Export Quantity Research Articles

Nexus Between Gross Domestic Product, Stock Market and Trade Openness: Evidence from Nepal

Background: The development of the stock market has a significant positive impact on economic growth and helps to effectively funnel savings and investment into the economy in ways that allow for the accumulation of capital. Stock market serves a crucial economic purpose by bringing investors and savers together. Similarly, trade openness increases efficiency in both static and permanent way. Ultimately it makes positive contribution in economic development. The causal relationship between the gross domestic product, the NEPSE index, and trade openness has been examined.
 Objective: To find out long run and short run relationship and the causal relationship among gross domestic product, Nepal stock exchange and trade openness, and whether there is causal relation among variables or not.
 Method: An Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is used in the analysis. The Engle Granger causality test, which demonstrates the direction of causality between the variables is also used. From the year 1994 to 2021 samples are taken.
 Results: Bound Test shows there is long run relationship among variables. Similarly, there is unidirectional causal relationship between gross domestic product and the Nepal stock market index.
 Implication: The results show that there is no meaningful relationship between GDP and trade openness. It is suggested that trade barriers be lowered and that international trade be promoted by reducing and simplifying processes. The reason for this must be low export quantities. Therefore, government must take action in this sector to encourage export and displace import. Additionally, the outcome demonstrates that there is no relationship between trade openness and the stock market. For Nepal's stock market to accept global investors, its regulations must be changed.

Present Status and Future Prospects of Tea production and Research on Varietal Improvement in Bangladesh

Tea is one of the most important non-alcoholic beverage in the world and has been gaining further popularity as an important ‘health drink’ in view of its inferable medicinal value. In Bangladesh, commercially tea was cultivated since 1854 by establishing first tea garden Malnicherra Tea Estate in Sylhet. From 1947 to 2020, tea growing area, production and per hectare yield were increased 127.71%, 370.53% and 137.96% respectively. The major reasons behind the increasing tea productivity are extension of tea growing areas as well as cultivation of the tea clones (BT clones) released by Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI). Till now BTRI released 23 clones and 5 biclones, having average per hectare yield of 3461.67 kg. In the world, tea production, consumption and exportation have increased significantly. Unlike world condition, there is a negative relation between tea production and export in Bangladesh. From 1980 to 2020 the quantity of tea exports was decreased by 92.99%. This situation emphasizes the need for exploring alternative means by the tea industries of increasing profits from tea cultivation and tea export. As a result, researches on tea varietal improvement is needed for rapid economic growth and development of tea industry as well as to encourage tea plantation business to go ahead with more production to meet our own demand along with quality tea to flourish tea business in Bangladesh.

Export performance of Indonesian Swallow's Nest commodities in main destination countries

The trend of increasing exports of Indonesian swallow's nests and the high market potential shown by increased consumption requires Indonesia as one of the main producers of swallow's nests to be able to seize the existing market opportunities. This study aims to determine the export performance of Indonesian swiftlet nests in the main destination countries. The method used in this research is Constant Market Share. The secondary data used is time series data collected from 2011 to 2020. Based on Constant Market Share analysis, it was stated that the commodity of swallow's nest tended to be in demand in the international market compared to other types of commodities. Export quantity is sufficient to meet market demand and market requirements in export destination countries. The results show that Indonesia has been able to market the swallow's nest commodity in countries with high demand, namely China, which is indeed the largest importer of swallow's nest in the world. The swallow's nest commodity has great potential to increase exports and Indonesia is a strong competitor as an exporter in three countries, China, the United States and Vietnam. This research material has practical value for the Indonesian government to increase trade cooperation in the context of market expansion to maintain Indonesia's position as a major exporter and the need for cooperation with domestic producers through efforts to expand market access, training and production assistance, increasing innovation and technology

The role of the Belt and Road Initiative: New opportunity for Chinese exporters?

AbstractUsing Chinese Customs data for the 2007–2018 period, we investigate how Chinese exporters respond to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Based on a difference‐in‐differences identification strategy, we find that the BRI causes a substantial increase in China's total exports to BRI countries at the HS‐8 digit product level, and this export‐promoting effect is due to a significant increase in export quantity. We also find that exports increase more to countries along the Maritime Silk Road than those along the Land Silk Road. Moreover, the BRI contributes to optimising the export structure by increasing the proportion of general exports, promoting intermediate exports, improving upstreamness of exports and cutting excess capacity through international market demand. Combined with the existing studies focusing on the impacts on bilateral or global trade, our study helps develop a complete picture of the BRI effects from the perspective of the sponsor country.

Regional Import and Export Influencing Factors in Jiangsu Province, China Based on RBF Neural Network Analysis

With economic globalization, import and export trade has become a key factor affecting economic growth, and the sample data of Jiangsu province, as an important part of China's import and export trade, is a typical representative. This paper selects the annual data of Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2021, determines the main influencing factors by rooting in past research theories, adopts the structure, characteristics and training algorithm of RBF (radial basis function) neural network, and applies the neural network to establish a multi-factor nonlinear time series forecasting model based on the mapping relationship between Jiangsu Province's import and export and its influencing factors. The conclusions are as follows: This paper builds a neural network around the data related to the import and export of foreign trade affecting Jiangsu Province from 2000 to 2021, and establishes an indicator system for the trend of foreign trade and the influencing factors of Jiangsu Province. The analysis finds that the highest accuracy is achieved when the neuron is 9. The degree of trade barriers, regional social financing scale, global economic growth rate and financial development efficiency are the main factors influencing the total amount of foreign trade import and export of Jiangsu province. Under the background of global trade being hindered by the epidemic and stagnant, the current situation of foreign trade development in Jiangsu Province should focus on breaking through from the above factors, considering domestic and international economic development, accelerating its financing scale and financial industry development, and promoting the steady development of foreign trade.

Determinant Analysis Of Fresh Demand For Exported Tuna At Bungus Ocean Fishing Port (PPS) Padang City Postpandemic Covid-19 Period

The Covid-19 pandemic is claimed to be the main cause of the decline in world trade including trade in fishery products, where the total export value of world fishery products fell by 7% compared to 2019, which was the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the determinants of demand for fresh tuna exports at PPS Bungus, Padang City, in the post-pandemic Covid-19 period need to be investigated. to maintain and increase the quantity of fresh tuna exports. Based on the description above, the purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of domestic price factors, Japan's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), shrimp prices, and the exchange rate on demand for fresh export tuna exports at the Bungus Ocean Fishery Port (PPPS). Padang city Post-pandemic Covid-19 period. To find out how much influence the independent variables and dependent variables have in this study, the method used is multiple regression analysis. The independent variables are tuna prices (X1), Japan's GDP per capita (X2), shrimp prices (X3), exchange rates (X4), and the dependent variable is the export quantity of fresh tuna (Y). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the price of tuna, shrimp price and exchange rate had a positive effect on the quantity of fresh tuna exports while Japan's GDP per capita had no effect on the quantity of fresh tuna exports at the Samudera Bungus Fishery Port, Padang City

ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC BASICS OF BALANCED BEEKEEPING DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes the ecological and economic foundations of the balanced development of beekeeping. It was determined that the increase in the amount of Ukrainian honey exports in 2020 is explained by the presence of shadow turnover of honey products in Ukraine and the increase in sunflower acreage. Ways to achieve high competitiveness and efficiency of operation of honey-producing enterprises: export of honey mainly as raw materials; lack of state support for the development of beekeeping. It is substantiated that with the pace of time and the development of society regarding the issue of beekeeping, as well as industrial society, the use of a significant amount of pesticides and agrochemicals by agricultural enterprises and agricultural holdings, the use of genetically modified organisms, etc., everything leads to the destruction of bees. In some regions, in general, extinction is observed both in Ukraine and outside the country. It has been proven that a feature of the territorial placement of beekeeping is that bees do not tolerate an unfavorable ecological environment, and at the same time they are in a certain way measures of its condition. Within the spatial limits of existence, bees can adapt to unfavorable living conditions, but at the same time, the danger of substances harmful to the human body getting into beekeeping products increases.

Plum rain enhances porewater greenhouse gas fluxes and weakens the acidification buffering potential in saltmarshes

Seasonal rainfall, locally known as plum rain, is a potentially important driver of greenhouse gas dynamics in saltmarshes, but no studies of its effects have been reported. We quantified porewater exchange and related greenhouse gas fluxes in a saltmarsh over a spring-neap-spring tidal cycle (30 tidal cycles) during the plum rain season. Radon-traced porewater exchange rates were found to be 15.5 (pre-rain) and 24.8 (plum rain) cm day−1, which released CO2 and CH4 to surface waters with the fluxes (mmol m−2 day−1) of 77.7 and 0.28 during the pre-rain period and 132.3 and 0.63 over the plum rain period, respectively. The large amounts of soil CO2 export through porewater exchange during the plum rain significantly increased the CO2 inventory and reduced the pH from 8.06 to 7.86 (median) in saltmarsh surface water. The result suggests that plum rain-derived porewater exchange with lower pH values may contribute to coastal acidification.

PRICE TRANSMISSION OF MELONS (CUCUMIS MELO AND CITRULLUS LANATUS) IN MYANMAR – CHINA BORDER TRADE

Border trade is the main export channel for agricultural products from Myanmar (formerly Burma). With an increasing quantity and value of exports during the last few decades, melons have become one of the major crops in the national export strategy of Myanmar. In this paper, the word “melons” is used to represent both watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) cultivars. No previous research exists on price transmission between these countries, especially for the horticultural produce market. This study aims to measure the magnitude and speed of spatial price adjustment in melons exported from Myanmar to China. Price transmission in the melon export market in Myanmar is analyzed by studying the lead-lag relationship among prices in the border market in Myanmar and the selected wholesale markets in Beijing, China, using a vector autoregressive model (VAR). Prices are transmitted quickly from Myanmar to the selected wholesale markets in Beijing, China. The wholesale market price in Beijing, China lags only one day behind the Myanmar price. In the Myanmar border market, the melon price is affected only by its own lagged price. The adjustment of melon prices in one day suggests that market information is getting passed up the market channel, and there does not appear to be a need for a policy to improve market efficiency.

우리나라 주력수출산업에 미치는 투자유형별 영향에 관한 연구

This study examines the effect of investment types on 10 major export sectors in Korean Industry during the recent ten years. In particular, it attempts to estimate the role of the three channels of investment types such as equipment investment, R&D investment and foreign direct investment in the effect. Three panel data models were established and estimated with using a data set of 10 major export sectors in Korean Industry during the current decade from 2010 to 2019. The empirical estimation reports the results that equipment investment had a positive effect on the amounts of export in major export sectors in Korean industry, while R&D investment and foreign direct investment had an inconsistent effect on them. In addition, the labor productivity had significant impact on the exports. These stylized findings are consistent across the two different models of the basic model and the revised model. More importantly, it is likely to reflect indirectly the trade structure in major export sectors, in which high-tech-intensive intermediate products account for a large proportion of major exports. This trend is expected to continue as long as Korea maintains a competitive advantage in major export sectors of technology-intensive industries. The study proposes a future study on short-run and long-run effects in the role of R&D on exports. It also emphasizes the implication of policy support and strategical consideration for the role of investment, particularly R&D and equipment investment in major export sectors in Korean industry.

Direction and Export Performance of Coffee in India

The present study was conducted in the Department of Economics and Sociology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab, India to examine growth performance and share of coffee in agricultural export from 2000-01 to 2016–17. The data on quantity of coffee exports from 2005-06 to 2016-17 were collected and used to examine the direction of trade and changing pattern of coffee exports with the use of first order Markov chain analysis. The top six major destinations in each type of coffee were selected for the analysis. The share of coffee in agricultural export earnings was nearly 4% in 2000-01 and decreased to 2% in 2016–17 which is a matter of great concern. The results of Markov Chain Analysis revealed that the major destinations for Indian coffee were Italy, Germany, Belgium, USA, Turkey and Slovenia. Kuwait was the most stable destination for plantation coffee exports, while in case of Arabica cherry Belgium, for Robusta parchment Italy, Germany and Spain for Robusta cherry and for Instant coffee Turkey and Russian federation were the most stable destinations. The climatic events and supply shocks remain the real threat to the development of a balanced market and sustainable conditions for the Indian coffee economy. The Government of India is expected to announce an interest subsidy scheme for exporters in order to boost coffee exports and explore new markets.

Economic analysis of domestic and international food prices during WTO regime: Effects on Indian crop planning, production, poverty, inflation, and trade

AbstractPrices can distress small and marginal farmers adversely by affecting their farm returns and affordability in agriculture. Price, a competitive weapon, helps to exploit opportunities and decides the profit of all business in the market. This study is a domestic and foreign market‐based research study. The study period is from 1990–91 to 2017–18. Compound annual growth rate (CAGR), instability index, Terms of Trade (TOT), price elasticity, and regression analysis were employed to estimate the results of the study. The study found that the area and production of cereals, pulses, and oilseeds have been increasing except sorghum, groundnut, and sunflower since 1990–91 to 2017–18. TOT was favored for Indian wheat, sorghum, gram, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower with other nations. Export quantity of rice, groundnut, and sunflower; export price of rice and sunflower; import quantity of arhar; and import price of sorghum were found to be stable. The rice, wheat, gram, groundnut, soybean, and sunflower export price elasticities were marginally greater than their imports. In case of agricultural commodities, area would be increased by increasing minimum support price (MSP) of arhar and moong; domestic price of sunflower; export price of groundnut and sunflower; and import price of sunflower and soybean. But the same was increased by decreasing the MSP of soybean; sorghum export price; and domestic price and import price of groundnut. Production was increased by increasing MSP of rice, wheat, maize, arhar, and moong; export and import quantity of gram; export price of wheat and soybean; and import price of sunflower and soybean. But the same was increased by decreasing the MSP of sunflower and export price of sorghum. Total agricultural exports were increased by increasing the rice, wheat, maize, moong, and soybean production; export quantity of gram and sunflower; export price of rice, sorghum, gram, groundnut, sunflower, and soybean; and trade balance of sunflower. The same was increased by lessening the sorghum and sunflower production; export quantity of arhar and groundnut; and trade balance of arhar and groundnut. Total agricultural imports increased by increasing the rice, wheat, maize, arhar, moong, and soybean production; import quantity of gram, sunflower, and soybean; import price of gram and moong; and trade balance of rice, gram, groundnut, sunflower, and soybean. The same was reduced by reducing the sunflower production. Poverty would be reduced by increasing the rice, wheat, maize, gram, and soybean production; export price of rice, sorghum, gram, sunflower, and soybean; and trade balance of sunflower and soybean. The same was reduced by decreasing the sunflower production and trade balance of maize, sorghum, and arhar. Inflation would be increased by increasing the production of gram; export price of rice, wheat, moong, and groundnut; import price of arhar; and trade balance of gram and also by reducing the maize production and MSP of rice, gram, and groundnut. Consumer price general index would be increased by increasing the domestic prices of wheat, maize, sorghum, moong, groundnut, and soybean; and MSP of wheat, maize, sorghum, arhar, moong, groundnut, and sunflower. The same was increased by diminishing the international prices except maize; import price of sorghum and sunflower; and producer price index of sorghum and soybean. Consumer price food index would be improved by raising the domestic price of groundnut and by diminishing the international prices; MSP and import price of soybean; and producer price index of groundnut. The study findings have important inferences to be considered in designing agricultural price policies and schemes to protect domestic producers, to boost exports and foreign earnings of agricultural commodities in India. The study guides producers, exporters, and importers for price signals of agricultural commodities in the market.

The Effectiveness of the Russian Impact in Estonia Measured With Quantitative Methods

The observed impact of Russian influence on the Baltic states, including Estonia, involves the use of so-called soft methods, which are expressed, among other things, through the implementation of information warfare, political games, and direct influence on decision-makers and citizens of the state. The strong arguments of Russia’s diplomatic apparatus remain references to religion, language, nationality, history, and national borders. Within the framework of this article, quantitative methods of measuring Russia’s impact on Estonia will be discussed, which concern such areas as demographics, the amount of imports, exports, and parliamentary elections.

Growth and Export Performance of Maize from India

Maize is India’s third most important cereal crop after rice and wheat and it is the only cereal crop which can be cultivated throughout the seasons. The present study focuses on the growth in area, production, productivity and export performance of maize from India by using secondary data for the period (1999-2019). To estimate the growth rate in area, production and productivity of maize in India, the following analytical tool was used that is Compound Growth Rate (CGR). The results revealed that area, production, productivity observed positive compound growth rate at one per cent level of significance during overall study period. Export quantity showed the positive growth rate at ten per cent level of significance. Export value of maize showed the positive compound growth rate at one per cent level of significance during overall study period. In country wise analysis Yemen Republic showed highest growth rate in terms of export quantity and Nepal showed highest growth rate in terms of export value respectively. The research will help us understand the primary factors influencing maize production and export of maize from India. So, it becomes a paramount importance for a country like India to start promotion measures to boost up the pace of its exports.

Factors influencing export performance of Ginger (Zinbiger officinale) in Nigeria

This study evaluated factors influencing export performance of ginger (Zinbiger officinale) in Nigeria. Specifically, the research study was designed to achieve the following objectives: examine the short run equilibrium relationships between test variables; evaluate the long run equilibrium relationships between test variables; and determine the linear – interdependence between factors influencing export of ginger. The test variables under considerations were export quantity of ginger (Zinbiger officinale), exchange rate, interest rate, ratio of producer price to domestic price, and ratio of producer price to export price. Data were of secondary sources covering 1995 -2020.The statistical and econometrics tools used to achieve the stated objectives were: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP), Johansen Co-Integrating Test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The results of Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test shows that all test variables were non-stationary at level. All test variables were statistically significant at first difference at 5% level of probability. Phillip-Perron (PP) unit root test shows that all test variables were stationary at first difference and were statistically significant. Johansens co-integration test revealed the presence of co-integration among variables and long-term relationships among variables. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) shows that exchange rate (EXR), interest rate (INR), had negative coefficients and was statistically significant in influencing export performance of ginger (Zinbiger officinale) in Nigeria in the short run. Ratio of producer price to domestic price (PP), producer price to export price (PX), quantity of ginger exported (Y) had positive coefficients and were statistically significant in influencing export performance of ginger (Zinbiger officinale) in Nigeria in the short run. In the long run, exchange rate (EXR), interest rate (INR), ratio of producer price to domestic price (PP), ratio of producer price to export price (PX) were statistically significant in influencing export performance of ginger (Zinbiger officinale) in Nigeria. The coefficients of error correction model (ECM) was negative, this measures the speed of adjustment towards the long run equilibrium. The coefficients of multiple determinations (R^2) was 0.6710. This confirmed presence of goodness of fit. The F-statistics of 43.06 was significant at 1% level of significance. This confirmed the explanatory power of the entire model. The RESET value of VECM was 1.510 (P < 0.01) shows no evidence of misspecification of functional form. The research study recommends policy formulations and implementations that will stabilize exchange rate. Interest rate should be single digit. Export market should be developed along the ginger (Zinbiger officinale) value chains and other crops to expand export market base and earn foreign exchange

Export Performance of Coriander from India: An Empirical Analysis

Coriander is important spice used in food preparations and consumed throughout the world. India is the world's largest producer, consumer and exporter of coriander. In this context, the study analyzed the export performance of coriander from India. The results revealed a positive growth rate in the area, production and productivity of coriander in India. Positive growth rate was found in both quantity and value of coriander exports from India. Malaysia and U.A.E. were the most stable markets for India's coriander exports. Export price, domestic price and production influenced the export of coriander. The export of coriander from India is highly competitive in the international market. The formation of coriander parks in all the major coriander-producing states could facilitate better promotion of production technology, processing, value addition, marketing and export of quality coriander from the country.

PENGARUH KUALITAS TEH, KUANTITAS EKSPOR, DAN NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP NILAI EKSPOR TEH INDONESIA

Export value is the value of all goods and services traded abroad which is determined by foreign demand. Quality is the level of good or bad goods or services while export quantity is a benchmark for something that is aimed at an amount that can be calculated with certainty, export transactions need to use the exchange rate as a benchmark for international trade processes, this study aims to determine how the influence of quality tea, export quantity, and exchange rate against Indonesian tea export value for the period 1993 - 2019 either simultaneously or partially. In addition, this study aims to determine the most influential variable on tea export value for the period 1993 - 2019 using SPSS. The results of data analysis show that tea quality, export quantity, and exchange rate simultaneously affect the export value of Indonesian tea in 1993 - 2019. The variables of tea quality and export quantity partially have a positive and significant effect on the value of Indonesian tea exports in 1993 - 2019 while the exchange rate variable partially had a negative and significant effect on the value of Indonesian tea exports in 1993 - 2019.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING INDONESIA'S TOBACCO EXPORTS 1975-2018

This study aims to examine the effect of Indonesia's real GDP, the area of Indonesian tobacco cultivation, and the quantity of Indonesian tobacco production on the quantity of Indonesian exports. This study uses Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) with time series data from 1975 to 2018 as its analytic tool. The information contained in this study was compiled from periodic reports published by organizations such as the Directorate General of Plantations and the World Bank between 1975 and 2018. The probability value for the number of exports should not exceed 5% if the test results for the short-term real GDP of Indonesia are positive and non-significant. Long-term, the amount of national tobacco production has a positive and significant effect on the quantity of tobacco exports from Indonesia. The long-term stability of the CUSUM and CUSUMQ test results for both analytical models

Using some Statistical methods and artificial intelligence to predict the amount of oil exports in Iraq

Building predictive models that aid in the creation of economic growth plans involves the use of statistical techniques and artificial intelligence. Based on data for the time, the study sought to compare the ARIMA, artificial neural networks, and the hybrid technique to predict the volume of oil shipments from Iraq (January 2018- December 2021). It has been determined by comparing these models using the MAE, RMSE, MSE, and MAPE prediction accuracy measures that artificial neural networks are superior to ARIMA because they provide the lowest value of errors in accordance with the earlier measures. The use of the hybrid method also assisted in lowering the error value where it has been relied upon to determine the amount of oil exports from Iraq until June 2022.

Determination of Growth and Export Performance of Mango in India

India is one of the world's leading mango producers, generating more than half of the global supply. Mango exports from India in the year 2021-22 was 27,872.77 MT. Mangoes are accessible all year as fresh fruit and processed goods. However, in recent years India's export was failed to meet the international food safety requirements due to Sanitary and Phyto-sanitary problems. Hence, this study focussed on estimating the growth from 1991 to 2020 and the direction of mango exports from 2011 to 2020 from India. The time series data of mango area, production, productivity and export in quantity and value were collected from various publications like APEDA, Horticulture statistics at a glance. Over the entire period, production was significant at the one per cent level and the productivity of mangoes was increased. This study found that the export quantity and its value increased significantly and positively. But quantity was not equal in proportion to the growth rate of export in terms of value. The transition probability matrix revealed that UAE (United Arab Emirates) and Nepal were the stable markets for Indian mangoes, with trade retention of 59 and 22 per cent, respectively. This study suggested that developing norms for producing safe mangoes as knowledge advances would make it easier to grant, maintain and move forward with Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).