Quantization Rule Research Articles

A proposal of quantization in flat space‐time with a minimal length present

AbstractThe 4‐dimensional space‐time is extended to pseudo‐complex coordinates. Proposing the standard quantization rules in this extended space, the ones for the 4‐dimensional sub‐space acquire, as one solution, the commutation relations with non‐commuting coordinates. This demonstrates that the algebraic extension keeps the simple structure of Quantum Mechanics, while it also introduces an effective quite involved structure in the 4‐dimensional sub‐space. The first steps to pseudo‐complex Quantum Mechanics in 1‐dimension are outlined, awaiting still the interpretation of some new emerging structures. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Higher-order diagrammatic vibrational coupled-cluster theory.

Diagrammatically size-consistent and basis-set-free vibrational coupled-cluster (XVCC) theory for both zero-point energies and transition frequencies of a molecule, the latter through the equation-of-motion (EOM) formalism, is defined for an nth-order Taylor-series potential energy surface (PES). Quantum-field-theoretical tools (the rules of normal-ordered second quantization and Feynman-Goldstone diagrams) for deriving their working equations are established. The equations of XVCC and EOM-XVCC including up to the mth-order excitation operators are derived and implemented with the aid of computer algebra in the range of 1 ≤ m ≤ 8. Algorithm optimizations known as strength reduction, intermediate reuse, and factorization are carried out before code generation, reducing the cost scaling of the mth-order XVCC and EOM-XVCC in an nth-order Taylor-series PES (m ≥ n) to the optimal value of O(N(m+⌊n/2⌋)), where N is the number of modes. The calculated zero-point energies and frequencies of fundamentals, overtones, and combinations as well as Fermi-resonant modes display rapid and nearly monotonic convergence with m towards the exact values for the PES. The theory with the same excitation rank as the truncation order of the Taylor-series PES (m = n) seems to strike the best cost-accuracy balance, achieving the accuracy of a few tenths of cm(-1) for transitions involving (m - 3) modes and of a few cm(-1) for those involving (m - 2) modes. The relationships between XVCC and the vibrational coupled-cluster theories of Prasad and coworkers and of Christiansen and coworkers as well as the size-extensive vibrational self-consistent-field and many-body perturbation theories are also elucidated.

On Some Explanations and Analysis of the Basic Foundations of Quantum Cognition: Comments on a paper by Pothos, Busemeyer and Trueblood

The aim of such paper is to explain in detail the foundations of quantum cognition and to evidence the manner in which our pioneering experiments on quantum interference in humans should be correctly interpreted in the framework of a correct quantum mechanical elaboration. Often, studies on quantum cognition are elaborated from some authors evidencing that presently we have empirical evidence that the application of quantum rules gives better results respect to classical ones. Consequently, such studies are delineated as empirical tentative. It is not true. Quantum cognition is a scientific realization structured about robust quantum foundations and this is the reason because it gives such important results. Consequently, we discuss the evidence to correctly explain the foundations of this emerging discipline. In order to reach this objective we analyze the fundamental role of the abstract entity that is called quantum mechanical wave function. Soon after we describe the manner in which quantum operators must be entered in cognition studies by using the projectors that represent logic statements and thus relate directly our cognitive functions. We also discuss in detail the logical origins of quantum mechanics outlining that it does not represent a physical theory looking at the matter at microscopic level but a God Giano two faces looking simultaneously to material and to mental reality. We also discuss results establishing the nature of our consciousness and the unquestionable result that it obeys to the basic rules of quantum mechanics. We also give a further and pressing indication: in quantum cognition studies the quantum wave function must be intended as reconstructed experimentally a posteriori in our cognitive studies and cannot be confused with the standard examining elaboration that is used in usual textbooks of quantum mechanics. Also the question of the order effect is analyzed in detail using the important notion of reaction time of psychology. In substance, we give a total reformulation of the current quantum cognition studies evidencing that previous elaborations finalized to present the current status of this discipline as empirical tentative to characterize a quantum cognitive modelling result to be only approximate, incorrect and confusing prospects that damage the information about the robust structure of quantum cognition and therefore need to be rejected.

Landau Levels on a Surface of Weak Topological Insulators

A three-dimensional weak topological insulator (WTI), being equivalent to stacked layers of two-dimensional quantum spin-Hall insulators, accommodates massless Dirac electrons on its side surface. A notable feature of WTIs is that surface states typically consist of two Dirac cones in the reciprocal space. We study the Landau quantization of Dirac electrons of WTIs in a perpendicular magnetic field. It is shown that when the magnetic length $l_B$ is much larger than the interlayer distance $a$, surface electrons are quantized into Landau levels according to the ordinary quantization rule for Dirac electrons. It is also shown that, with decreasing $l_B$ toward $a$, each Landau level and its spin state become modulated in a nontrivial manner. We demonstrate that this is attributed to the mixing of two Dirac cones induced by the discreteness of the layered structure.

Quantum mechanics, gravity and modified quantization relations.

In this paper, we investigate a possible energy scale dependence of the quantization rules and, in particular, from a phenomenological point of view, an energy scale dependence of an effective [Formula: see text] (reduced Planck's constant). We set a bound on the deviation of the value of [Formula: see text] at the muon scale from its usual value using measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Assuming that inflation has taken place, we can conclude that nature is described by a quantum theory at least up to an energy scale of about 10(16) GeV.

Analyzing the dependence of finite-fold approximations of the harmonic oscillator equilibrium density matrix and of the Wigner function on the quantization prescription

For an arbitrary statistical mixture of τ-quantizations, we obtain an explicit expression for the leading parts of the equilibrium density matrix and for the corresponding Wigner function of a harmonic oscillator in the approach of Feynman approximations using the Chernoff theorem. Taking the oscillator Hamiltonian as an example, we determine the convergence rate for approximations of means of operators of observables depending on the approximation order and depending on the quantization rule. We demonstrate that the convergence rate of approximations of the mean of the energy operator is not uniform with respect to the Gibbs parameter.

Hamiltonian Optics of Hyperbolic Polaritons in Nanogranules.

Semiclassical quantization rules and numerical calculations are applied to study polariton modes of materials whose permittivity tensor has principal values of opposite sign (so-called hyperbolic materials). The spectra of volume- and surface-confined polaritons are computed for spheroidal nanogranules of hexagonal boron nitride, a natural hyperbolic crystal. The field distribution created by polaritons excited by an external dipole source is predicted to exhibit raylike patterns due to classical periodic orbits. Near-field infrared imaging and Purcell-factor measurements are suggested to test these predictions.

Quantum thermal Hall effect of Majorana fermions on the surface of superconducting topological insulators

We study the quantum anomalous thermal Hall effect in a topological superconductor which possesses an integer bulk topological number, and supports Majorana excitations on the surface. To realize the quantum thermal Hall effect, a finite gap at the surface is induced by applying an external magnetic field or by the proximity effects with magnetic materials or $s$-wave superconductors with complex pair-potentials. Basing on the lattice model Hamiltonian for superconducting states in Cu-doped Bi$_2$Se$_3$, we compute the thermal Hall conductivity as a function of various parameters such as the chemical potential, the pair-potential, and the spin-orbit coupling induced band gap. It is argued that the bulk topological invariant corresponds to the quantization rule of the thermal Hall conductivity induced by complex $s$-wave pair-potentials.

Spectroscopy of a charged black hole in gravity’s rainbow via an action invariance

The spectroscopy of a modified Reissner-Nordstrom black hole in gravity’s rainbow was investigated. By utilizing an action invariance of the black hole and with the help of Bohr-Sommerfield quantization rule, the entropy and area spectrum for the quantum corrected charged black hole were calculated. The equally spaced entropy spectrum being consistent to the original Bekenstein’s spectrum was derived. However, due to the spacetime quantum effect of the gravity’s rainbow, the obtained area spectra was not equally spaced and the area spacing depend on the horizon area. And that, the quantum corrections of the area spectrum and the black hole entropy to the original Bekenstein’s results were discussed. Besides, it was found that, the entropy and area spectrum of the modified charged black hole were independent of the energy of the test particle, although the modified spacetime itself has the energy dependence.

Shifted Tietz–Wei oscillator for simulating the atomic interaction in diatomic molecules

The shifted Tietz-Wei (sTW) oscillator is as good as traditional Morse potential in simulating the atomic interaction in diatomic molecules. By using the Pekeris-type approximation to deal with the centrifugal term, we obtain the bound-state solutions of the radial Schr\"odinger equation with this typical molecular model via the exact quantization rule (EQR). The energy spectrum for a set of diatomic molecules ($NO \left(a^4\Pi_i\right)$, $NO \left(B^2\Pi_r\right)$, $NO \left(L'^2\phi\right)$, $NO \left(b^4\Sigma^{-}\right)$, $ICl\left(X^1\Sigma_g^{+}\right)$, $ICl\left(A^3\Pi_1\right)$ and $ICl\left(A'^3\Pi_2\right)$ for arbitrary values of $n$ and $\ell$ quantum numbers are obtained. For the sake of completeness, we study the corresponding wavefunctions using the formula method.

Entropy spectrum of $$(1+1)$$ ( 1 + 1 ) dimensional stringy black holes

We explore the entropy spectrum of \((1+1)\) dimensional dilatonic stringy black holes via the adiabatic invariant integral method known as Jiang and Han’s method (Phys Lett B 718:584, 2012) and the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization rule. It is found that the corresponding spectrum depends on black hole parameters like charge, ADM mass, and, more interestingly, on the dilatonic field. We calculate the entropy of the present black hole system via the Euclidean treatment of quantum gravity and study the thermodynamics of the black hole and find that the system does not undergo any phase transition.

Gauge Invariance, Lorentz Covariance and Canonical Quantization in Nucleon Structure Studies

There are different operators of quark and gluon momenta, orbital angular momenta, and gluon spin in the nucleon structure study. The precise meaning of these operators are studied based on gauge invariance, Lorentz covariance and canonical quantization rule. The advantage and disadvantage of different definitions are analyzed. A gauge invariant canonical decomposition of the total momentum and angular momentum into quark and gluon parts is suggested based on the decomposition of the gauge potential into gauge invariant (covariant) physical part and gauge dependent pure gauge part. Challenges to this proposal are answered. \keywords{Physical and pure gauge potentials; Gauge invariant canonical quark and gluon momenta, orbital angular momenta and spins; Homogeneous and non-homogeneous Lorentz transformations; Gauge invariant decomposition and gauge invariant extension; Classical and quantum measurements.

Spectroscopic study of some diatomic molecules via the proper quantization rule

Spectroscopic techniques are very essential tools in studying electronic structures, spectroscopic constants and energetic properties of diatomic molecules. These techniques are also required for parametrization of new method based on theoretical analysis and computational calculations. In this research, we apply the proper quantization rule in spectroscopic study of some diatomic molecules by solving the Schr\"odinger equation with two solvable quantum molecular systems-Tietz-Wei and shifted Deng-Fan potential models for their approximate nonrelativistic energy states via an appropriate approximation to the centrifugal term. We show that the energy levels can be determined from its ground state energy. The beauty and simplicity of the method applied in this study is that, it can be applied to any exactly as well as approximately solvable models. The validity and accuracy of the method is tested with previous techniques via numerical computation for H$_2$ and CO diatomic molecules. The result also include energy spectrum of 5 different electronic states of NO and 2 different electronic state of ICl.

Implementation of a Quantized Line Element in Klein-Gordon and Dirac Fields

In this paper an ansatz that the anti-commutation rules hold only as integrated average over time intervals and not at every instant giving rise to a time-discrete form of Klein-Gordon equation is examined. This coarse-grained validation of the anti-commutation rules enables us to show that the relativistic energy-momentum relation holds only over discrete time intervals, fitting well with the time-energy uncertainty relation. When this time-discrete scheme is applied to four vector notations in relativity, the line-element can be quantized and thereby how the physical attributes associated with time, space and matter can be quantized is sketched. This potentially enables us to discuss the Zeno’s arrow paradox within the classical limit. As the solutions of the Dirac equation can be used to construct solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation, this temporal quantization rule is applied to the Dirac equation and the solutions associated with the Dirac equation under such conditions are interpreted. Finally, the general relativistic effects are introduced to a line-element associated with a particle in relativistic motion and a time quantized line-element associated with gravity is obtained.

Implementation of a Quantized Line Element in Klein-Gordon and Dirac Fields

In this paper an ansatz that the anti-commutation rules hold only as integrated average over time intervals and not at every instant giving rise to a time-discrete form of Klein-Gordon equation is examined. This coarse-grained validation of the anti-commutation rules enables us to show that the relativistic energy-momentum relation holds only over discrete time intervals, fitting well with the time-energy uncertainty relation. When this time-discrete scheme is applied to four vector notations in relativity, the line-element can be quantized and thereby how the physical attributes associated with time, space and matter can be quantized is sketched. This potentially enables us to discuss the Zeno’s arrow paradox within the classical limit. As the solutions of the Dirac equation can be used to construct solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation, this temporal quantization rule is applied to the Dirac equation and the solutions associated with the Dirac equation under such conditions are interpreted. Finally, the general relativistic effects are introduced to a line-element associated with a particle in relativistic motion and a time quantized line-element associated with gravity is obtained.

Energy States of Some Diatomaic Molecules: The Exact Quantisation Rule Approach

Abstract In this study, we obtain the approximate analytical solutions of the radial Schrödinger equation for the Deng–Fan diatomic molecular potential by using the exact quantisation rule approach. The wave functions were expressed by hypergeometric functions via the functional analysis approach. An extension to the rotational–vibrational energy eigenvalues of some diatomic molecules is also presented. It is shown that the calculated energy levels are in good agreement with those obtained previously (E nℓ –D; shifted Deng–Fan).

Dual scheduling and quantised control for networked control systems with communication constraints

A novel integrated design scheme of average dwell time scheduling strategy, dynamic bandwidth allocation policy and quantised control for a collection of networked control systems (NCSs) with time delay and communication constraints is proposed in this paper. A scheduling policy is presented to accommodate the limitation of communication capacity which depends on the convergence rate of closed-loop system and divergence rate of open-loop plant. Linear programming technique is adopted to dynamically allocate bit rate for each node and the strategy is used to make trade-offs between the network utilisation and the control performance which provides an effective way of optimising the quality of control (QoC) and the quality of service (QoS) for NCSs. Mid-tread uniform quantisers update the quantisation rules according to the assignment of the bit rate and convert the quantised state into a kind of input saturation with bounded disturbances. Taking into account the effect of dual scheduling strategy and quantisation, the NCSs are modelled as discrete-time switched systems with bounded disturbances. Furthermore, a scheduling and quantised feedback control co-design procedure is proposed for the simultaneous stabilisation of the collection of networked subsystems. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Entropy spectrum and area spectrum of a modified Schwarzschild black hole via an action invariance

The spectroscopy of a quantum corrected Schwarzschild black hole in the gravity’s rainbow is investigated. By utilizing the action invariance of the black hole and with the help of Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule, the entropy and area spectrum for the modified black hole are calculated. Here, the quasinormal modes of the black hole are not used. The obtained entropy spectrum is equally spaced and has not dependence on the quantum effects of the spacetime. However, due to the spacetime quantum effects of the modified black hole, the obtained area spectra are not equally spaced and the area spacing depends on the horizon area of the black hole. But, as the same to the entropy spectrum, the area spectrum of the gravity’s rainbow is independent of the energy of test particle, although the modified spacetime has the dependence on the particle energy.

A unifying mechanical equation with applications to non-holonomic constraints and dissipative phenomena

A mechanical covariant equation is introduced which retains all the effectingness of the Lagrange equation while being able to describe in a unified way other phenomena including friction, non-holonomic constraints and energy radiation (Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac force equation). A quantization rule adapted to the dissipative degrees of freedom is proposed which does not pass through the variational formulation.

An Image Watermarking Scheme Using Arnold Transform and Fuzzy Smooth Support Vector Machine

With the development of information security, the traditional encryption algorithm for image has been far from ensuring the security of image in the transmission. This paper presents a new image watermarking scheme based on Arnold Transform (AT) and Fuzzy Smooth Support Vector Machine (FSSVM). First of all, improved AT (IAT) is obtained by adding variables and expanding transformation space, and FSSVM is proposed by introducing fuzzy membership degree. The embedding positions of watermark are obtained from IAT, and the pixel values are embedded in carrier image by quantization embedding rules. Then, the watermark can be embedded in carrier image. In order to realize blind extraction of watermark, FSSVM model is used to find the embedding positions of watermark, and the pixel values are extracted by using quantization extraction rules. Through using improved Arnold inverse transformation for embedding positions, the watermark coordinates can be calculated, and the extraction of watermark is carried out. Compared with other watermarking techniques, the presented scheme can promote the security by adding more secret keys, and the imperceptibility of watermark is improved by introducing quantization rules. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms many existing methods against various types of attacks.