Amount Of Supply Research Articles

Assessment of household's willingness to pay for improved water supply services in emerging nations: a case study of Adama City, Ethiopia

Abstract Adama City grew rapidly due to its proximity to Addis Ababa, resulting in increased industrial, urban activities, and population growth. However, this expansion has resulted in drinking water shortages, which is a critical community's concern. The aim of this study was to determine households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved water supply services in Adama, with factors influencing WTP. To quantify households’ WTP, a contingent valuation (CV) technique was used and data from 435 respondents was gathered through field surveys, KII, and HHs interviews. A binary logistic model was utilized to examine variables that have a significant impact on households’ WTP. The analysis revealed several independent variables, such as gender, age, marital status, education level, and monthly income, additionally, water quantity, quality, availability, and affordability. The study found that 39.77 and 26.21% of residents of the city were dissatisfied with the quality and quantity of available water supply, respectively. The study discovered that 92% of households were willing to pay an additional $7.26 USD above their average monthly water cost of $3.58 USD to improve water delivery services. Factors that influence households’ WTP for improved water supply services should be considered. The study's findings can help legislators and water supply companies to design sustainable projects that meet community needs.

Measuring the impacts of the two-child policy on industrial structure and economic growth in china using a CGE model

Facing the challenge of population aging and labor force shrinking, the Chinese government has been trying to reform its family planning policy since 2015. This paper analyzes the impacts of China’s Two-child policy on economic growth and industrial structure from 2020 to 2060 using a dynamic Computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. This paper constructs an effective labor input index accounting for changes in educational attainment and labor force participation rates by age and sex to simulate the effects of the demographic changes on labor supply and economic growth, rather than using simple working-age measures. This paper sets two policy scenarios, the One-child policy and the Two-child policy, to simulate the changes in the employment structure, industrial structure, and main macroeconomic indicators under different population policies. The main finding is that under the Two-child policy, the average GDP growth rate is expected to be 0.3% and 1.0% points higher than the One-child policy in the period of 2015–2030, and 2045–2060; the employment growth rates of the manufacturing and service industries are higher than that under the One-child policy; the shift of industrial structure from manufacturing to service industry will be slightly slower than the One-child policy. The positive impacts of the Two-child policy on China’s economic growth are not significant in the short run. From the perspective of the quantity, structure and quality of labor supply, this paper reveals how a more relaxed family planning policy will affect labor supply, and ultimately affect economic structure and growth in a long run.

Assessing the Impact of Preprocessing and Conversion Technologies on the Sustainable Aviation Fuel Supply from Forest Residues in the Southeast U.S.A.

Forest residues have been suggested as potential feedstock for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production through different pathways. However, the bulky density and scatter distribution require efficient size-reduction processes to enhance the feedstock supply. Thus, this study analyzes the impact of alternative preprocessing and conversion technologies on the SAF supply chains from logging residues (the predominant share of forest residues) using a two-stage mixed-integer linear programming model. The model determines the optimal location of biomass preprocessing depots, conversion facilities, and airports receiving SAF by minimizing the net present value of the total supply chain cost over 10 years. Using high-resolution spatial data in the Southeast U.S.A. as a case study, the results show that the technology and scale of the facilities heavily influenced the SAF’s breakeven cost and maximum supply quantity. The most economically efficient system that adopts a rotary shear milling system and pyrolysis conversion process could generate up to 650 million gallons of SAF from logging residues in the region, with nearly 62% of the SAF being produced from hardwood residues. Also, the most efficient system has an estimated breakeven cost of US$5.51 per gallon of SAF.

Evolution of Colombia’s market for manufactured products of the wood industry

A detailed exploration of the development of Colombia's market for manufactured products of the wood industry since its early days, with an analytical focus on the period 1970-2021, is presented. The examination of early days draws upon historical information, wood industry-specific statistics derived from Colombia’s Annual Manufacturing Survey and industrial census, and data from the National Accounts of Colombia (NAC), which offers insightful understanding of the market dynamics up to the end of the 1960s. For 1970 to 2021 comprehensive consolidated data derived from the Supply and Use Tables of the NAC and other sources provides the base for an in-depth examining of the market aspects such as quantities of supply (national production), demand, and the components of demand – including domestic consumption, exports, and imports. The exploration reveals a significant shift in the manufactured products of the wood industry market’s dynamics, transitioning from a primarily domestic consuming and export-driven one to a market increasingly reliant on imports to satisfy domestic consumption. Critical factors contributing to this shift are identified, highlighting Colombian forest resource depletion and inadequate nation’s wood industry development. The paper synthesizes historical data to articulate the interplay between economic policies and market outcomes, culminating in a discernible need for strategic industry modernization. Furthermore, it offers comprehensive and detailed information, facilitating a thorough understanding of all market aspects without necessitating consultation of additional sources.

Strengthening capacity for forest protection in Myanmar

Pests and diseases have been reported by Myanmar foresters and plantation owners as significant challenges to the quality and quantity of wood supply from natural and planted forests. As part of a FAO project on strengthening local capacity in forest health, questionnaire surveys on pests and diseases and a needs assessment were conducted among companies/organizations involved in growing forests. Thirteen and 12 participants responded to the two surveys, respectively. Respondents grew 10 different tree species, namely Tectona grandis, Acacia mangium, Acacia hybrid, Eucalyptus spp., Gmelina arborea, Swietenia macrophylla, Paulownia kawakamii, Xylia xylocarpa, Bruguiera sexangula and Rhizophora apiculata. Growers recognized pests of teak but were less familiar with pests of the other tree species. Diseases were only reported from teak and A. mangium. Weeds were reported only from mature plantations. Workers were mostly educated only up to primary school level. None were trained in pest and disease management and most did not know about invasive alien species (IAS) and integrated pest and disease management (IPM). Based on the needs identified from the surveys, three workshops were conducted for over 100 local participants.

A study on the impact of electrochromic glazing on indoor environment

The study investigates the impact of electrochromic glazing on indoor environments, providing valuable insights for the practical application of electrochromic glazing. Three rooms were constructed in Zhangjiakou City, China, equipped with different shading devices (electrochromic glazing, venetian blind, and base case of the glazing with no shading). Through experiments and simulations, the analysis of the overall indoor illuminance revealed that electrochromic glass, in its dark state, effectively reduces the average indoor illuminance while ensuring a uniform distribution of illuminance throughout the space, meeting the specified values for the discomfort glare index most of the time. During nighttime lighting, the average illuminance in room with electrochromic glazing was 42% higher than in the control rooms. In winter, the daily heat supply quantity in room with electrochromic glazing was 4.4%–21.9% higher than in the control rooms. In summer, the heat gain in room with electrochromic glazing was 19.1%–41.8% lower than in room with base case of the glazing. On a sunny day in winter, the room with electrochromic glazing exhibited more stable PMV values compared to the room with base case of the glazing, with a 20% increase in the duration of PMV thermal comfort compliance, but its Percentage of PPD values were inferior to the room with base case of the glazing. In summer, the room with electrochromic glazing outperformed both the room with venetian blind and the room wtih base case of the glazing in terms of PMV and PPD values.

Re(I)novation of Supply Chain Management for the Improvement of Business Performance in Shallot Commodities

The poor condition of the Shallot Commodity Supply Chain can be observed from the fluctuations from upstream to downstream, due to the dynamic changes in the demand and supply quantities up to the distribution channel amounts. The (Re)innovation of Shallot Supply Chain Management is an innovation from the aspects of Partnership, Contractual Agreements, Transaction Systems, and Government Support. The objective of this research is to analyze the shallot supply chain model using the Food Supply Chain Framework (FSCN) approach. The method used is qualitative descriptive research, describing the behavior of the actors in the supply chain. This research was conducted from August 2022 to January 2023, using primary data collected through in-depth interviews with 152 respondents, shallot farmers in 5 regencies in Central Java. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The results of the study on the business performance of shallot commodities in forming an efficient supply chain management require criteria to improve partnerships, indicating that its marketing performance is already running well. Shallot commodity business actors are engaged in partnerships to monitor and evaluate marketing effectiveness periodically. This research has successfully enhanced the capabilities of the resources of the supply chain actors, making them more efficient and effective in transforming the agricultural sector.

Choice of an Irrigation Method for Maize Cultivation in a Local Productive Arrangement Using the SAPEVO-M Method

Corn crops can be irrigated using surface irrigation methods (furrows, horizontal pots, strips), as well as fixed or mobile sprinklers under canopy and localized irrigation (drip and micro sprinklers). The selection of the most appropriate irrigation method and system for a particular situation depends on an assessment of the available physical resources, such as water supply (quantity, quality and location), soil properties (texture, structure, depth, salinity, drainage, topography, erodibility) and plant climate systems, in which the adaptability of crops to the climatic conditions of each site must be taken into account. In this sense, the objective of this work is to select an irrigation method for a corn plantation in a Local Productive Arrangement (LPA). For this study, six irrigation methods were pre-selected as alternatives, and seven pre-established comparison criteria were unstructured interviews with stakeholders. The solution of the problem was carried out using the Multicriteria Decision Analysis model Simple Aggregation of Preferences Expressed by Ordinal Vectors – Multi Decision Makers (SAPEVO-M). After modeling the problem with the decision-makers, the method indicated the drip irrigation system as the best alternative.

Market Power Mitigation in Two-Stage Electricity Markets With Supply Function and Quantity Bidding

Market Power Mitigation in Two-Stage Electricity Markets With Supply Function and Quantity Bidding

Evolution Pattern and Spatial Mismatch of Urban Greenspace and Its Impact Mechanism: Evidence from Parkland of Hunan Province

Planners need to fully understand the quantity of land supply and its matching relationship with population demand, as these are prerequisites for urban greenspace planning. Most papers have focused on single cities and parks, with little attention paid to comparative analysis between multiple cities on a macro scale, ignoring the influence of spatial effects and leading to a lack of basis for regional green infrastructure planning. This paper selected 102 cities in Hunan province as case studies to comprehensively conduct empirical research using the spatial mismatch model and the geographically weighted regression method. The urban parkland in Hunan province are characterized by significant spatial heterogeneity and correlation, and the mismatch between land supply and population demand should not be ignored, with oversupply and undersupply co-existing. The urban parkland and its mismatch with population are influenced by a number of factors, and each factor has a stronger influence on the latter than the former. Different factors vary widely in the nature and intensity of their effects, and the dynamics are more complex. Economic development, financial capacity, and air quality are key factors, with the former having a negative impact and the latter having opposite (positive) effects. We suggest that when the government allocates land resources and targets for urban parks, it should formulate a differentiated allocation plan based on the supply and demand conditions of each city; besides, it should also place emphasis on regional integration and coordination and support mutual cooperation.

Quantum games with separated entanglements

Abstract In this paper, we propose quantum games with continuous-variable strategies and separated entanglements, and analyze the outcomes of quantum games with respect to entanglement levels. We find that the entanglement level of own environment has a positive role in own quantum equilibrium supply quantities, and the properties of quantum equilibrium utilities are determined by the entanglement levels of two environments. Finally, we provide some numerical evidences to explain quantum games with separated entanglements.

Optimizing the COVID-19 cold chain vaccine distribution network with medical waste management: A robust optimization approach.

This paper investigates the distribution problem of the COVID-19 vaccine at the provincial level in Turkey and the management of medical waste, considering the cold chain requirements and the perishable nature of vaccines. In this context, a novel multi-period multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model is initially presented over a 12-month planning horizon for solving the deterministic distribution problem. The model includes newly structured constraints due to the feature of COVID-19 vaccines, which must be administered in two doses at specified intervals. Then, the presented model is tested for the province of Izmir with deterministic data, and the results show that the demand can be satisfied and community immunity can be achieved in the specified planning horizon. Moreover, for the first time, a robust model is created using polyhedral uncertainty sets to manage uncertainties related to supply and demand quantities, storage capacity, and deterioration rate, and it has been analyzed under different uncertainty levels. Accordingly, as the level of uncertainty increases, the percentage of meeting the demand gradually decreases. It is observed that the biggest effect here is the uncertainty in supply, and in the worst case, approximately 30% of the demand cannot be met.

Geospatial Application for Dairy Supply Chain Management

The broad availability of geospatial data has changed how we think about solving problems. There are numerous uses for GIS and Remote Sensing in a variety of fields. Such a field includes Supply Chain Management where GIS is used to map various stages like producers, consumers, processing facilities, suppliers, distribution centres, and transportation routes for better decision making and enhanced flow of goods. In this study we are integrating geospatial technologies to map raw material source, routes taken for the delivery of processed items, areas served by a processing unit and finally model relationship between different factors of a dairy industry. Parameters taken involve import-export data of milk and milk products, roads network, service areas, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Aanchal Dairy in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand is considered for this study. The primary data was collected through field visits and the raw data was structured for further analysis. Secondary data was obtained from various verified internet sources. Results indicate certain regions with high quantity of raw milk supply and areas where processed products are delivered. Optimised routes and the areas where Aanchal Dairy provides its services are also defined. NDVI shows that places with high raw milk supply have better fodder for dairy cows. Finally the results are geospatially mapped and various relationships are presented in graphical form.

Carbon emissions of water supply systems in China: Characteristic, right, right balance and reduction potential assessment

In light of the global consensus on low-carbon development and the imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, coupled with China's strategic objective of achieving “carbon neutrality” and reaching its carbon peak, it becomes increasingly essential to focus on areas that necessitate adaptation for low-carbon development. One such critical area is the water supply system, known for its substantial contribution to carbon emissions. To assess the situation, this study constructed an evaluation framework for carbon emissions of water supply system, which comprised of emission characteristic investigation, emission right allocation and right balance assessment. For emission characteristic investigation, data on water supply quantity, pipe network pressure, and energy consumption was utilized to calculate carbon emissions produced by China's water supply system and investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of emissions. The analysis revealed a minor increase in carbon emissions from 2010 to 2018, with a significant turning point occurring in 2016. Specifically, carbon emissions in 2018 ranged between 1.03 × 107 kgCO2 and 3.15 × 109 kgCO2. Coastal areas, such as Guangdong and Jiangsu, exhibited a higher level of carbon emissions. This study constructed a provincial allocation model of carbon emission rights, utilizing the shadow price model and entropy method while adhering to the principle of fairness and efficiency. By comparing the value of emission right and emission amount, the provincial balance of carbon emission right in 2018 was evaluated. It was discovered that 14 regions demonstrated varying levels of carbon allowance surpluses. Conversely, 12 regions exhibited insufficient spatial balance, which were subsequently classified as exhibiting mild, moderate, or severe deficiency. Additionally, emission reduction pressures among these regions were assessed through the analysis of the ratio between theoretical emission right and actual amount, as well as levels of economic development. The carbon emission reduction potential scores of different regions were calculated using principal component analysis based on five dimensions, namely policy driver, engineering test and research level, level of economic development, forestry carbon sink and emission reduction efficiency. Our findings indicated that the degree of insufficient balance between emission reduction potential and carbon emission allowance showed a certain convergence. Ultimately, we proposed tailored emission reduction paths for water supply systems in each region, which may serve as theoretical and technical references towards achieving the “double carbon goals”.

Blessing or curse? Impact of incomplete information in a networked cournot competition

Networked markets are prevalently seen in different industries. Current research mainly focuses on settings with a transparent network. However, in many applications, firms choose their actions without fully knowing their competitors’ information. This study examines oligopolies in networked markets when firms’ production costs are incomplete information. We characterize the unique Bayesian equilibrium supply quantities for any given network under incomplete information. Our results connect the equilibrium outcome with the underlying competition and information structures. We find that when the production cost of a firm is high, incomplete information helps increase its total production quantity. In contrast, the impact is the opposite in the presence of low production costs. However, the impact of incomplete information on a firm’s supply allocation on each edge depends not only on its production cost but also on the network position of the edge. We also find that, unlike the case in single-market, the low-cost firm always suffers from incomplete information, while the high-cost firm benefits from incomplete information only under certain conditions. Moreover, we show that changes in global network structure that do not directly relate to a firm may alter its information preference. We study several extensions and find that not only do firms with cost advantage prefer complete information, but those high-cost firms with smaller cost disadvantages are also more likely to prefer a transparent competition environment. The case of heterogeneous logistic costs is also considered, and we show that for firms of high-cost type, the logistic cost advantage may hedge its benefit from incomplete information. Our findings imply that a firm has to consider not only its own cost type and local competition but also the global network structure to determine its preference for information structure. Moreover, our results may be helpful to the market regulator that, when promoting information transparency, firms with better production technology are more likely to support the movement.

The impacts of urban–rural integrated medical insurance on the quality of labor supply for migrant workers in China

BackgroundThe transformation from the quantity of labor supply to the quality of labor supply is an important measure to improve the self-development of migrant workers.MethodBased on the 2018 China Floating Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey data, this paper uses the 2SLS model based on instrumental variable estimation to analyze the impact of urban and rural integrated medical insurance on the quality of migrant workers' labor supply.ResultsThe study found that: First, urban and rural integrated medical insurance can significantly improve the quality of labor supply for migrant workers. Even with different instrumental variables and the use of propensity score matching for counterfactual inferences, the findings remain robust. Second, the impact of urban–rural integrated medical insurance on the quality of labor supply for migrant workers has nonlinear characteristics. At the low quantile, the impact of urban–rural integrated medical insurance on the quality of labor supply for migrant workers showed a downward trend, but with the increase of the quantile, the impact of urban and rural integrated medical insurance continued to increase, showing a U-shaped trend.ConclusionUrban–rural integrated medical insurance can not only directly reduce the labor time of migrant workers and ease the labor burden of migrant workers, but also indirectly improve the quality of labor supply for migrant workers through the intermediary role of promoting the availability of public services such as family contracted doctor services and health education.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Stearic Acid Additive on the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Mineral Oil 2137

Using an optical elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) test rig, oil film thickness and the coefficient of friction (COF) were measured, and the influence of stearic acid additive on the EHL performance of mineral oil 2137 was investigated. The results showed that 2137 with 0.3 wt% stearic acid (denoted to as 2137s) achieved the same film thickness as 2137, while the COF of 2137s was significantly lower than that of 2137 when the contact was under conditions of a fully lubricant supply. Under conditions of limited lubricant supply, 2137 base oil was prone to oil starvation with the increase of entrainment velocity. On the other hand, 2137s significantly mitigated the oil starvation. This was attributed to the fact that lower surface energy by the adsorption of stearic acid results in discontinuous oil-droplet distribution on the lubrication track and, therefore, early pressure generation. Moreover, it is interesting to find that less 2137s supply quantity can produce higher film thickness when the contact is at high speeds, which is attributed to the fact that a smaller quantity of 2137s gives smaller droplets on the lubrication track, and the resultant small surface area–volume ratio presents oil more resistance to the centrifugal force and results in less oil escaping from the lubrication track. The addition of stearic acid reduced the average COF of 2137 mineral oil by about 13.3%

Analysis of Supply Quantity Control of Argon Gas Raw Material At PT XY

The background in this research is that there is no method used to manage and control the quantity of raw material supplies at PT XY. This situation causes problems in ordering raw materials so that ordering costs and costs for storage will not be optimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of applying the EOQ method to the total cost of raw material inventory at PT. XY. Raw material inventory costs can be minimized by applying the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) method. This method can show the economic order quantity, optimal purchase frequency, time to reorder/ROP (Re-Order Point), and the amount of safety stock. Data collection was carried out using documentation techniques related to observation inventory documents and interviews with several informants, for data analysis using EOQ by calculating total inventory cost, ROP, reorder frequency and safety stock. The results of calculations and data analysis using the EOQ method show that the total cost of inventory is lower than the company's actual method.

Groundwater sustainability in the Friuli Plain

Groundwater resources in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) Region (northeast Italy) are an important natural wealth in terms of quantity, quality and ease of supply. This optimal condition, however, has long believed that it allowed an irrational and uncontrolled exploitation that inevitably produced tangible consequences on the water resources availability.The goal of the present research is the evaluation of the sustainable use of the groundwater in the Friuli Venezia Giulia Region aimed at providing guide-lines for its rational use. The study area belongs to the hydrogeological basin of the Friuli Plain and includes part of Veneto Region and Slovenia. The plain area is divided in two parts: the High Plain (HP) characterized by a phreatic aquifer and the Low Plain (LP) where eleven confined aquifer systems were identified. The two physiographic zones are separated by the spring belt. In order to evaluate the groundwater avaliability, a 3D model of the Low Friuli Plain aquifer systems was realized using Rockworks R14 software, starting from 603 lithostratigraphic wells data. Isobath and isopach maps were elaborated using kriging geostatistical method. Precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff and infiltration were calculated to evaluate the inflow and outflow groundwater budget terms (109 rainfall and 46 thermometric stations, time series 1979-2008). To better define the river influences and the outflows at sea, a series of recent surveys on river discharges and surface withdrawals were considered. To obtain the water-budget in non-natural conditions, as the currents, were taken into account the groundwater withdrawals that were evaluated for each type of use and for each aquifer systems, starting from 2 geodatabases: one for the domestic uses (50101 estimated wells) and one for the industrial, agricultural, fish breeding, hygienic, geothermal and other minor uses (7594 wells). Well withdrawals amount were evaluated on annual base for recent periods and expressed as m3/s. The total current estimated groundwater withdrawals reach 62.4 m3/s, of which 41.1 m3/s from the confined aquifer systems in the LP area. More than 52% of the withdrawals are due to the domestic wells. For the water-budget, the studied territory was considered a “semi-closed box” in which groundwater sharings with the neighboring areas are not relevant and where the recharge is mainly due to the influent character of the river, infiltration, rainfall and irrigation practices. As result, the waterbudget for the confined LP is equal to +2.6 m3/s representing the accuracy, fairly acceptable for the scale of the research. Withdrawal entity, spring belt discharge, phreatic levels and confined aquifer’s pressure are closely interdependent and in dynamic equilibrium. The sustainability comes from the consistency and ratio between recharge and withdrawals. The confined aquifer withdrawals in the LP represent the 23.1% of the groundwater recharge coming from the HP and the 30.6% of the spring belt discharge. Seen that this last one can not further decrease, unless loss of important ecosystems, is likely to think that the present situation can be defined of limit equilibrium.

Research on the Reasons Cause the Changes in the World Price of Rubber

Since price is one of the most important parts of economics and the market, there are a lot of articles that have done more research on the topic of price. And the price of rubber varies all the time all over the world. There are many cases showed a significantly decreasing or increasing in the price of rubber, rubber is also a typical raw material in the world. The question is what are the reasons of the change in rubber prices? One method is available that is using different economics principles from microeconomics and macroeconomics to illustrate this question in three aspects. After that, the conclusion is that the changes in price of rubber in India is because of the changes in the quantity of demand and the quantity of supply of rubber in India, also it will be influenced by some national conflicts or some other accidents, and the causes of demand, supply changing are the reasons of rubber price changing as well. Mostly factors in the market changed will have impacts on the value of price.