Quantity Of Solid Waste Generation Research Articles

Urban Solid Waste Generation and Management Issues Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal in the Kattankudy Urban Council Area, Sri Lanka

Urban solid waste management is a problem for local authorities of many cities in Sri Lanka,due to rapid population growth and changes in consumption patterns of urban households,leading to large quantity of solid waste generation. This paper addresses solid wastemanagement in the Kattankudy urban council area in Sri Lanka. The study used mainlysecondary data collected from the Urban Council office and some discussions with UCofficials dealing with waste management. Total waste generation per day was 37,368 kg, totalbio waste per day of 21,371 kg (57.20%), total Non-bio waste per day 15,829 kg (42.36%),and total special waste per day 168 kg (0.44%). Total waste generated per day was composedof bio waste of 21,371 kg (57.20%), total Non-bio waste of 15,829 kg (42.36%), and totalspecial waste of 168 kg (0.44%). The total waste generation per person per day was 0.753 kg,0.43 kg of biodegradable waste, 0.32 kg non-biodegradable waste and 0.003 kg special wasteper person per day. It was estimated that about 54% of the revenue collected by theKattankudy UC was being spent on solid waste collection activities, which has hindered useof funds for other essential service provision such as repairs to roads, water supply andsanitation facilities. Findings indicate that massive amounts of solid waste are generatedwhich are difficult to collect and dispose. Some policy issues are discussed for a better wastemanagement strategy.

Economic factors that determine the quantity and Characteristics of Solid Waste in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria

The rapid growth of urbanisation due to industrialisation has brought astronomical increase in anthropogenic activities with their attendant huge generation of wastes, thus the need for a systematic management of an ever-increasing trend of municipal solid waste generation complicated by complex waste characteristics has become an urban challenge The research is carried out to determine the implication of economic variable (income) on the composition and quantity of solid waste generation in Bauchi metropolis. Systematic random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of the samples and 4% of the study population was taken as the sample size. The major instruments used for data collection were questionnaire, interview and direct measurement of household solid waste at source and the data is presented in tables and charts. The spearman rank correlation was used for statistical analysis to determine the degree of relationship between income level and quantity of solid waste generation. The result of hypothesis shows that the calculated value of r = 0.871. This indicates that there is high positive correlation between the two variables, that shows that the quantity and composition of solid waste generation is influenced by level of economic development It is recommended that the roles of income in determining the quantity and composition of solid waste, are to be identified and integrated in the solid waste management strategies with a view to achieving a clean and healthy living environment in Bauchi metropolis

Novel Synthesis, Characterization of N1,N1,N4,N4-tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (THETA) and Terephthalic Acid (TPA) by Depolymerization of PET Bottle Waste Using Diethanolamine

Chemical depolymerization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) waste is a possible remedy to huge amount of solid waste generation as it results in degradation products that possess a potential of recyclability. PET bottle waste was depolymerized by aminolysis using diethanolamine. Novel synthesis of N1, N1,N4,N4-tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (THETA) with 73-76% yield and terephthalic acid (TPA) with 78-82% yield was achieved. The purified products were analyzed by FTIR, melting point, DSC, DTG and 1H-NMR. THETA has various applications in the synthesis of rigid polyurethane foam, unsaturated polyester resins and also as a cross linking agent/ hardener for epoxy resins.

Consumption, Solid Waste Generation and Water Pollution in Pinga Oya Catchment area

This study focuses on the effects of socioeconomic and political factors in solid waste generation and water pollution in the catchments of Pinga Oya, a tributary of the Mahaweli river. The direct solid waste disposal into water bodies and the untreated dumping sites are supposed to be some of the major causes of water pollution in Sri Lanka. The main objectives of this paper were to determine and evaluate the causal link between consumption pattern and solid waste generation and to understand the underlining socio-economic stories of waste disposal and their link with water pollution. Semi-structured household questionnaires (200) and in-depth interviews with key informants were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data from Pinga Oya watershed areas. The samples were selected on stratified basis and purposively and data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The secondary information was mostly collected from the sociological literature. The consumption patterns of people often determine the nature and amount of solid waste generation based on their livelihood, class and culture. Here, the symbolic consumption which has become the life style of urban middle and upper class people, promotes a “consumer society” with the influence of monthly household income and cultural ritual. As a result of higher social value given for mass consumption in this global economic order, people frequently consume unwanted goods to achieve symbolic value and cultural satisfaction rather than limiting their consumption to actual necessities. This study revealed that there was a positive relationship between the monthly household income and consumption pattern and people with the higher monthly household income (>Rs.25,000) generate more solid waste daily (1.5-2 kg) than low income groups. The domestic solid waste generation was mainly influenced by weekly food consumption (R 2 = 0.61). The family size and gender relationship of consumer behaviour were also found significant in determining solid waste generation. This consumption culture that generates more and more solid waste especially in urban social environment influences the quality of water and aggravates the crisis of water pollution. Therefore, water pollution created by solid waste disposal is not only a problem limited to natural scientists to solve but also a social problem caused by many socio-economic and cultural practices of people. Key words: Consumerism; Waste generation; Water pollution. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/tar.v22i3.3697 Tropical Agricultural Research 22(3) (2011) 239-250

Estimating the quantity of solid waste generation in Oyo, Nigeria

The study established waste multipliers that could be used in conjunction with the population figure of a city to estimate the quantity of solid waste generation in the developing world. Oyo, a traditional city in Nigeria was the focus of the study. Two sets of data were collected. The first was the information on the socio-economic attributes of residents obtained from 648 households through questionnaires administered using a systematic random sampling technique. The second was the measurement of waste generated in 25% of the households for a week in each of the 12 months of the year. The study established that 23.3% of the residents surveyed have educational qualifications beyond secondary school, with 51.2% engaged in occupations requiring very little or no formal education and 50.9% were in the low-income group. The daily per capita solid waste generation was 0.129 kg. The highest (9.8%) and lowest (6.5%) of the annual quantities of waste were produced in October and February, respectively. Similarly, 20.2% of the weekly generation was produced on Saturday and the 10.2% produced on Thursday was the lowest. Animal dung, which accounted for 18.0%, constituted the highest component of the total solid waste generated. The study further established that the organic component of the waste generation was 75.4%. The results of the regression analysis R2 significant at 0.001 showed that income, household size, social status, occupation, education and season of the year explained 88.8% of waste generation in Oyo. It was established that 50.90 tonnes of solid waste was generated per day in the city in 2005, and the daily generation in the year 2008 is estimated to be 55.20 tonnes. The study concluded that with an average annual population growth of 13 000 people for the town, an additional 1.3 acres of land will need to be legally acquired annually, implying that 10.92-19.68 hectares ill be required as dump site(s) over the next 20-30 years.

Monitoring quantity and characteristics of municipal solid waste in Dhaka City

A reliable estimate of the quantity of solid waste generation in the city is very important for proper solid waste planning and management. However, reported estimates of solid waste generation vary widely and lead to questionability. The reported values have been derived on the assumption of demography, standard rate of waste generation by households, density values, number of trucks engaged for waste transportation and monitoring of truck movement at dump sites, etc. This diverse nature of the available data and the question of accuracy necessitate a rigorous study that has tried to document the waste quantity in the recently formulated master plan of Dhaka City. The socio-economic parameters, behavioral characteristics, generation sources, seasonality, and per capita growth rate are considered in estimating the waste quantity along with its future projections. The findings from the estimation of waste quantities state that seasonal differences in the municipal solid waste stream are not substantial. The most seasonably variable material in the municipal solid waste stream is food waste. Residential waste is relatively homogeneous. Although there are some differences in waste generation depending on demographic and other local factors, most households dispose of essentially similar types of wastes. Variation occurs in waste composition dependent upon income levels and category of sources. Variation also occurs based upon the extent of source reduction and recycling opportunities. As opportunities exist to recycle wastes, the recycling facilities might have to grow at a similar pace to the generation of waste. Physical and chemical characteristics of solid waste are important to implement the waste disposal and management plan for the selection of resource and energy recovery potentials. A number of studies have been conducted to determine the composition of wastes including moisture content and calorific value. The data show that the moisture content in city waste is significantly higher and the calorific value is much lower, which determines the viability of composting or anaerobic digestions rather than waste combustion.