Amount Of Flour Research Articles

South Australia's Earliest Steam Flour Mills – The Founding of an Important Colonial Industry

By the middle of the nineteenth century the growing of wheat, and its conversion to flour, had become major industries in the (then) colony of South Australia. Subsequently very large quantities of both grain and flour were exported, especially to Britain and Europe, and South Australia grew rich on the proceeds. Commercial flour-milling in the colony began at the end of 1840, when substantial steam-driven mills were set up on opposite sides of the town of Adelaide, by John Ridley, and J. B. A. Kent respectively. Both mills were established under difficult circumstances, both were important to the very survival of the province at the time, and both may now be regarded as interesting examples of Australia's pioneer industry.

South Australia's Earliest Steam Flour Mills – The Founding of an Important Colonial Industry

AbstractBy the middle of the nineteenth century the growing of wheat, and its conversion to flour, had become major industries in the (then) colony of South Australia. Subsequently very large quantities of both grain and flour were exported, especially to Britain and Europe, and South Australia grew rich on the proceeds. Commercial flour-milling in the colony began at the end of 1840, when substantial steam-driven mills were set up on opposite sides of the town of Adelaide, by John Ridley, and J. B. A. Kent respectively. Both mills were established under difficult circumstances, both were important to the very survival of the province at the time, and both may now be regarded as interesting examples of Australia's pioneer industry.

Genetical and Ecological Consequences of Subdivision in Tribolium Populations

SUMMARY (1) The ecological and genetic consequences of subdivision were studied in pure and mixed populations of two Tribolium castaneum (Herbst.) strains, ++ and bb. The experiment lasted eight generations. (2) Undivided populations were founded by sixty pairs of adults in jars with 40 g of flour. Subdivision was achieved by dividing the same amount of flour into fifteen vials (five each with 1, 2 and 5 g) and introducing four pairs of adults. Isolation between the subunits was complete, with no migration. Mixed populations were founded by equal numbers of adults of each strain. (3) The pure-strain subdivided populations (SA, SB) and the mixed (SM) produced considerably more eggs than the undivided counterparts (UA, UB, UM), but only a slightly larger adult output. The larger egg input was possible apparently because of the larger surface area available to the S populations, reducing adult interactions, but food and space (plus 'conditioning' effects) must have limited larval survival to adulthood. Percent survival to adulthood 'adjusted' for density effects was similar in the S and U populations of each strain but the former were much more sensitive to the increase in input egg density. (4) Survival in the 1, 2 and 5 g environments of each strain (within S) were remarkably different, the response to input egg density being stronger the more limited the environmental resources. In comparison with the effects on survival within S, imposed by the ecological constraints, the genetic differences among population types were relatively minor. Taken as entire populations, though, the ++ strain (A) was much more strongly affected by density than B and M. In general, the three undivided population types (UA, UB, UM) were more similar to each other in survival than each was to its subdivided counterpart. (5) Gene frequencies of subunits at the b marker locus fluctuated considerably within SM populations as well as temporally, but no fixation at qb = 0.0 or 1.0 occurred. The variance among subunits increased with time, but no more than expected from random drift.

Tricalcium Phosphate as an Insect Suppressant in Flour and CSM

When large quantities of CSM (a blend of cornmeal, soy flour, dry milk, vitamins, and minerals) containing 2% Ca3 (PO4)2 were shipped from the United States to South America, tricalcium phosphate suppressed the development of large populations of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the principal insect found in the CSM, during 6 and 7 months of storage in heavily infested warehouses. Tricalcium phosphate in similar quantities of flour suppressed the development of large populations of T. castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.), and an unidentified moth.

Seri Use of MesquiteProsopis GlandulosaVarTorreyana

he western honey mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa var torreyana, is one of the primary natural resources of the Seri of western Sonora, Mexico. Different parts of the mesquite are variously employed for basketry dye, face paint, hunting and fishing, firewood, games, medicine, lumber, wooden artifacts, and rope or twine. Until recently the fruit was utilized extensively for food. Relatively large quantities of flour were obtained from the mesocarp. The Seri also prepared flour from the true seed which was separated from the stony endocarp by pounding in bedrock mortars. Prepared mesquite flour products were stored for times of need. A relatively extensive vocabulary is associated with the mesquite—the Seri recognize eight growth stages of the mesquite pod. The Seri moon approximating the month of July derives from the time of mesquite harvest, a time when the monsoon begins and initiates maximum renewal of life in the desert. This moon is for the Seri the beginning of the new year.

Combination of thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography in the analysis on a microgram scale of lipids from wheat flour and wheat flour doughs

AbstractLipids were extacted on a microgram scale from 3 to 6 mg flour or from freeze‐dried dough by percolation. The impure extract was separated into 12 nonpolar and 14 polar lipids by TLC. Then the fatty acid composition of most of these lipids was determined by gas chromatography. The microscale method renders possible qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of the lipids in minute quantities of flour and dough. The selectivity of different extraction solvents was studied. In both flour and dough the fatty acid composition of a given component is identical in the free and bound lipid fractions. In dough, the quantity of free lipids is less than in flour; the extent of the decrease depends on the atmosphere in which it is mixed. During mixing, the carotenoid pigments, α‐monoglycerides and the free linoleic acid and linolenic acid are oxidized. Oxidation is apparently a function of the concentration of oxygen and of lipoxidase.

Dental Caries of Rats Fed a Rice Diet and Modifications

Because a diet with large amounts of white rice has been considered the possible cause of the high dental caries rate among children of Oriental ancestry in Hawaii, a study was made of the effect of a semi-purified diet high in rice, upon the teeth of 190 susceptible white rats. A preliminary experiment compared 2 degrees of fineness of diet ingredients. After washing and drying, white rice was made into a flour to pass a 48-mesh sieve, as did all other ingredients for the other 2 experiments. Hubbell-Mendel-Wakeman salt mixture was used at the low level of 1.2 g and cod liver oil at 0.2 g/100 g of basic diet. When the salt mixture was doubled, there was a marked improvement in dental conditions (P < 0.01) for number of carious teeth, number of carious areas and the caries score. Adding 15 times the amount of cod liver oil in the basic diet did not cause a statistically significant improvement. Results for increased salt mixture plus cod liver oil were similar to increased salt mixture alone. The good effect of doubling the salt mixture was verified in a second experiment, but the effect was nullified if 12% of powdered sucrose replaced an equal quantity of rice flour.

Accumulation and distribution of nickel in wheat treated with nickel salts

AbstractThe use of inorganic nickel salts for rust control in wheat results in the deposition of nickel in the flour, feed and bran portions, the contents found being lowest in the flour, higher in the feed portion and highest in the bran. Levels of application which were effective against rust gave moderate nickel residues in feed and bran but negligible amounts in flour. Nickel sulphate hexahydrate was generally superior to the chloride and nitrate salts. Application of nickel solutions to wheat results in more than a mere surface deposition on the grain.

Effects of the general health and nutritional status of children of partial replacement of rice in a poor vegetarian diet by tapioca flour.

In previous publications of this series (Subrahmanyan, Murthy & Swaminathan, 1954; Murthy, Swaminathan & Subrahmanyan, 1954) we reported that: (I) replacement of 25 % of rice in a poor rice diet by tapioca flour did not affect the overall nutritive value of the diet as judged by the growth of young rats, and (2) the retention of calcium in adult human beings on a rice-tapioca diet was greater than that observed on a rice diet; the retention of nitrogen was of the same order on both the diets. The present paper describes the results of an experiment carried out to study the effects on the growth and nutritional status of children of replacing 25 % of rice in a poor rice diet by an equal quantity of tapioca flour.

MODERN BREAD

For some two years medical and nutritional scientists have discussed the nutritional significance of bread, lawyers have argued about regulations pertaining to flour and bread, advertising copy writers have written about the new enriched bread. Consumers apparently have continued to pay scant attention to the important changes that have been made recently in this basic food. The average American consumes each day about 6 1/4 ounces of white flour in various forms; to a large extent flour is used as white bread and other bakery products. This amount of flour will provide about one fourth of the average daily caloric requirements. The amount of white pan bakers' bread consumed daily is sufficient to provide each man, woman and child in the country with 70 Gm. of bread each day, or approximately two and one-third slices weighing 30 Gm. each. Nearly all this bread is consumed without special regard to its

Utilization of Wood Waste in the Chemical Industries

Abstract The principal uses, other than for fuel, for the wastes from the sawmill and woodworking industries are found in the following chemical industries: Destructive distillation, the manufacture of pulp, paper, and building boards, and those industries consuming large quantities of wood flour, principally linoleum, plastics, and explosives. The technical aspects of this waste utilization have been so satisfactorily worked out that a project of this sort may be evaluated almost entirely from the economic side. Competition from other raw materials, together with certain economic factors, requires that all of these operations be based on an ample, well-located, and relatively long-lived supply of waste wood. In many of these processes the waste wood must be separated either as to size or as to variety, although in some cases similar varieties may be processed together.

The Effects of Nitrogen-peroxide on the Constituents of Flour in Relation to the Commercial Practice of bleaching Flour with that Reagent

The process of subjecting flour to the whitening action of dilute nitrous fumes has grown so extensively during the past ten or twelve years, that it is estimated that more than half of the enormous amount of flour utilised for making bread and for other purposes is now bleached or tinted by this method. Yet none of this bleached or artificially whitened flour is sold to the public as such specifically, or marked by any distinctive label, to show that it has passed through a chemical process.

The Bleaching of Flour

A case recently tried before Mr Justice Warrington (The Flour Oxidising Co., Ld.v. J. and R. Hutchinson) has brought to light, what I do not imagine is a matter of common knowledge, namely that large quantities of flour both in this country and abroad are artificially bleached in order it would appear primarily to satisfy the fancy of the public for white bread. The popular taste for the appearance of their food naturally leads the caterers to satisfy it; the yellowness of milk and its richness are usually associated together in the mind of the man in the street consequently it is very difficult now-a-days to purchase milk which has not been artificially coloured.

The Horn Expedition to Central Australia

In your issue of September 27, 1894, occurs a short notice of the work of the Horn scientific expedition to Central Australia. Reference is made therein to the discovery of a “new type of marsupial” by Dr. Stirling. The animal in question was found by Mr. South, a mounted trooper (or rather by his cat, who brought it into the house), at Alice Springs. By him it was presented on our arrival to Dr. Stirling, who had charge of the anthropological work of the expedition, by whom it was kindly handed on to me as officer in charge of the zoological department. The specimen was a male, and being desirous of securing more, I stayed behind the party, and by aid of the blacks procured two more specimens, both of them females. The animal, which lives in holes amongst the rocks and stones is by no means common, as I had to offer considerable quantities of flour and tobacco to the blacks as a reward for its capture. After a number of them had been out hunting for several days the total result was two more specimens, though as these were females they formed a welcome addition to my zoological collections. As the expression, “a new type of marsupial,” gives rise to too great expectations, it may be as well to state that it is merely a new species of the genus Phascologale, distinguished, amongst other points, by its remarkably fat tail and by the nature of the striated pads on the soles of its feet. I was able to make drawings of the animal alive, and on showing these to the blacks at Charlotte Waters, some 250 miles to the south of Alice Springs, they were at once greeted with cries of “Amperta,” the native name for the animal which they took it to represent. Through the kindness of Mr. Byrne, the head of Charlotte Waters Telegraph Station, I have since been provided with specimens of the “Amperta,” which on examination turns out to be the rare form—only as yet, I believe, known from a single specimen — described by Krefft under the name of Chœtocercus cristicanda, and subsequently placed by Mr. Oldfield Thomas in the genus Phascologale.