Quantum Events Research Articles

EPR: how subtle is the Lord and how is the Lord subtle?

The article offers a counterargument to the argument of A. Einstein, B. Podolsky and N. Rosen (EPR) concerning the incompleteness, or else nonlocality, of quantum mechanics, based on Bohr's reply to EPR's article. The article also relates argument to the impossibility of exact repetition of quantum events.

Condition for Any Realistic Theory of Quantum Systems

In quantum physics, the density operator completely describes the state. Instead, in classical physics the mean value of physical quantities is evaluated by means of a probability distribution. We study the possibility to describe pure quantum states and events with classical probability distributions and conditional probabilities and prove that the distributions have to be nonlinear functions of the density operator. Some examples are considered. Finally, we deal with the exponential complexity problem of quantum physics and introduce the concept of classical dimension for a quantum system.

The Logic of Quantum Measurements in terms of Conditional Events

This paper shows that the non-Boolean logic of quantum measurements is more naturally represented by a relatively new 4-operation system of Boolean fractions—conditional events—than by the standard representation using Hilbert Space. After the requirements of quantum mechanics and the properties of conditional event algebra are introduced, the quantum concepts of orthogonality, completeness, simultaneous verifiability, logical operations, and deductions are expressed in terms of conditional events thereby demonstrating the adequacy and efficacy of this formulation. Since conditional event algebra is nearly Boolean and consists merely of ordered pairs of standard events or propositions, quantum events and the so-called “superpositions” of states need not be mysterious, and are here fully explicated. Conditional event algebra nicely explains these non-standard “superpositions” of quantum states as conjunctions or disjunctions of conditional events, Boolean fractions, but does not address the so-called “entanglement phenomena” of quantum mechanics, which remain physically mysterious. Nevertheless, separating the latter phenomena from superposition issues adds clarity to the interpretation of quantum entanglement, the phenomenon of influence propagated at faster than light speeds. With such treacherous possibilities present in all quantum situations, an observer has every reason to be completely explicit about the environmental–instrumental configuration, the conditions present when attempting quantum measurements. Conditional event algebra allows such explication without the physical and algebraic remoteness of Hilbert space.

QUANTUM AND CONSCIOUSNESS: IN SEARCH OF A NEW PARADIGM

Abstract. Two fundamental issues raised by Lothar Schäfer are considered: (1) the question of a suitable paradigm within which the findings of quantum physics can be optimally interpreted and (2) the question of the assessment of the presence and importance of mind and consciousness in the universe. In regard to the former, I contend that the ideal of science is to interpret its findings in an optimally consistent and minimally speculative framework. In this context Schäfer's assertion that certain findings in quantum physics (those that relate to virtual states) indicate the presence of mind at the quantum level implies a dualistic and hence unnecessarily speculative assumption. In regard to the assessment of mind and consciousness, a consistent and parsimonious paradigm suggests that mind and consciousness are not part of a chain of events consisting of an admixture of physical and mental events but that physical events form a single, coherent set of events, and mental events another set, with the two sets related, as Teilhard (and a number of other philosophers, including White head) affirmed, as the “within” and the “without” (or the “mental pole” and the “physical pole”) of one and the same fundamental reality. This panpsychist as contrasted with Schäfer's dualist paradigm provides a single self‐consistent framework for the interpretation of quantum (and all natural) events while recognizing the presence of mind in the universe as the least speculative realist implication of our immediate experience of consciousness.

Comment on “All quantum observables in a hidden-variable model must commute simultaneously”

Malley discussed {[Phys. Rev. A {\bf 69}, 022118 (2004)]} that all quantum observables in a hidden-variable model for quantum events must commute simultaneously. In this comment, we discuss that Malley's theorem is indeed valid for the hidden-variable theoretical assumptions, which were introduced by Kochen and Specker. However, we give an example that the local hidden-variable (LHV) model for quantum events preserves noncommutativity of quantum observables. It turns out that Malley's theorem is not related with the LHV model for quantum events, in general.

Quantum motion in complex space

Abstract This paper is dedicated to the development of a general theory unifying classical and quantum mechanics in complex space, and to the conveyance of the philosophy that what have been considered as probabilistic quantum events have a common origin from the particle’s deterministic motion in complex space. We postulate that the actual scenario of dynamic motion happens in complex space and what we customarily consider as physical reality is merely the projection of the actual scenario into the real space. The proposed theory employs complex-extended classical mechanics to describe and model quantum systems in such a way that all the particle-like properties can be reserved due to its classical nature and in the meanwhile, all the wave-like properties are manifested naturally via the multi-path behavior of complex trajectories. The proposed framework of complex mechanics makes use of classical concepts and tools to deal with particle’s quantum behavior by the introduction of a complex Hamiltonian from which complex Hamilton equations describing particle’s quantum motion are derived in a form of Newton’s second law defined in complex space. Complex mechanics is then connected with quantum mechanics by showing the equivalence between the complex Hamilton–Jacobi equation and Schrodinger equation. The solutions of the complex Hamilton equations give us the complex trajectories traced by a particle, which are found to be non-unique. It is this non-uniqueness of the complex trajectories projected into real space that produces the multi-path phenomenon and the observed wave behavior of a material particle in the real space. This conclusion seems to be consistent with that of Elnaschie e (∞) space–time [Elnaschie MS. The Feynman path intergal and E -infinity from the two-slit Geclanken experiment. Int J Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 2005;6(4):335–42; Elnaschie MS. A review of the E -infinity theory and the mass spectrum of high energy particle physics. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2004;19:209–36; Elnaschie MS. Elementry number theory in superstrings, loop quantum mechanics, twisters and E -infinity high energy physics. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 2006;27:297–330].

Quantum Events of Biophoton Emission Associated with Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies: A Descriptive Pilot Study

Biophoton emission (BPE) is a quantum event characterized by a relatively stable but ultralow- rate emission of visible photons from living organisms. It has been associated with high energy processes such as: cell metabolism, growth, phagocytosis, neural activity, and oxidative stress. BPE has also been suggested to reflect the organism's global state of health as well as the response to stimulation including therapeutic interventions. If BPE changes occur as a result of various complementary and alternative medical interventions, this could prove useful to monitor both the patient's response to a specific treatment and global changes in their health status. This descriptive study attempts to identify BPE changes associated with three different chiropractic techniques that use different energetic approaches: mechanical, gravitational, and bioenergetic. The BPE was measured at the neck and/or the lower back of 3 asymptomatic adult male volunteers. The measurements were made before and after different chiropractic interventions. The treatment techniques included a high velocity joint manipulation with the aid of a drop table, Sacro-Occipital Technique, and Bio-Energetic Synchronization Technique. Enough time was allotted for measurements in order to differentiate between natural fluctuation of the BPE and the changes induced by the interventions. All techniques induced small (up to 20%) but statistically significant changes (p < 0.05 in one case, p < 0.001 in the other two) in the BPE. Each technique demonstrated a different pattern of BPE change that may be specific to the technique. The intensity of BPE is a noninvasive indicator of the health of the human body and is significantly altered in different ways by chiropractic interventions. Future research is necessary to explore more features of BPE and its utility as an indicator of health, as well as the theoretical and clinical significance of these findings.

Quantum scattering ofOH(XΠ2)withHe(S1): Propensity features in rotational relaxation at ultralow energies

The collisional relaxation of rotationally ``hot'' OH molecules in He as a buffer gas has been studied as a fully quantum event using an ab initio potential energy surface and the exact dynamical coupling of the relevant angular momenta during the process. The range of energies considered corresponds to the ultralow temperatures of cold traps and the calculations were carried out down to the Wigner regime of cross section behavior. It is shown that the general dependence of the inelastic processes on rotational angular momentum and parity clearly indicates a fairly marked size dependence of the final cross sections on the specific fine structure levels in which the target radical is being prepared to undergo relaxation.

Generalized topological covering systems on quantum events' structures

Homologous operational localization processes are effectuated in terms of generalized topological covering systems on structures of physical events. We study localization systems of quantum events' structures by means of Gtothendieck topologies on the base category of Boolean events' algebras. We show that a quantum events algebra is represented by means of a Grothendieck sheaf-theoretic fibred structure, with respect to the global partial order of quantum events' fibres over the base category of local Boolean frames.

A chaotic view of behavior change: a quantum leap for health promotion

BackgroundThe study of health behavior change, including nutrition and physical activity behaviors, has been rooted in a cognitive-rational paradigm. Change is conceptualized as a linear, deterministic process where individuals weigh pros and cons, and at the point at which the benefits outweigh the cost change occurs. Consistent with this paradigm, the associated statistical models have almost exclusively assumed a linear relationship between psychosocial predictors and behavior. Such a perspective however, fails to account for non-linear, quantum influences on human thought and action. Consider why after years of false starts and failed attempts, a person succeeds at increasing their physical activity, eating healthier or losing weight. Or, why after years of success a person relapses. This paper discusses a competing view of health behavior change that was presented at the 2006 annual ISBNPA meeting in Boston.DiscussionRather than viewing behavior change from a linear perspective it can be viewed as a quantum event that can be understood through the lens of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems. Key principles of Chaos Theory and Complex Dynamic Systems relevant to understanding health behavior change include: 1) Chaotic systems can be mathematically modeled but are nearly impossible to predict; 2) Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions; 3) Complex Systems involve multiple component parts that interact in a nonlinear fashion; and 4) The results of Complex Systems are often greater than the sum of their parts. Accordingly, small changes in knowledge, attitude, efficacy, etc may dramatically alter motivation and behavioral outcomes. And the interaction of such variables can yield almost infinite potential patterns of motivation and behavior change. In the linear paradigm unaccounted for variance is generally relegated to the catch all "error" term, when in fact such "error" may represent the chaotic component of the process. The linear and chaotic paradigms are however, not mutually exclusive, as behavior change may include both chaotic and cognitive processes. Studies of addiction suggest that many decisions to change are quantum rather than planned events; motivation arrives as opposed to being planned. Moreover, changes made through quantum processes appear more enduring than those that involve more rational, planned processes. How such processes may apply to nutrition and physical activity behavior and related interventions merits examination.

Relativistic Quantum Mechanics through Frame-Dependent Constructions

This paper is concerned with the possibility and nature of relativistic hidden-variable formulations of quantum mechanics. Both ad hoc teleological constructions and frame-dependent constructions of spacetime maps are considered. While frame-dependent constructions are clearly preferable, a many-maps theory based on such constructions fails to provide dynamical explanations for local quantum events. Here the hidden-variable dynamics used in the frame-dependent constructions is just a rule that serves to characterize the set of all possible spacetime maps. While not having dynamical explanations of the values of quantum-mechanical measurement records is a significant cost, it may prove too much to ask for dynamical explanations in relativistic quantum mechanics.

Quantum Event-Error Detection Codes

To simultaneously detect random and burst quantum errors which may be generalized as quantum event errors, a quantum error detection code, called the quantum event-error detection code, is first investigated in analogy to the classical event-error detection code. The proposed code can be used to detect the length, number and location of errors occurring in every error event. Two special quantum event-error detection codes are constructed by exploiting different approaches according to the derived syndrome, and their number-bound of generators of the stabilizer is also derived. Finally, the proposed theory on the quantum event-error detection code for quantum single-event error is extended to a more general case, i.e., the quantum composite-event error, so that the general quantum event-error detection code can be constructed.

Toward a More Natural Expression of Quantum Logic with Boolean Fractions

This paper uses a non-distributive system of Boolean fractions (a|b), where a and b are 2-valued propositions or events, to express uncertain conditional propositions and conditional events. These Boolean fractions, ‘a if b’ or ‘a given b’, ordered pairs of events, which did not exist for the founders of quantum logic, can better represent uncertain conditional information just as integer fractions can better represent partial distances on a number line. Since the indeterminacy of some pairs of quantum events is due to the mutual inconsistency of their experimental conditions, this algebra of conditionals can express indeterminacy. In fact, this system is able to express the crucial quantum concepts of orthogonality, simultaneous verifiability, compatibility, and the superposition of quantum events, all without resorting to Hilbert space. A conditional (a|b) is said to be “inapplicable” (or “undefined”) in those instances or models for which b is false. Otherwise the conditional takes the truth-value of proposition a. Thus the system is technically 3-valued, but the 3rd value has nothing to do with a state of ignorance, nor to some half-truth. People already routinely put statements into three categories: true, false, or inapplicable. As such, this system applies to macroscopic as well as microscopic events. Two conditional propositions turn out to be simultaneously verifiable just in case the truth of one implies the applicability of the other. Furthermore, two conditional propositions (a|b) and (c|d) reside in a common Boolean sub-algebra of the non-distributive system of conditional propositions just in case b=d, their conditions are equivalent. Since all aspects of quantum mechanics can be represented with this near classical logic, there is no need to adopt Hilbert space logic as ordinary logic, just a need perhaps to adopt propositional fractions to do logic, just as we long ago adopted integer fractions to do arithmetic. The algebra of Boolean fractions is a natural, near-Boolean extension of Boolean algebra adequate to express quantum logic. While this paper explains one group of quantum anomalies, it nevertheless leaves no less mysterious the ‘influence-at-a-distance’, quantum entanglement phenomena. A quantum realist must still embrace non-local influences to hold that “hidden variables” are the measured properties of particles. But that seems easier than imaging wave-particle duality and instant collapse, as offered by proponents of the standard interpretation of quantum mechanics.

Quantum probabilities versus event frequencies

Quantum probability is very different from classical probability. Part of this difference is manifested in the generic inability of stochastic processes to describe the results of multi-time measurements of quantum mechanical systems and the fact that the complex-valued temporal correlation functions of quantum theory have no interpretation in terms of multi-time measurements. By analysing experiments involving measurements at more than one moments of time, we conclude that this inequivalence must be manifested either as a failure of the quantum logic or as the inability to define probabilities in multi-time measurements because the relative frequencies do not converge. These alternatives can be empirically distinguished as they correspond to different behaviours of the statistical data in multi-time measurements.

Absolute Optical Cross Section of Individual Fluorescent Molecules

Besides having revealed transitions masked in the bulk, optical spectroscopy of single molecules has enabled the observation of elementary molecular quantum events, such as the absorption and emission of a photon. Single photon transitions are quantified by a cross section that can be regarded as the photon capture area of a molecule. Therefore, absolute optical cross sections can readily be measured in the bulk from the decrease (by absorption) or the gain (by stimulated emission) of the number of photons in a beam. Unfortunately, this method is not applicable to individual molecules, because the resulting change in intensity is negligible. If the fluorescence quantum efficiency Qem is known, the molecular absorption cross section can be calculated from the fluorescence emission. However, this method re-introduces the hallmark of ensemble averaging, because Qem is known only from the bulk. As a result, the absolute photon capture area of a specific molecule has remained elusive. Here we report on the measurement of absolute cross sections of stimulated emission at room temperature. No a priori information about the individual molecule is needed. In addition, we demonstrate the instant control of a molecule.s excited state by light and thus, as a matter of fact, also the viability of pump–probe experiments with individual molecules at room temperature. Molecular optical absorption usually takes place from the vibrationally relaxed ground state S0 to a hot Franck–Condon state S1* of the first excited singlet state (Figure 1a). After vibrational relaxation, which occurs on a (sub)picosecond time scale, organic fluorophores emit within a few nanoseconds with a probability given by the fluorescence quantum yield. Alternatively, the S1!S0 transition can be enforced by light, that is by stimulated emission. Stimulated emission has been employed to probe the temporal evolution of the excited state in a pump–probe fashion, as well as to alter the fluorescence lifetime and anisotropy of organic fluorophores in solution. Furthermore, stimulated emission depletion (STED) of the excited state has been introduced in fluorescence microscopy to break the diffraction resolution barrier, but has recently also been used to measure cross sections in the bulk. We attained single molecule sensitivity with a scanning confocal setup fed by two synchronized pulse trains: a first pulse at a wavelength of l= 565 nm for excitation was followed by a red-shifted pulse at l= 778 nm for STED, both adapted to the spectrum (Figure 1b) of the xanthene dye JA 26 (1). Efficient STED demands a STED pulse duration t

On Quantum Event Structures. Part III: Object of Truth Values

In this work we expand the foundational perspective of category theory on quantum event structures by showing the existence of an object of truth values in the category of quantum event algebras, characterized as subobject classifier. This object plays the corresponking role that the two-valued Boolean truth values object plays in a classical event structure. We construct the object of quantum truth values explicitly and argue that it constitutes the appropriate choice for the valuation of propositions describing the behavior of quantum systems.

Quantum Event Structures from the Perspective of Grothendieck Topoi

We develop a categorical scheme of interpretation of quantum event structures from the viewpoint of Grothendieck topoi. The construction is based on the existence of an adjunctive correspondence between Boolean presheaves of event algebras and Quantum event algebras, which we construct explicitly. We show that the established adjunction can be transformed to a categorical equivalence if the base category of Boolean event algebras, defining variation, is endowed with a suitable Grothendieck topology of covering systems. The scheme leads to a sheaf theoretical representation of Quantum structure in terms of variation taking place over epimorphic families of Boolean reference frames.

On the relation between quantum mechanical probabilities and event frequencies

The probability `measure' for measurements at two consecutive moments of time is non-additive. These probabilities, on the other hand, may be determined by the limit of relative frequency of measured events, which are by nature additive. We demonstrate that there are only two ways to resolve this problem. The first solution places emphasis on the precise use of the concept of conditional probability for successive measurements. The physically correct conditional probabilities define additive probabilities for two-time measurements. These probabilities depend explicitly on the resolution of the physical device and do not, therefore, correspond to a function of the associated projection operators. It follows that quantum theory distinguishes between physical events and propositions about events, the latter are not represented by projection operators and that the outcomes of two-time experiments cannot be described by quantum logic. The alternative explanation is rather radical: it is conceivable that the relative frequencies for two-time measurements do not converge, unless a particular consistency condition is satisfied. If this is true, a strong revision of the quantum mechanical formalism may prove necessary. We stress that it is possible to perform experiments that will distinguish the two alternatives.

All quantum observables in a hidden-variable model must commute simultaneously

Under a standard set of assumptions for a hidden-variables model for quantum events, we show that all observables must commute simultaneously. And, despite Bell's complaint that a key condition of von Neumann's was quite unrealistic, we show these these conditions are entirely equivalent to those later introduced by Bell, Kochen and Specker. As is it known that these conditions are also equivalent to those under which the Bell-Clauser-Horne inequalities are derived, we see that any experimental violations of the inequalities demonstrate only that quantum observables do not commute.The same conclusion applies to the collection of elegant inequality-free no-go proofs of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger, Mermin and Peres. Otherwise expressed, the usual hidden-variable models have assumptions that are collectively too strong to be interesting, and hence need modification or deletion.

A general theory of quantum relativity

The geometric form of standard quantum mechanics is compatible with the two postulates: (1) the laws of physics are invariant under the choice of experimental setup and (2) every quantum observation or event is intrinsically statistical. These postulates remain compatible within a background independent extension of quantum theory with a local intrinsic time implying the relativity of the concept of a quantum event. In this extension the space of quantum events becomes dynamical and only individual quantum events make sense observationally. At the core of such a general theory of quantum relativity is the three-way interplay between the symplectic form, the dynamical metric and non-integrable almost complex structure of the space of quantum events. Such a formulation provides a missing conceptual ingredient in the search for a background independent quantum theory of gravity and matter. The crucial new technical element in our scheme derives from a set of recent mathematical results on certain infinite-dimensional almost Kahler manifolds which replace the complex projective spaces of standard quantum mechanics.