in Melaka Tengah District, Melaka, Malaysia

&#x0D; Background: COVID-19 is an emerging new disease, recognized in late 2019, has since caused public health pandemic worldwide. Since the establishment of the COVID-19 Assessment Centre (CAC), cases were staged in terms of the severity. The mild cases were allowed for home quarantine and the severe cases were hospitalized. This study will assist healthcare providers to identify the high-risk patients and anticipate proactively, reducing morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to determine the incidence rate of hospitalization among home quarantined patients and its associated factors. &#x0D; Methods: A case-control study design was conducted from 16th August until 30th September 2021 involving newly diagnosed COVID-19 patients under the CAC Melaka Tengah monitoring. A case was defined as home quarantined patient whom later required hospitalization, while a control was defined as home quarantined patient throughout the period. Analysis using Chi-square and Multiple Logistic Regression were done to determine the significant associated factors. &#x0D; Results: There were 13,748 COVID-19 patients; with 8,237 were home quarantined and 82 required hospitalization later (1.0%). A total of 164 patients were included (82 cases and 82 controls). Among the hospitalized, 30.5% were aged 60 and above, 39.0% with comorbidity, 70.7% were symptomatic, and 40.2% were fully vaccinated. From the analysis, the only significant factor associated with hospitalization was age &gt; 60 years old (p&lt;0.05). &#x0D; Conclusion: There were home quarantined patients that required hospitalization later, especially the elderly patients. Thus, the CAC team should give priority for hospital admission to these cases instead of home quarantine order.

Subjective sleep quality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian rural population

ObjectivesPrior studies have examined sleep during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but have few compared sleep measured both during and prior to COVID. We examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on subjective sleep quality in general and separately by gender and age (<50 vs. ≥50 years). Further, we compared sleep quality between those who did and did not follow quarantine orders. MethodsThis sample is from the Baependi Heart Study, a family-based cohort of adults in South-eastern Brazil. Longitudinal data were from 417 individuals who completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) twice: between January 2010 and September 2014 (pre-COVID) and during the COVID-19 stay-at-home order March-June, 2020. Cross-sectional analysis included 800 participants. ResultsMean (±SD) PSQI scores were significantly higher during than before COVID-19 (5.7 ± 3.8 vs. 5.0 ± 3.3, p < .01). This increase was significant among women and among adults ≥50 years but not in men or younger adults. The significant increase in PSQI was only observed in those who quarantined during COVID-19 (5.9 ±3.7 vs. 5.2 ±3.4, p < .01) and not those who did not quarantine (5.0 ± 3.7 vs. 4.5 ± 3, p = .12). In cross-sectional analyses, individuals who quarantined had higher PSQI scores than nonquarantined individuals (6.1 ± 3.9 vs. 5.0 ± 3.5, p < .01). The quarantine status-dependent differences were significant for women (6.4 ± 4 vs. 5.2 ± 3.7, p < .01) and older adults (6.6 ± 0.1 vs. 5.5 ± 3.3, p = .04). Differences by quarantine status were attenuated after adjusting for age and gender. ConclusionsSubjective sleep quality declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among women, older adults, and those compliant to quarantine orders.

PROSPECTS OF MUSIC AS A FORM OF HEALING IN TIMES OF A GLOBAL PANDEMIC

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about rapid changes to all forms of human interaction and mobility from travel, work conditions, learning environments, to social activities. Around the world, individuals and communities had to deal with both health-related fears and stress, prompted by social distancing and isolation. While the health advantages of the quarantine order have been well documented, its emotional strain on people has had far reaching consequences. As a coping mechanism to deal with the stress of quarantine, the internet was suddenly flooded with posts and videos of people turning to music as a form of individual and communal healing. This paper looks at how communities around the world found solace in music as a form of solidarity that united people regardless of age, gender, nationality, creed and political affiliation. The prospects of music in presenting people with a sense of belonging in times of solitude is explored through the various accounts around the world on the healing power of music. Findings further strengthen previous works on the effects of music on a person’s emotional stability and as a means of communal solidarity.

Child Maltreatment Prevention Service Cases are Significantly Reduced During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Investigation Into Unintended Consequences of Quarantine.

Unprecedented financial and emotional stress, paired with measures to slow the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., school closures), place youth at risk for experiencing increased rates of abuse. We analyzed data from New York City's Administration for Children's Services to investigate the frequency of child maltreatment prevention service case openings during this time. Longitudinal counts of case openings were compiled for January through June of the years 2014-2020. An independent samples Kruskal-Wallis H-test suggested that pre-quarantine case openings were significantly larger than case openings during quarantine. To account for the possible influence of other historical events impacting data, a secondary Kruskal-Wallis H-test was conducted comparing only the 4months of quarantine data available to the 4months immediately preceding quarantine orders. The second independent samples Kruskal-Wallis H-test again suggested that pre-quarantine case openings were significantly larger than case openings during quarantine. A Poisson regression model further supported these findings, estimating that the odds of opening a new child maltreatment prevention case during quarantine declined by 49.17%. These findings highlight the severity of COVID-19 impacts on child maltreatment services and the gap between demand for services and service accessibility. We conclude with recommendations for local governments, community members, and practitioners.

Serial antigen rapid testing in staff of a large acute hospital

Serial antigen rapid testing in staff of a large acute hospital