Quantity Of Accumulation Research Articles

Estimation and Effects of Internal Accumulation on Five Glaciers in Alaska

Estimates of internal accumulation for five Alaskan glaciers in different climates suggests that internal accumulation occurs in glaciers throughout Alaska. A method of estimating the quantity of internal accumulation is based on the annual minimum temperature ?Γ the snow-firn interface. The consistency of the estimates suggests that valid approximations of internal accumulation can be made over large areas. The estimates have not been confirmed by measurements of mass change, but are believed to be accurate within 10 percent. Point balance quantities of internal accumulation range from 0.65 m a-1, which is 64% of the annual accumulation on McCall Glacier, to 0.12 m a-1, 7% of the annual accumulation on Wolverine Glacier. The amount of internal accumulation decreases rapidly from north to south in Alaska; however it should be expected worldwide where sub-freezing, porous firn is invaded by water. Internal accumulation occurs in temperate glaciers in strongly maritime climates as well as glaciers in cold continental climates where it delays the onset of runoff, accelerates the process of converting snow into glacier ice, and explains the occurrence of temperate glaciers in permafrost areas.

Estimation and Effects of Internal Accumulation on Five Glaciers in Alaska

Estimates of internal accumulation for five Alaskan glaciers in different climates suggests that internal accumulation occurs in glaciers throughout Alaska. A method of estimating the quantity of internal accumulation is based on the annual minimum temperature ?Γ the snow-firn interface. The consistency of the estimates suggests that valid approximations of internal accumulation can be made over large areas. The estimates have not been confirmed by measurements of mass change, but are believed to be accurate within 10 percent. Point balance quantities of internal accumulation range from 0.65 m a-1, which is 64% of the annual accumulation on McCall Glacier, to 0.12 m a-1, 7% of the annual accumulation on Wolverine Glacier. The amount of internal accumulation decreases rapidly from north to south in Alaska; however it should be expected worldwide where sub-freezing, porous firn is invaded by water.Internal accumulation occurs in temperate glaciers in strongly maritime climates as well as glaciers in cold continental climates where it delays the onset of runoff, accelerates the process of converting snow into glacier ice, and explains the occurrence of temperate glaciers in permafrost areas.

The effect of tocopherol and dimethyl sulfoxide on focal edema and lipid peroxidation induced by isocortical injection of ferrous chloride

Addition of iron salts to suspensions of subcellular organelles or polyunsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of oxidative free radicals with subsequent initiation of lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment of rats with anti-oxidants prevents peroxidation following isocortical ferrous chloride injection, and increases the rate of resolution of iron-induced focal edema. In this experiment, treatment of rats at the time of injection of 5 μl of 100 mM FeCl 2 with tocopherol and DMSO caused decreased formation of brain peroxidation at the injection site, as measured by formation of MDA. Tocopherol failed to change the quantity of tissue fluid accumulation. However, DMSO alone, or combined with tocopherol, hastened the resolution of brain edema. Tocopherol may terminate peroxidation reactions by donation of a phenolic hydrogen, forming a quinone of tocopherol. DMSO has many pharmacologic effects; however, inhibition of initiation reactions by scavenging hydroxyl radicals, and direct and indirect effects on focal edema accumulation may account for our observations.

Chemical and Physical Roles of Individual Reactive Ions in Si Dry Etching

Chemical and physical sputtering yields of silicon by fluorocarbon ions such as F+, CF+, CF2+, CF3+ and C+ were investigated as a function of incident ion energy. Yield measurements over the 100–3000 eV incident ion energy range were performed through the use of mass-selected single species ion beam etching and in situ quartz crystal oscillator in an ultrahigh vacuum atmosphere. It was found that Si surface was fully covered with carboneous polymer and carbon in the cases of CF+ and C+ irradiation in the energy ranges of 100–700 eV and 100–2500 eV, respectively. Small quantity of carbon accumulation was also observed in the CF2+ ion beam irradiation of silicon in the 100–200 eV region, on the other hand, no carbon accumulation took place for F+ and CF3+ ion beam cases. In conventional Si dry etching by a CF4 gas plasma, since low energy (less than 1000 eV) fluorocarbon ions impinge the etched surface, it can be concluded that suppression of silicon etch rates mainly arises from the incidence of C+ and CF+ ion species.

水棲生物の重金属蓄積に関する研究-II

Former studies on “green oyster” were all done on the samples which had abnormally accumulated copper and zinc in aquatic environment. We have no information on the accumulating process of cpper and zinc in normal oysters which were transplanted to the water area producing green oyster. In the previous paper, the author reported the evident difference between the contents of copper in oysters collected at southern coast of Nobeoka Bay (S-group) and the adjacent waters to north of Nobeoka Bay (N-group). The oysters collected at the former were all regraded as green oyster. Therefore, normal oysters at Urashiro Bay (one of N-group) were transplanted to Akamizu Inlet (one of S-group), where we examined the variation of copper and zinc accumulation in the meat of oysters. The variation of accumulated quantity of copper and zinc in oysters during 125 days from July to November in 1965 is reported in this paper. The technical terms concerned with the accumulation used in this paper is defined as follows: 1) Normal accumulation indicated the phenomenon of the increase and decrease of heavy metals in organisms which the metabolism of heavy metals at normal physiological condition bring on. 2) Abnormal accumulation indicates the phenomenon of the increase of heavy metals in organisms brought by the influence of abnormal environmental factors. 3) Moreover, abnormal accumulation shows continual increase of heavy metals in organisms by abnormal accumulating phenomenon, therefore, the quatity of Absolute abnormal accumulation is calculated by subtracting the quantity of normal accumulation from the quantity of abnormal accumulation. In this paper, the normal accumulation refers to the copper and zinc accumulation in oysters at Urashiro Bay, the control field, and the abnormal accumulation refers to the copper and zinc accumulation in oysters at Akamizu Inlet, the test field. The quantity of absolute abnormal accumulation is calculated by subtracting the normal accumulation of copper and zinc at Urashiro Bay from the abnormal accumulation of copper and zinc at Akamizu Inlet. The normal oysters were transplanted to the water area of green oyster, and the variation of accumulative quantity of copper and zinc in the meat of oysters, and the influence of normal accumulation upon the abnormal accumulation, were discussed, and we obtained following results: 1) The quantity of copper in abnormal accumulation increases in the exponential function type, log Y=1.4399+0.0069X, and that of zinc indicates sigmoid type (Fig. 1, 2, 3). 2) The critical points (Fig. 4) are remarked on the variation of quantity of absolute abnormal accumulation of copper and zinc. The regression lines are straight over and under of the points. It appears that the normal accumulation has influence upon the variation of quantity of absolute abnormal accumulation of copper and zinc. 3) It is clear that the absorption and accumulation of copper and zinc are not done in same mechanism in oysters, that each of these metals has its peculiarity in the metabolism of oysters, and that the ratio of zinc to copper in oysters becomes smaller in the process of abnormal accumulation of copper and zinc.

Studies on the Short Period Cultivation of Direct-Sown Rice Plant : 6. Effect of the sowing time on the plant growth and rice yield in the late seasonal cultivation

This experiment was carried out in order to make clear the relation of the sowing time to plant growth and rice yields in the late seasonal cultivation. Varieties used for this experiment were Yukara (extremely short-term variety) and Fujiminori (short-term variety). Seeds were sown at six times from late June to early August. The authors tested the growth and yields affected by variations in sowing time. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Grain yields decreased with the delay in sowing time. It was explained that the reduction in yields was caused by decrease in the dry matter accumulation in panicles and in the ripening grade (the weight of 1, 000 kernels x the percentage of ripened grains). 2) The decrease in dry matter accumulation in panicles with the delay in sowing time was due to the reduction in the rate of dry matter production during the ripening period. The reduction in the rate of dry matter production during the ripening period was due to the decrease in the net assimilation rate and the amount of leaves, and affected equally by the decrease in the net assimilation rate in the case of Yukara and by the decrease in the net assimilation and the amount of leaves in the case of Fujiminori, respectively. 3) There were no grain yields when the heading time was so late (Fujiminori, sown on 8 August) as ripening was completely disturbed by unfavourable weather conditions. The decrease in grain yields with the delay in sowing time in Fujiminori was greater than in Yukara. 4) The decrease in ripening degree caused by the delay in sowing time was due to the lowered ratio of the quantity of dry matter accumulation in panicles to the number of hulls per unit area. Namely, it was due to the fact that the decrease in the quantity of dry matter accumulation in panicles per unit area was greater than the decrease in the number of hulls per unit area.

Studies on the Short Period Cultivation of Direct Sown Rice Plant : 4. Effect of the sowing time on the plant growth and rice yields

This experiment was carried out in order to make clear the relation of the sowing time to the plant growth and rice yields. Sample varieties used for this experiment were extremely early-maturing varieties (Yukara and Sasahonami) and early-maturing varieties (Fujiminori and Koshijiwase). Seeds were sown in varied seeding density ranging over four times from the late May to early July. The authors tested the growth and yields affected by variations in sowing time. 1) Grain yields decreased linearly with the delay in sowing time, showing a decrease of 0.3 to 0.45 kg. per are per day. The decrease in yields from the yields in late May sown was at the rate of 0.5 to 0.9 per cent. This was thought that the reduction in yields was caused by decrease in the dry matter accumulation in panicles and by failure in full-ripeness. 2) The decrease in dry matter accumulation in panicles with the delay in sowing time was due to the reduction in the rate of increase in dry matter production during the ripening periods. The lowering of increasing rate in dry matter during the ripening periods was due to the decrease in the net assimilation rate and leaf dry weight, and affected greatly by the decrease in the net assimilation rate in the case of extremely early-maturing varieties and by the decrease in the leaf dry weight in the case of early-maturing ones. 3) The failure in full-ripeness by the delay in sowing time was due to the lowered ratio of "the quantity of dry matter accumulation in panicles per unit area" to "the number of hulls per unit area". namely, it was due to the rate of decrease in the number of hulls per unit area was less than that of decrease in the quantity of dry matter accumulation in panicles per unit area. 4) During the ripening period, the leaf dry weight in extremely early-maturing varieties were less than in early-maturing varieties, but net assimilation rate in extremely early-maturing ones was higher than in the early-maturing ones. As a result, no significant differeces were found in the rate of increase in dry matter weight between both varieties. Consequently, in the variation of sowing date no significant differences were found in yields between extremely early-maturing varieties and early-maturing ones. 5) Yukara showed higher yield than Sasahonami, and Fujiminori than Koshijiwase. This was ascribed to the fact that Sasahonami was very poor in ripeness (excess of hulls) and the dry matter increasing rate for Fujiminori was high throughout the entire plant growth period. There were generally a few differences in yields according to seeding density.

Studies on the Short Period Cultivation of Direct Sown Rice Plant : 5. Effect of top dressing of nitrogen at the heading time on the yields

This experiment was carried out in order to find out how to keep from decrease in yields caused by the delay in sowing time. The experiment plots were combined the different times of heading (late July, early and late August and early September) with the amounts of top dressing of nitrogen (0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8 kg. per are) at heading time. Sample varieties used for this experiment were Yukara (extremely early-maturing variety) and Fujiminori (early-maturing variety). 1) The rate of matter increase in both varieties during the ripening stage showed marked increases with the increase in nitrogen supply at heading time, because a higher rate of dry matter increase during the ripening stage was resulted from the increase in leaf dry weight due to the development of leaves of the lately emerged ears in the upper nodes of plants and keeping from death of leaves. 2) The increase in dry matter production during the ripening stage led to the increase in the accumulation of dry matter in panicles, but the relation between them was not so close. Consequently, it was found that the increase in the quantity of accumulation of dry matter in panicles per unit area were not so large as increase in dry matter production per unit area. These results were thought to be ascribed to the accumulation of greater amounts of dry matter in the base of stems and to the lately emerged eares in upper nodes of plants. 3) According to the increasing rate of dry matter production, higher yields in those plots headed in late July were obtained by increase in the number of panicles per unit area due to the lately emerged ears in upper nodes, and in those plots headed on other dates high yields were obtained by a higher rate of ripening. Viewed generally, it was found that the grain yields tended to increase more with the increased supply of nitrogen. 4) The grain yields in both varieties tended to decrease more with the delay in heading time, but the effect of top dressing of nitrogen on grain yields was greater in the case of later heading time than in the case of earlier heading time. Accordingly, by the top dressing of nitrogen at heading time, grain yields were prevented from being reduced due to the delay in heading time (sowing date). 5) The yields increasing rate in the later heading time was high, as compared with that in the earlier heading time. It was due to the fact that in the case of later heading time the yields showed marked increases in comparison with the increase in dry matter accumulation in the panicles. The cause therefore can be ascribed to the fact that in the case of later heading time partially ripened grains (which occur frequently) can be transformed into fully ripened grains on account of increase in dry matter production in panicles by the effect of the additional application of nitrogen at time of heading.

Factors Affecting Quantity of Oil Accumulation Around Some Texas Gulf Coast Piercement-Type Salt Domes

This paper represents a new kind of research on salt domes. Its primary purpose is (1) to determine the cause of the wide range in the quantity of oil accumulation on various piercement-type salt domes and, (2) to determine if some formula may be applied that would generally ascertain the productivity of a dome before an exploration program is conducted thereon. Twenty-four domes in the Texas Gulf Coast were studied: twelve are located in the Frio formation trend, and twelve are located in the Yegua formation trend. Calculations, based on the amount of structural uplift of the sediments around a dome and the area in square miles affected by the uplift of the dome, produced an area-uplift factor which, when considered with other factors and applied properly, reveals the ap roximate amount of oil that the dome is ultimately expected to produce. Two other important factors discussed are the rim syncline, and the oil-catchment area around a dome, and the effects of these two factors on the quantity of oil accumulation around piercement-type salt domes. Although the detailed study for this paper was limited to twenty-four domes, the conclusion advanced was found to have general application to other domes in the Gulf Coast.

On some elementary laws of electricity

The reading of Mr. Harris’s paper was concluded. For the purpose of determining several questions relative to the forces exerted by bodies in different states of electricity, the author contrived an electroscope of peculiar construction, and also an electrometer, both of which he minutely describes; and in order to obtain a unit of measure, in estimating the quantity of electrical accumulation, instead of transmitting the electricity evolved by the machine immediately from its conductor to the battery to be charged, he interposes between them a coated jar, furnished with a discharging electrometer, so that the quantity of charges that have passed through it may be estimated by the number of explosions occurring in the process of accumulation. By increasing or diminishing the distance between the discharging balls, the value of the unit may at pleasure be rendered great or small. A series of experiments is described, showing that when a given quantity of electricity is divided among any number of perfectly similar conductors, the attractive force, as measured by the electrometer, is inversely as the square of that number ; and if different quantities of electricity be communicated to the same conductor, their attractive forces are directly as the squares of those quantities.