Quantum Computing System Research Articles

Thermal Optimization of Hybrid Cryogenic Computing Systems

Heterogeneous computing exploits several disparate technologies within a single system. The different components of a heterogeneous system are often placed within separate temperature zones. Selecting an appropriate operating temperature strongly affects the dissipated power, cooling power (heat load), system performance, and ambient temperature. To this date, no multitemperature design methodology exists. To overcome this limitation, a framework for thermal optimization of heterogeneous computing systems is presented in this article. The effects of operating temperature on delay and power consumption are characterized based on a graph representation of the system. In addition, thermal interactions among the components within a system are considered to accurately evaluate the total power consumption and heat load. In a practical case study, the target temperature of each component within a quantum computing system is determined to minimize the total power under target performance constraints.

Review of Recent Laser Technology of Development Multi Qubit Gates Using Ion Trap Method

The qubit technology using Trapped ions are taking the systems for practical quantum computing (QC). The normal requirements to achieve quantum supremacy have all been studied with ions, and quantum algorithms use ion-qubit systems have been implemented. I cover in this study many points regarding the concept of Qubit through Ion Trap, near application, and experiments also explore the Multi gates, Hybrid gates implementations

A Survey of Universal Quantum von Neumann Architecture.

The existence of universal quantum computers has been theoretically well established. However, building up a real quantum computer system not only relies on the theory of universality, but also needs methods to satisfy requirements on other features, such as programmability, modularity, scalability, etc. To this end, here we study the recently proposed model of quantum von Neumann architecture by putting it in a practical and broader setting, namely, the hierarchical design of a computer system. We analyze the structures of quantum CPU and quantum control units and draw their connections with computational advantages. We also point out that a recent demonstration of our model would require less than 20 qubits.

Optimization of Computed Tomography Data Acquisition by Means of Quantum Computing

Quantum Computing (QC) technology has made tremendous progress recently. Today, first real QC systems are operational. The Fraunhofer Institute of Integrated Circuits IIS, Division Development Center X-ray Technology is participating in the project BayQS, which aims at identifying and evaluating potential applications of quantum computing in the field of non-destructive testing by means of X-ray imaging. Computed tomography (CT) is a well-established method of 3-D imaging in medicine and industry since several decades. The quality of the resulting volumetric datasets depends essentially on a set of around 20 physical parameters controlling the set-up of X-ray source, X-ray digital detector array, movable mechanical components, sample rotation, and image processing. Hence, we started investigating the potential use of a quantum-based optimization method to optimize CT data acquisition. As a first approach, we focused on the task to minimize the number of projection images required to achieve unaltered image quality when compared to an acquisition over the full 4π solid angle. Minimizing involves a cost function. There are several ways to define this cost function. In order to transfer the task to a QC system, the problem is reformulated as a Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO). A decisive feature of the QUBO is, that is can be solved by a hybrid implementation on quantum devices, which combines a classical part to iteratively find the maximum of the cost function and a quantum circuit to evaluate the respective cost function for each combination of projections. This procedure is called quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). The experiments were performed via the qiskit script language on an IBM Quantum System One located in Ehingen, Germany. This QC system offers 27 qubits and enables first real world experiments with small test datasets.

Cold and ultracold molecules in the twenties

A diversity of experimental techniques has been developed over the last 25 years to create samples of molecular gases at temperatures close to the Absolute Zero—here we consider samples in the range from 10s of Kelvin (cold) down to 10s of nanoKelvin (ultracold). In these exotic physical environments, a range of novel experiments can be conducted which bring high levels of control over the properties of these ‘almost stationary’ molecules, in some cases with control over single trapped molecules achievable. In this article, recent advances in this field since 2020, both in terms of the ability to produce and manipulate the molecules and understand their properties, and also in the development of new applications of these technologies, are highlighted. Applications include observing explicit ‘quantum effects’ in chemical reactivity, developing an understanding of chemistry in cold astrophysical media, the creation of exotic phases of matter, the use of trapped molecules in quantum computation and simulations systems, and the use of very high-precision spectroscopic measurements to answer fundamental physics questions beyond the standard model of particle physics.

Low-loss polarization control in fiber systems for quantum computation.

Optical quantum information processing requires low loss interference of quantum light. Also, when the interferometer is composed of optical fibers, degradation of interference visibility due to the finite polarization extinction ratio becomes a problem. Here we propose a low loss method to optimize interference visibility by controlling the polarizations to a crosspoint of two circular trajectories on the Poincaré sphere. Our method maximizes visibility with low optical loss by using fiber stretchers as polarization controllers on both paths of the interferometer. We also experimentally demonstrate our method, where the visibility was maintained basically above 99.9% for three hours using fiber stretchers with an optical loss of 0.02 dB (0.5%). Our method makes fiber systems promising for practical fault-tolerant optical quantum computers.

PiouCrypt: Decentralized lattice-based method for visual symmetric cryptography

In recent years, establishing secure visual communications has turned into one of the essential problems for security engineers and researchers. However, only limited novel solutions are provided for image encryption, and limiting visual cryptography to only limited schemes can bring up negative consequences, especially with emerging quantum computational systems. This paper presents a novel algorithm for establishing secure private visual communication. The proposed method has a layered architecture with several cohesive components, and corresponded with an NP-hard problem, despite its symmetric structure. This two-step technique is not limited to gray-scale pictures, and furthermore, it is relatively secure from the theoretical dimension.

Current Challenge and Limitations in Quantum Computation

This paper reviews various engineering hurdles facing the field of quantum computing. Specifically, problems related to decoherence, state preparation, error correction, and implement ability of gates are considered. Computer computation is very advanced computers used in recent days for various applications, including cryptography, optimization problems, financial modelling, route and traffic optimization, manufacturing drug, chemical research, batteries, simulation of quantum systems, and even machine learning. In a quantum computer, two qubits can also represent the exact same four states (00,01,10 or 11). It’s an exciting field with lots of potential. But it faces lots of challenges and problems like maintaining qubits, interaction with the environment can cause decoherence. However, the adventure to harness the enormous power of quantum computer systems is packed with challenges and boundaries. In this discussion, we can embark on an exploration of the current boundaries that researchers and engineers face within the world of quantum computing, losing mild on the complexities and constraints that ought to be overcome to fully free up its ability. Reacher’s are working on error correction techniques to address this issue and make quantum computations more reliable. It’s fascinating area of ongoing research. In recent development in quantum computing on 4 October 2022 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 to Alain Aspect (Institute d’Optique Graduate School – Université Paris-Saclay and École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France ), John F. Clauser ( J.F. Clauser & Assoc., Walnut Creek, CA, USA ) Anton Zeilinger University of Vienna, Austria“for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КВАНТОВОЙ ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ СИСТЕМЫ И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЯ КВАНТОВОГО ЯДРА НА ПЛИС

The quantum core method is one of the most important methods in quantum machine learning.However, the number of features used for quantum nuclei is limited to a few dozen features.The block product state structure is used as a quantum feature map and the implementation ofprogrammable gate matrices is demonstrated. The relevance of these studies lies in the mathematicaland software modeling and implementation of a quantum computing system as part of thedevelopment of the implementation of a quantum core on FPGA for solving classes of problems ofa classical nature. The scientific novelty of this research area is the development of a hybrid simulatorof the quantum cores of a central processing unit (CPU) and a programmable logic integratedcircuit (FPGA) several orders of magnitude faster than a conventional quantum computingsimulator. This joint development of the implemented quantum core and its efficient FPGA implementation allowed numerical simulation of the quantum core based on gates in terms of inputfeatures, up to 780-dimensional features using 4000 samples. We applied the quantum kernel toimage classification problems using the Fashion-MNIST dataset and showed that the quantumkernel is comparable to Gaussian kernels with optimized throughput. The analysis of the work inthis field has shown that a new qualitative level has now been reached, opening up promising opportunitiesfor the implementation of multi-qubit quantum computing. The prospects for implementationand development are connected not only with technological capabilities, but also with solvingthe issues of building effective quantum systems for solving actual mathematical problems,cryptography problems and control (optimization) problems.

Quantum Monte Carlo Integration: The Full Advantage in Minimal Circuit Depth

This paper proposes a method of quantum Monte Carlo integration that retains the full quadratic quantum advantage, without requiring any arithmetic or quantum phase estimation to be performed on the quantum computer. No previous proposal for quantum Monte Carlo integration has achieved all of these at once. The heart of the proposed method is a Fourier series decomposition of the sum that approximates the expectation in Monte Carlo integration, with each component then estimated individually using quantum amplitude estimation. The main result is presented as theoretical statement of asymptotic advantage, and numerical results are also included to illustrate the practical benefits of the proposed method. The method presented in this paper is the subject of a patent application [Quantum Computing System and Method: Patent application GB2102902.0 and SE2130060-3].

Random quantum circuits are approximate unitary t-designs in depth O(nt5+o(1))

The applications of random quantum circuits range from quantum computing and quantum many-body systems to the physics of black holes. Many of these applications are related to the generation of quantum pseudorandomness: Random quantum circuits are known to approximate unitary t-designs. Unitary t-designs are probability distributions that mimic Haar randomness up to tth moments. In a seminal paper, Brandão, Harrow and Horodecki prove that random quantum circuits on qubits in a brickwork architecture of depth O(nt10.5) are approximate unitary t-designs. In this work, we revisit this argument, which lower bounds the spectral gap of moment operators for local random quantum circuits by Ω(n−1t−9.5). We improve this lower bound to Ω(n−1t−4−o(1)), where the o(1) term goes to 0 as t→∞. A direct consequence of this scaling is that random quantum circuits generate approximate unitary t-designs in depth O(nt5+o(1)). Our techniques involve Gao's quantum union bound and the unreasonable effectiveness of the Clifford group. As an auxiliary result, we prove fast convergence to the Haar measure for random Clifford unitaries interleaved with Haar random single qubit unitaries.

A prototype of quantum von Neumann architecture

A modern computer system, based on the von Neumann architecture, is a complicated system with several interactive modular parts. It requires a thorough understanding of the physics of information storage, processing, protection, readout, etc. Quantum computing, as the most generic usage of quantum information, follows a hybrid architecture so far, namely, quantum algorithms are stored and controlled classically, and mainly the executions of them are quantum, leading to the so-called quantum processing units. Such a quantum–classical hybrid is constrained by its classical ingredients, and cannot reveal the computational power of a fully quantum computer system as conceived from the beginning of the field. Recently, the nature of quantum information has been further recognized, such as the no-programming and no-control theorems, and the unifying understandings of quantum algorithms and computing models. As a result, in this work, we propose a model of a universal quantum computer system, the quantum version of the von Neumann architecture. It uses ebits (i.e. Bell states) as elements of the quantum memory unit, and qubits as elements of the quantum control unit and processing unit. As a digital quantum system, its global configurations can be viewed as tensor-network states. Its universality is proved by the capability to execute quantum algorithms based on a program composition scheme via a universal quantum gate teleportation. It is also protected by the uncertainty principle, the fundamental law of quantum information, making it quantum-secure and distinct from the classical case. In particular, we introduce a few variants of quantum circuits, including the tailed, nested, and topological ones, to characterize the roles of quantum memory and control, which could also be of independent interest in other contexts. In all, our primary study demonstrates the manifold power of quantum information and paves the way for the creation of quantum computer systems in the near future.

High-Precision Voltage Measurement for Optical Quantum Computation

This paper presents a theoretical study into the use of optical systems for quantum computation. The study results pertain to quantum sampling and quantum communication and provide a basis for further research and the development of a physical implementation. We propose an optical superstructure that can implement specific computation processes and algorithms. The superstructure is composed of nonlinear optical units, such as beta barium borate crystals. The units are positioned in series, powered by a pulse laser pump, and culminate in a beam splitter that generates the output state of a number of entangled photon pairs. Computation is achieved by entanglement propagation via beam splitters and adjustable phase shifters, which set related parameters. Demonstrating a two-component case, we show how a series of cosine-based components can be implemented. The obtained results open a broad front for future research. Future work should investigate the construction of a quantum optimizer using quantum sampling methods and also investigate high-precision temporal voltage measurement, which is a key procedure for the construction of high-fidelity devices.

Extending NMR Quantum Computation Systems by Employing Compounds with Several Heavy Metals as Qubits

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopic method that can be applied to several areas. Currently, this technique is also being used as an experimental quantum simulator, where nuclear spins are employed as quantum bits or qubits. The present work is devoted to studying heavy metal complexes as possible candidates to act as qubit molecules. Nuclei such 113Cd, 199Hg, 125Te, and 77Se assembled with the most common employed nuclei in NMR-QIP implementations (1H, 13C, 19F, 29Si, and 31P) could potentially be used in heteronuclear systems for NMR-QIP implementations. Hence, aiming to contribute to the development of future scalable heteronuclear spin systems, we specially designed four complexes, based on the auspicious qubit systems proposed in our previous work, which will be explored by quantum chemical calculations of their NMR parameters and proposed as suitable qubit molecules. Chemical shifts and spin–spin coupling constants in four complexes were examined using the spin–orbit zeroth-order regular approximation (ZORA) at the density functional theory (DFT) level, as well as the relaxation parameters (T1 and T2). Examining the required spectral properties of NMR-QIP, all the designed complexes were found to be promising candidates for qubit molecules.

An Information Quantity in Pure State Models.

When we consider an error model in a quantum computing system, we assume a parametric model where a prepared qubit belongs. Keeping this in mind, we focus on the evaluation of the amount of information we obtain when we know the system belongs to the model within the parameter range. Excluding classical fluctuations, uncertainty still remains in the system. We propose an information quantity called purely quantum information to evaluate this and give it an operational meaning. For the qubit case, it is relevant to the facility location problem on the unit sphere, which is well known in operations research. For general cases, we extend this to the facility location problem in complex projective spaces. Purely quantum information reflects the uncertainty of a quantum system and is related to the minimum entropy rather than the von Neumann entropy.

Low-Symmetry Nanophotonics

Photonics and optoelectronics are at the foundations of widespread technologies, from high-speed internet to systems for artificial intelligence, LiDAR, and optical quantum computing. Light enables ultrafast speeds and low energy for all-optical information processing and transport, especially when confined at the nanoscale level, at which the interactions of light with matter unveil new phenomena, and the role of local symmetries becomes crucial. This Perspective discusses how symmetry violations provide unique opportunities for nanophotonics, tailoring wave interactions in nanostructures for a wide range of functionalities. In particular, we discuss broken geometrical symmetries for localized surface polaritons, the physics of moiré photonics, in-plane inversion symmetry breaking for valleytronics and nonradiative state control, time-reversal symmetry breaking for optical nonreciprocity, and parity-time symmetry breaking. Overall, our Perspective aims to present the role of low symmetry and broken symmetry in controlling nanoscale light and its widespread applications for optical technologies.

Benchmark Performance of Digital QKD Platform Using Quantum Permutation Pad

Quantum permutation pad or QPP is a set of quantum permutation gates. QPP has been demonstrated for quantum secure encryption in both classical and quantum computing systems recently, even at a noisy 5-qubit IBMQ systems. In a classical computing system, QPP encryption is implemented as a permutation gate matrix multiplication with information state vectors. In a quantum computing system, QPP is compiled into a quantum encryption circuit in a native quantum computer and encryption is performed through QPP circuit. Leveraging its quantum mechanical characteristics, we report a digital QKD or D-QKD platform using QPP as a quantum mechanical algorithm implemented in classical systems to distribute quantum entropy, generated from physical quantum random number generators or QRNG, and quantum key over the internet. D-QKD interfaces have been developed to support the photonic QKD standard ETSI-014. This makes any systems with ETSI QKD standards compatible with D-QKD. D-QKD offers point-to-point quantum entropy and quantum key distributions as well as point-to-multi-points quantum key synchronizations with speeds 1000x faster than photonic QKD. This paper reports benchmark performance tests and randomness quality tests for pure quantum entropy generated by a QRNG and expanded entropy using the QPP protocol. The work has been funded by the PlanQK <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> project and deployed within the OpenQKD <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> testbed Berlin, operated by Deutsche Telekom.

Metaverse in Indian Health Sector – A Regime Shift

For a considerable amount of time, India’s healthcare system has been struggling against a variety of challenges,such as a shortage of institutions and human resources that fall short of being appropriate. Primary, secondary,and tertiary care services were the three categories that comprised the Indian healthcare system’s hierarchicalstructure, and there is an immediate need to concentrate on primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of medicaltreatment. Despite the fact that there are various challenges in the healthcare system, but primarily the attentionis required to the following five “As”: Awareness, Access, Absence, Affordability and Accountability of ourhealthcare system, because of these five issues people’s health in India is at stake. We must prepare the healthcaresystem for a future that is both full of potential and full of unknown challenges, so let’s be conscious for this andother problems and get ready to handle them, remembering that the fight against illness is the struggle againstanything that is harmful for humanity[1,2].In healthcare, the Metaverse is becoming increasingly popular. A wide range of technologies are projected torevolutionise healthcare, including Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Internet of Things(IoT),Virtual Reality (VR), Quantum Computing, and robotic systems. The advancements in augmented reality andvirtual reality over the last few years have been astonishing. With the use of these devices, doctors are now ableto perform complex procedures with great precision. In order to improve the functionality of medical devices andequipment, these components are also included into software and hardware [3].The performed work relates to the study of the contribution of Metaverse in the health sector of India.

Reflecting time-Space Gaussian random field on compact Riemannian manifold and excursion probability

Motivated from measuring the performance of quantum computing and storage systems together with nanorheology over different shapes of devices, we introduce a reflecting time-space Gaussian random field (RGRF) on a general -parameter compact Riemannian manifold to model the quantum particle movement dynamics. The main task in studying the RGRF is to estimate an asymptotic upper bound of its excursion probability, which asymptotically converges to zero. In doing so, we establish a relationship between the RGRF and its netput Gaussian random field (GRF) via a Skorohod mapping. Then, as an intermediate step, we approximate the excursion probability of the GRF by constructing a chart oriented homeomorphism mapping between a flat manifold and a general compact Riemannian manifold. The netput GRF can be either isotropic or anisotropic. Case studies in terms of anisotropic GRFs over a flat manifold such as normalized fractional Brownian sheets (FBSs) and those over a sphere such as normalized anisotropic fractional spherical Brownian motions (FSBMs) are also presented, where an α-FSBM is introduced and its existence is proved for some constant .

Research and development of a quantum computing system as an information process.

Over the past few decades, there has been a significant breakthrough in the field of quantum computing. Research is attracting growing interest, which has recently led to the development of quantum information systems prototypes and methods for their development. The paper describes the characteristics of the information system as an object of architecture and the representation of quantum gates using quantum circuits. A functional-component structure of a quantum information system has been built and a software implementation of a quantum information system has been made on its basis.