Amount Of Radiation Research Articles

Cloudiness Information Services for Solar Energy Management in West Africa

In West Africa (WA), interest in solar energy development has risen in recent years with many planned and ongoing projects currently in the region. However, a major drawback to this development in the region is the intense cloud cover that reduces the incoming solar radiation when present and causes fluctuations in solar power production. Therefore, understanding the occurrence of clouds and their link to the surface solar radiation in the region is important for making plans to manage future solar energy production. In this study, we use the state-of-the-art European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts ReAnalysis (ERA5) dataset to examine the occurrence and persistence of cloudy and clear-sky conditions in the region. Then, we investigate the effects of cloud cover on the quantity and variability of the incoming solar radiation. The cloud shortwave radiation attenuation (CRASW↓) is used to quantify the amount of incoming solar radiation that is lost due to clouds. The results showed that the attenuation of incoming solar radiation is stronger in all months over the southern part of WA near the Guinea Coast. Across the whole region, the maximum attenuation occurs in August, with a mean CRASW↓ of about 55% over southern WA and between 20% and 35% in the Sahelian region. Southern WA is characterized by a higher occurrence of persistent cloudy conditions, while the Sahel region and northern WA are associated with frequent clear-sky conditions. Nonetheless, continuous periods with extremely low surface solar radiation were found to be few over the whole region. The analysis also showed that the surface solar radiation received from November to April only varies marginally from one year to the other. However, there is a higher uncertainty during the core of the monsoon season (June to October) with regard to the quantity of incoming solar radiation. The results obtained show the need for robust management plans to ensure the long-term success of solar energy projects in the region.

Spectral filtering experimentation on photovoltaic cells using novel bio-filter made from copper coated hibiscus-ethanol extract

<p>The challenges facing solar power grid system in Africa is huge. Most salient of these challenges is the inefficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) panel to sustain its output for more than a year. Certainly, the harsh weather condition in the region can be said to be one of the reasons for the shortcoming that was earlier highlighted. In this research, bio-filters were suggested to filter the harmful radiation hitting the PV panel. The bio-filter is made up of copper coated hibiscus extract. The hibiscus extract was done using ethanol solution. It was observed that the bio-filter was able to filter the some of the harmful radiation as expected. The quantity of the harmful solar radiation was not estimated because of the limitations of the equipment used for the research. It is recommended that this highlighted shortcoming of the research should be taken further to ascertain i.e. in percentage the harmful radiation that has been filtered by the bio-filter during the experiment.</p>

Radiologists' Knowledge and Attitudes towards CT Radiation Dose and Exposure in Saudi Arabia-A Survey Study.

Computed tomography (CT) is a key imaging technique in diagnostic radiology, providing highly sensitive and specific information. While its use has increased dramatically in recent years, the quantity and associated risks of radiation from CT scans present major challenges, particularly in paediatrics. The fundamental principles of radiation protection require that radiation quantities be as low as reasonably achievable and CT use must be justified, particularly for paediatric patients. CT radiation knowledge is a key factor in optimising and minimising radiation risk. The objective of this study was to analyse knowledge level, expertise, and competency regarding CT radiation dose and its hazards in paediatrics among radiologists in Saudi Arabian hospitals. A self-reported, multiple-choice questionnaire assessed the attitudes and opinions of radiologists involved in imaging studies using ionising radiation. Among the total respondents, 65% ± 13.5% had a good comprehension of the dangers of carcinogenicity to the patient resulting from CT scans, with 80% presuming that cancer risks were elevated. However, only 48.5%, 56.5%, and 65% of the respondents were aware of specific radiation risks in head, chest, and abdominal paediatric examinations, respectively. Regular, frequent, and specific training courses are suggested to improve the fundamental knowledge of CT radiation among radiologists and other physicians.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Hepatic Artery Guiding Technique in Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Procedure

Background: Puncture from the hepatic vein to the portal vein to create a shunt is the most challenging step in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the hepatic artery guiding technique in TIPS procedure. Patients and Methods: From January 2009 to December 2018, 41 patients (36 men, five women; mean age, 57.9 years; range, 33 - 77 years) who underwent TIPS were retrospectively evaluated. Total procedure times, puncture times, and total procedure radiation doses as radiation quantity (mGy) and dose area product (μGym2) from each procedure were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test between those in the simple blind puncture group and those who underwent hepatic artery guiding technique. Results: Technical success was achieved in all patients. Out of 41 patients, simple blind puncture was performed in 11 patients (26.8%), and hepatic artery guiding technique was performed in 30 patients (73.2%). No complications were observed in either group. The mean puncture time among those who underwent hepatic artery guiding technique (26.67 ± 11.46 min) was significantly shorter than the mean puncture time in the simple blind puncture group (38.50 ± 29.69 min) (P = 0.045). There was no statistical significance in total procedure time and radiation dose (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Hepatic artery guiding technique could increase the feasibility of portal vein puncture in TIPS without a significant increase in radiation dose.

Advanced Optical Materials for Sunlight Control in Greenhouses

AbstractThe increasing demand for efficiently growing vegetation in greenhouses requires continual improvement of the control of the growth environment experienced by the plants. The single most important factor in maximizing the crop’s growth is the quantity, quality, and geometrical distribution of radiation intercepted at every moment. Few available greenhouse coverings are capable of responding to changes in sunlight conditions by themselves, limiting the grower’s control: they must use additional technologies, including screens, artificial lighting, heating, and cooling. This review considers existing efforts in providing adaptable greenhouse covering systems and advanced optical materials for controlling the color, intensity, and/or distribution of sunlight transmitted into greenhouse‐like structures by describing existing static materials and their responsive equivalents. This work also offers speculation on potential applications of other light‐control elements, mostly designed for use in the urban environment that can be adapted for greenhouse use in the future.

Effect of End-of-production High-energy Radiation on Nutritional Quality of Indoor-grown Red-leaf Lettuce

Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of high-energy radiation as means to increase nutritional quality of lettuce (Lactuca sativa). However, most research has focused on providing constant radiation quality or quantity throughout the production cycle, which typically results in yield reductions or increases in production costs. End-of-production (EOP) radiation is a cost-effective, preharvest practice that can allow growers to manipulate product quality and thus increase market value of lettuce without negatively affecting plant growth. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare growth and accumulation of secondary metabolites from ‘Rouxaï RZ’ and ‘Codex RZ’ red-leaf lettuce grown indoors and exposed to different strategies of EOP high-energy radiation. Plants were grown for 24 days under an average daily light integral (DLI) of 15.8 mol·m‒2·d‒1 (220 µmol·m‒2·s‒1 for 20 h·d−1) using red:blue light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Four days before harvest (36 days after sowing), plants were exposed to one of three EOP treatments added to red:blue LEDs: 1) ultraviolet-A (EOP-ultraviolet); 2) high blue (EOP-B); or 3) high-intensity (EOP-H) radiation. A fourth treatment was included as a control, with no EOP. Except for EOP-H, all treatments provided a DLI of 15.8 mol·m‒2·d‒1; EOP-H provided a DLI of 31.7 mol·m‒2·d‒1. No treatment differences were measured for shoot fresh weight (FW) of ‘Rouxaï RZ’ but shoot FW of ‘Codex RZ’ was negatively affected by EOP radiation, indicating potential changes in lettuce yield from applying EOP high-energy radiation during active plant growth. In general, EOP treatments did not affect total phenolic content and total carotenoid concentration of plants, but anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity were positively influenced by EOP-B and EOP-H, whereas EOP-ultraviolet resulted in similar nutritional quality to control. Findings from this study indicate that EOP high-energy radiation, especially EOP-B, has significant potential to improve the nutritional quality of red-leaf lettuce grown in controlled environments.

Analytical solutions of radiative transfer equations in accretion discs with finite optical depth

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this paper is to obtain analytical solutions for radiative transfer equations related to the vertical structure of accretion discs with finite optical depth. In the non-grey atmosphere, we employ the optical-depth dependent Eddington factor to define the relationship between the mean intensity and radiation stress tensor. Analytical solutions are achieved for two cases: (i) radiative equilibrium, and (ii) a disc with uniform internal heating and both cases are assumed to be in local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE), too. These solutions enable us to study probable role of scattering and disc optical depth on the emergent intensity and other radiative quantities. Our results show that for the first case, the surface value of mean intensity with constant Eddington factor is three times larger than that with variable factor. Moreover, scattering has no role in the vertical radiative structure of discs with the assumptions of the first case. On the other hand, for the second case, we encounter reductions in all radiative quantities as the photon destruction probability decreases (which is equivalent to increasing scattering). Furthermore, for both cases with total optical depth less than unity, the outward intensity towards the polar direction becomes less than that from the edges of disc which is contrary to limb-darkening. At the end, we apply our results to find the spectrum from accretion systems, based on two dynamical models. Consequently, we can see that how the total optical depth varies with frequency and causes remarkable changes on the emergent spectra.

RapidBrachyDL: Rapid Radiation Dose Calculations in Brachytherapy Via Deep Learning

Detailed and accurate absorbed dose calculations from radiation interactions with the human body can be obtained with the Monte Carlo (MC) method. However, the MC method can be slow for use in the time-sensitive clinical workflow. The aim of this study was to provide a solution to the accuracy-time trade-off for 192Ir-based high-dose-rate brachytherapy by using deep learning. RapidBrachyDL, a 3-dimensional deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model, is proposed to predict dose distributions calculated with the MC method given a patient's computed tomography images, contours of clinical target volume (CTV) and organs at risk, and treatment plan. Sixty-one patients with prostate cancer and 10 patients with cervical cancer were included in this study, with data from 47 patients with prostate cancer being used to train the model. Compared with ground truth MC simulations, the predicted dose distributions by RapidBrachyDL showed a consistent shape in the dose-volume histograms (DVHs); comparable DVH dosimetric indices including 0.73% difference for prostate CTV D90, 1.1% for rectum D2cc, 1.45% for urethra D0.1cc, and 1.05% for bladder D2cc; and substantially smaller prediction time, acceleration by a factor of 300. RapidBrachyDL also demonstrated good generalization to cervical data with 1.73%, 2.46%, 1.68%, and 1.74% difference for CTV D90, rectum D2cc, sigmoid D2cc, and bladder D2cc, respectively, which was unseen during the training. Deep CNN-based dose estimation is a promising method for patient-specific brachytherapy dosimetry. Desired radiation quantities can be obtained with accuracies arbitrarily close to those of the source MC algorithm, but with much faster computation times. The idea behind deep CNN-based dose estimation can be safely extended to other radiation sources and tumor sites by following a similar training process.

Radiation engineering analysis of shielding materials to assess their ability to protect astronauts in deep space from energetic particle radiation

This paper explores the changes in the radiation quantity whole body effective dose equivalent (E) caused by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) by varying position, geometry, material, and thickness of radiation shielding in order to determine possible launch characteristics of a vehicle design. The On-Line Tool for the Assessment of Radiation in Space (OLTARIS) was used to simulate deep space missions lasting 180 or 400 days with a mission radiation surrogate exposure limit of 150 mSv. Previous work used only spherical shielding; however, the shielding geometries investigated in this paper were right circular cylinders and spheres comprised of aluminum, polyethylene, liquid methane, water, and liquid hydrogen. Materials were evaluated individually, in multi-material pressure vessel mock-ups, and personal protection forms for individual astronauts. With single-material shielding, a single launch of shielding material to low Earth orbit (LEO) was possible for all materials for a 180 day mission, but insufficient for a 400 day mission. Multi-material and personal protection forms, as well, were found to be suitable for a 180 day mission, but not for a 400 day mission. Overall, no feasible designs in these analyses were able to meet the surrogate limit and protect an astronaut for 400 days.

Combining experiments and relativistic theory for establishing accurate radiative quantities in atoms: The lifetime of the 2P3/2 state in Ca+40

We report a precise determination of the lifetime of the (4p)$^2$P$_{3/2}$ state of $^{40}$Ca$^+$, $\tau_{\textrm{P}_{3/2}}=6.639(42)$ ns, using a combination of measurements of the induced light shift and scattering rate on a single trapped ion. Good agreement with the result of a recent high-level theoretical calculation, $6.69(6)$ ns [Safronova et al., PRA 83, 012503 (2011)], but a 6-$\sigma$ discrepancy with the most precise previous experimental value, $6.924(19)$ ns [Jin et al., PRL 70, 3213 (1993)] is found. To corroborate the consistency and accuracy of the new measurements, relativistically corrected ratios of reduced-dipole-matrix elements are used to directly compare our result with a recent result for the P$_{1/2}$ state, yielding a good agreement. The application of the present method to precise determinations of radiative quantities of molecular systems is discussed.

Neighboring Column Approximation—An Improved 3D Thermal Radiative Transfer Approximation for Non‐Rectangular Grids

AbstractWe present a significantly improved version of the Neighboring Column Approximation (NCA 2.0), a fast 3D approximation for the calculation of thermal heating and cooling rates in cloudy atmospheres for large eddy simulation models. The method can now be used on non‐rectangular grids, and the heating rate bias in cloudy atmospheres is substantially reduced compared to a 1D solution and the original version of the NCA (NCA 1.0). For different cloud fields the bias is in the range of 5–30% in the 1D case and 2–7% for the NCA 2.0. The calculation of 3D radiative transfer quantities requires horizontal transport of radiation which causes difficulties in the parallelization of numerical models and is computationally expensive. The NCA overcomes this problem and can calculate 3D thermal heating rates at the expense of only a factor 1.5 to 2 higher compared to a 1D radiative transfer approximation. The method uses the fluxes calculated by a 1D radiation scheme and estimates horizontal fluxes using results from neighboring columns. For the estimation of the heating rates from the before estimated fluxes pre‐calculated lookup tables of emissivities are used. For the calculation of the heating rates we neglect scattering (independent of the fact if the incoming fluxes consider scattering or not). Inconsistencies made by assumptions for the method are corrected by a correction factor.

Comparative study on the clinical application of mixed reality technology leading micro-invasive intervertebral foramen puncture location and blind puncture location.

Objective:To discuss the function of mixed reality (MR) technology in guiding location of intervertebral foramen microscopic puncture and analyze its feasibility and clinical application value.Methods:Sixty patients with lumbar intervertebral disc who were treated between January 2017 to October 2017 were chosen, and classified into navigation group (30 cases) and traditional control (30 cases) according to random number table. Intervertebral foramen microscopic operation was conducted for both groups. MR technology was applied for the navigation group to guide puncture and establish intervertebral foramen microscopic cannula. Traditional C-arm X-ray apparatus was used for traditional group to establish intervertebral foramen microscopic cannula. Intra-operative puncture times, fluoroscopy times, puncture time and VAS score 1d, 3m and 6m after the operation were recorded and compared.Results:Postoperative waist and leg pain symptoms of both groups were relieved obviously, and straight leg raising test for the diseased limb turned to be negative. Intra-operative puncture times, fluoroscopy times, puncture time and operation time had statistical significance decrease.Conclusion:Mixed reality (MR) can accurately guide the establishment of intervertebral foramen microscopic cannula, solve the bottleneck problem of intervertebral foramen microscopic technology, promote puncture success rate, reduce repeated puncture times, avoid by-injury, shorten puncture time and reduce X-ray radiation quantity of operators and patients, so it deserves to be promoted and applied.

Model for Vertical Hyperthermic Temperature Gradient Distribution in Concrete Box Girder in China

The temperature field of concrete box girder under sunshine is an important factor to be considered in the design of bridge superstructure. Based on the meteorological parameters and the semi-empirical formula given by related bridge specifications, the vertical temperature gradient distribution model of prestressed concrete box girder was established using SPSS software. The amplitude of the temperature gradient model is calculated according to the theory of statistics. The index function model considering wind speed, solar radiation and temperature variation was obtained, and the method to determine the amplitude of vertical temperature gradient was summarized according to different building climate zones in China. The applicable conditions of the model are as follows: sunny and cloudless days with high radiation quantity should be selected; The selected months are generally from May to July, and June in extremely cold regions. It is verified that the calculated value fits well with the measured value by monitoring data of 3 real Bridges in different zones. The model of temperature gradient heating in warm areas was calculated. For the temperate climate regions without real bridge measured data, the recommended value of temperature gradient amplitude in this region is given after trial calculation. It explores the method of using only meteorological data without surveying and mapping, which can save a lot of manpower and material resources.

Comparisons of air kerma and absorbed dose to water standards in Co-60 radiation beams for radiotherapy

The air kerma and absorbed dose to water standards for 60Co radiotherapy beams of 6 EURAMET NMIs were compared by circulating 2 transfer standards. The schedule for the measurements lasted from March 2013 to February 2015. The participants determined the calibration coefficients for the 2 transfer standards in both radiation quantities mentioned above. The comparison results are given in terms of air kerma and absorbed dose to water for both transfer standards as the ratio of the participants' calibration coefficients to the respective average values over all participants. Two participating NMIs, BEV and METAS, measured the transfer standards twice and three times, respectively. Hence, submeans were calculated and propagated as their respective repeated measurements are correlated.The results are also linked to the BIPM.RI(I)-K1 and BIPM.RI(I)-K4 key comparisons through the linking laboratories BEV, LNE-LNHB and VSL for the air kerma and BEV, LNE-LNHB and METAS for the absorbed dose to water standards.Main textTo reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).

Far-Infrared Object Segmentation Focus on Transmission of Overall Semantic Information

In the vision task of a self-driving system, the use of visible light images to segment an object often loses its functionality at night or in harsh weather. The far-infrared image shows different pixel values according to the thermal radiation quantity of the object itself, so it can be adapted to perform well at night and in harsh weather conditions. However, at the same time, it has insufficient texture features, blurred object boundaries and temperature inversion, which has a great impact on the segmentation task of traditional algorithms. In response to the above problems, this article proposes a far-infrared object segmentation algorithm using deep learning. In the current popular encoding-decoding structure, multi-scale pooling layers are used to obtain receptive fields of different sizes. This is used to solve the effects caused by the blurring of infrared objects. The feature enhancement module is designed for the multi-receptive field feature map, which can filter out the most versatile and highly semantic feature channels to reduce the effect of temperature inversion on segmentation. The obtained high semantic feature map is guided into the decoding structure and is fused with the features obtained by the encoder and the decoder. This allows richer information to be obtained between different feature maps. Finally, we also release a new low-resolution far-infrared segmentation dataset. Experiments are performed on three datasets, and the segmentation result of the mIoU(mean Intersection over Union) reaches 70.59%, 30.98% and 60.67%. A large number of experiments confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the network in far-infrared images and verify that the dataset released in this article has strong reference significance.

RE-EVALUATION OF THE AIR KERMA PRIMARY STANDARD OF THE SMU IN 60Co AND 137Cs GAMMA RAY BEAMS.

The primary standard for air kerma of the Slovak Institute of Metrology (SMU) as a part of national standard of dosimetric quantities of gamma radiation NE028/02, based on cylindrical graphite walled cavity ionization chamber was established in 2002 for the 60Co gamma ray beams. Since then the main role of SMU was to continuously maintain, develop and refurbish the standard with related accessory to ensure international equivalence. Since 2002, a re-evaluation of the active volume of the ionizing chamber, correction factors, the key data, due to adoption of ICRU Report 90(1), and changes of the calibrations methods and corrections of the equipment were made to obtain improved parameters. The range was extended for 137Cs gamma ray beams and key comparisons with the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) were performed. ICRU Report 90(1) implementation led to a decrease of the Gray of-0.84% for 60Co and-0.80% for 137Cs.

Aplicación de protocolos de control de calidad en equipos de fluoroscopia en las ciudades de Tunja (Boyacá) y Bogotá

La obtención de imágenes de calidad en fluoroscopia depende, entre otros factores, de la habilidad del tecnólogo, del procedimiento radiográfico y, en especial, del desempeño del equipo utilizado. Para este último se han desarrollado diferentes protocolos de control de calidad que establecen un conjunto de pruebas para evaluar diferentes parámetros de calidad de la imagen y de la dosis recibida por el paciente. La realización de estas pruebas requiere de equipos detectores de radiación para evaluar los parámetros eléctricos y la cantidad de radiación recibida por el paciente, así como fantomas que permiten simular al paciente. Estos dispositivos son muy costosos y no tienen oferta en el mercado nacional, por lo que se evaluó el desempeño de los equipos de varios centros médicos ubicados en Tunja (Boyacá) y Bogotá, D. C., usando prototipos de fabricación nacional bajo las recomendaciones de la Asociación Americana de Física en Medicina, AAPM por sus siglas en inglés, para fantomas craneales en adultos y con base en relaciones antropométricas. Ejecutados los protocolos, con los prototipos de fantomas se encontró que todos los equipos cumplen con los límites de tolerancia y niveles de referencia establecidas en ambos protocolos, con la excepción del equipo telecomandado, que no cumplió con la tolerancia para resolución espacial. La mejor calidad de imagen de los equipos evaluados, en términos generales, se obtiene del angiógrafo, y el que menor dosis entrega al paciente es el del fabricante Philips. Adicionalmente, se logró establecer y documentar por primera vez la configuración específica para el desarrollo de las pruebas de control de calidad en equipos de angiografía.

Radiative heat transfer in a 2D semi-transparent gray medium with a centered inner square cavity

Exact semi-analytical expressions of the incident radiation and radiative flux fields are developped, inside a two-dimensional semi-transparent medium and followed by numerical simulations. A rectangular cavity is filled-in with a gray absorbing-emitting, but non-scattering semi-transparent medium at radiative equilibrium. An opaque inner centered cavity with black and imposed temperatures surfaces is set as a non-participating medium, nevertheless its external boudary surfaces participate to radiative transfer. An exact method based on ray tracing and specific functions is performed to evaluate the incident radiation and radiative flux fields. Spatial and angular discretization are ensured with a Gauss quadrature by Numerical issue. Temperature field is computed with an iterative process until convergence. Verification of results is done both for simple and complex geometries, and remains in good agreement with literature. Hence, the other one results of radiative quantities are tabulated as benchmark solutions and simulated for several sizes of the inner square cavity for different ranges of optical thickness.

The Effect of Latitude Differences, Sunshine Periods, Solar Radiation Quantities and Air Temperatures on Solar Electricity Generation.

Electricity supply has gained importance with the increase of electricity demand in the world. The energy that the sun can accept forever provides great convenience for electricity generation. In regions where the sun's rays are steep, it is easier to generate electricity from the solar energy, whereas in regions where the sun's rays are horizontal, the electricity production from the solar energy remains at a lower level. In this study, Istanbul and Adana are compared in the northern and southern regions of Turkey. These two cities were examined for daily sunshine periods, daily and monthly radiation amounts. The effects of air temperatures and sunshine durations on the average radiation amounts have been investigated. The province of Adana has an annual total of 1568.49 kWh, whereas the province of Istanbul has a total of 1327 kWh radiation. When the annual sunshine periods are examined, it is 97.13 hours in Adana and 78.99 hours in Istanbul. It is seen that less electricity production can be done year round in Istanbul province and the hourly production is more than that in Adana when compared to sunrise times. When the average annual temperatures are examined, Adana province is 19 °C and Istanbul province is 13.8 °C. Although the province of Istanbul has a lower average temperature, it has been found that it has a higher yield than the province of Adana.

How Does Radiation Code Accuracy Matter?

AbstractThe accuracy of radiation calculations matters for climate simulations. Radiation code assessments typically validate such quantities as radiative fluxes and heating rates. However, it is not clear how these quantities or their uncertainties affect climate sensitivity—the extent of warming driven by the CO2 radiative forcing. Here, we assess the temperature response uncertainty by comparing simulations based on parameterized radiation codes to that based on a benchmark line‐by‐line model, in an idealized global warming (quadrupling CO2) experiment. We present an idea to quantitatively relate the radiative quantities to equilibrium temperature response. We find that when the temperature change is solely driven by the radiative process (a pure radiative adjustment), the temperature change and its uncertainty can be well diagnosed by the proposed method. Under this situation, the temperature response uncertainty is found to result from the uncertainties in both CO2 forcing and the radiative Jacobians. This calls into attention the importance of Jacobians in the radiation code intercomparison and validation. When the temperature change is driven by both radiation and convection (a radiative‐convective adjustment), the temperature change can no longer be predicted by a simple diagnostic equation. Nevertheless, the validation against the benchmark simulation provides an estimate of the temperature response errors that may be attributed to radiation code inaccuracy. We find that such errors may reach several 10th° Kelvin for surface temperature and more than 1° Kelvin for atmospheric temperatures.