Amount Of Waste Research Articles

Staff education compared with active real-time waste segregation to reduce the environmental impact of hip and knee arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty has been shown to generate the most waste among all orthopaedic subspecialties, and it is estimated that hip and knee arthroplasty generate in excess of three million kg of waste annually in the UK. Infectious waste generates up to ten times more CO2 compared with recycled waste, and previous studies have shown that over 90% of waste in the infectious stream is misallocated. We assessed the effect of real-time waste segregation by an unscrubbed team member on waste generation in knee and hip arthroplasty cases, and compared this with a simple educational intervention during the 'team brief' at the start of the operating list across two sites. Waste was categorized into five categories: infectious, general, recycling, sharps, and linens. Each category was weighed at the end of each case using a digital weighing scale. At Site A (a tertiary orthopaedic hospital), pre-intervention data were collected for 16 total knee arthroplasy (TKA) and 15 total hip arthroplasty (THA) cases. Subsequently, for ten TKA and ten THA cases, an unscrubbed team member actively segregated waste in real-time into the correct streams. At Site B (a district general hospital), both pre- and post-intervention groups included ten TKA and ten THA cases. The intervention included reminding staff during the 'team brief' to segregate waste correctly. Active real-time waste segregation reduced infectious waste by a mean of 2.51 kg (95% CI 1.492 to 3.542) in TKA, and 1.83 kg in THA cases (p = 0.004). Educational intervention reduced infectious waste by a mean of 3.52 kg in TKA and 2.09 kg in THA cases (p = 0.026). Total waste was significantly reduced in both groups post-intervention for TKA cases. Simple educational measures alone can significantly reduce the amount of infectious waste. Extrapolated nationally, our results would yield a reduction of approximately 315,004 kg to 594,577 kg of CO2 annually, which equates to 70 to 132 gasoline-powered passenger vehicles driven for a year.

Novel Approach for Enhancing Challenging Terrains Using an Integrated Pyrolysis and Furrow-Diking Technology

Poultry-processing industries generate substantial quantities of waste, posing significant environmental challenges due to the complexity of handling and disposal. This study explores an innovative solution that combines thermochemical treatment of poultry waste with furrow-diking technology to transform non-recyclable feathers and bones into biochar—a nutrient-rich soil amendment. The research identifies optimal pyrolysis conditions for biochar production and evaluates its effects on soil moisture retention, compaction reduction, and erosion control. Experimental trials on sloped terrains reveal that incorporating biochar into compartmentalized furrows enhances water-holding capacity and soil structure, providing a sustainable approach to addressing agricultural challenges. Pyrolyzing poultry waste at 500 °C produced biochar with high nitrogen content and stability, capable of retaining up to 90% of its mass in water and significantly reducing soil compaction. Furthermore, applying 10 metric tons of biochar per hectare can sequester 5–8 metric tons of carbon annually, contributing to long-term carbon mitigation and regenerative agriculture. This integrated methodology combines waste valorization with ecological restoration, unlocking new opportunities for scalable and sustainable soil-management solutions.

STRATEGI PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH 3R DI DESA TRAWAS KECAMATAN TRAWAS KABUPATEN MOJOKERTO

The 3R waste management strategy (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) is a government effort to deal with existing waste problems, with the main objective of minimizing the amount of waste entering the Final Disposal Site (TPA). This study analyzes the implementation of 3R waste management at the TPS in Trawas Village, Trawas District, Sidoarjo Regency. With a descriptive and qualitative approach, this study aims to analyze and describe the 3R waste management strategy through objectives, environment, direction, action, and learning. The research method includes interview sessions (related to sources), observation, documentation, and literature studies or literature reviews, with data analyzed using the Miles and Huberman analysis model. The findings of this study indicate that the 3R waste management strategy in Trawas Village, seen from the Objective factor, requires the addition of more complete facilities and infrastructure so that the waste management process can run optimally. From the Environmental factor, both internal and external, all parties have been involved and have an important role in running this 3R program. From the direction factor, more intensive education and socialization are needed so that the community can better understand the waste management process. From the action factor, the coordination carried out is running effectively. From the learning factor, the evaluation and monitoring that have been carried out have been running to assess the success of the 3R program.

Improving the Methods of Solid Domestic Waste Disposal to Reduce Its Human Impact on the Environment

Kazakhstan is embarking on a fresh approach to managing waste, aiming to recycle and repurpose solid household waste while integrating innovative, eco-friendly technologies for its treatment and disposal. The main goal is to reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills and instead convert it into more stable forms, lessening its harmful impact on the environment. This effort requires a comprehensive strategy, especially as existing landfills still need to be managed and rehabilitated when they reach capacity. It is essential to use municipal solid waste as a resource for producing various goods, which not only helps in landfill management but also aligns with principles of sustainability. This approach aligns with circular economic principles and helps to reduce the technological impact of landfills on the surrounding environment. The main types of waste in the Aktas landfill were identified as a result of this research: it is glass, of which only 3% is recycled. In our results, the setup allowed for the extraction of valuable components from the fine fraction, which can then be recycled. This enriches the organic material ready for composting (organo-mineral raw material mixture) with food waste.

Farm Waste Management and Recycling for Negative Carbon Sink in Agriculture: A Review

The increase in global agricultural production generates a considerable amount of agriculture wastes which constitutes nuisance of environment’s population health and contributing in the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. However, well-managed waste mitigates these countries GHGs emissions. This chapter provides an overview of the different types of waste from agricultural activities; their composition and their sustainable management for a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This review highlights the importance of sustainable management of agricultural waste for limiting greenhouse gas emissions by analyzing their contribution to improve the physicochemical properties; soil fertility and their role in order to enhance the capacity of soils to sequester organic carbon.

MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN ROMANIAN HOSPITALS

The proper management of medical waste is very important, throughout its life cycle, from correct collection to final recovery or disposal. The hazardous potential of this waste needs to be known by all those who handle it to protect their health, the health of the general public, and the environment. Studying them with a view to their correct management also aims to reduce the potential risks that may arise from their improper handling. The objective of the paper was to present the influence that the COVID-19 pandemic has had through the increased amounts of waste generated by health facilities to limit the spread of the virus and to treat patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. The work of the health units mainly focused on measures to limit the spread of the virus through the use of personal protective equipment, testing of the population, treatment of patients infected with SARS-CoV 2 and other patients who needed other types of medical services. To highlight how the pandemic influenced the amount of medical waste produced, three health facilities of various types were analyzed: an Infectious Diseases Hospital, a Municipal Hospital, and a hospital for a small-medium city. Data from the months when the pandemic waves started were used and compared with similar months in previous years. Hazardous medical waste disposal costs were estimated and graphs were plotted to show the unprecedented increase in the amount of medical waste generated during the SARS-CoV 2 - Covid-19 pandemic.

Transforming Bale Twine into Useful Products with an Affordable Melting Machine: Closed-Loop for Recycling Plastics

The escalating use of plastic materials in agricultural practices has substantially increased the amount of plastic waste directed to landfills, leading to significant environmental and ecological challenges. Conventional disposal methods have been found to release hazardous pollutants, including microplastics and toxic chemicals, exacerbating these concerns. This study aims to address the environmental impact of agricultural plastic waste by exploring advanced reprocessing technologies and characterising the processed waste to assess its physical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Synthetic polymer-based bale twine (BT) waste, commonly used in livestock farming, was processed using an economically viable melting machine developed by Ritchie Technology. The BT and processed bale twine (PrBT) were analysed to understand their properties. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy revealed that the waste primarily consisted of polypropylene (PP). Thermal analysis indicated that the melting temperature of the PrBT was 162.49 °C, similar to virgin PP. Additionally, tensile testing revealed that the PrBT had an ultimate strength of 13.06 MPa and a Young’s modulus of 434.07 MPa. The PrBT was further transformed into a bench that can be applicable in outdoor applications. Furthermore, the PrBT was extruded into 3D printable filament. Therefore, it is evident that bale twine waste can be given a second life through an economically viable technology.

RECEIVING AND ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOCARBON MATERIALS FROM HOUSEHOLD WASTE

The aim of this research is the development of new carbon materials based on agricultural waste and a detailed study of their physicochemical properties, which allows to evaluate the potential directions of use of these materials in industry and environmental technologies. Within the framework of the work, four types of waste were chosen, in particular, wood sawdust, apple cake, as well as wheat and corn husks, which are widely available and rarely used as raw materials for creating adsorbents. The selected materials were subjected to the process of pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C for one hour, which effectively preserves the porous structure of the material and improves its adsorption properties. The obtained samples of biocarbon materials were analyzed using nitrogen porosimetry, which made it possible to determine their adsorption potential, porosity, and total surface area. The results of the study showed a significant difference in the adsorption capacity of the samples, depending on the type of raw material. The sample based on corn husk demonstrated the highest adsorption activity, which indicates its potential for water purification from various types of pollution, including organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals and other toxic substances. In addition, an additional analysis of the samples was carried out in order to assess their potential in other industries. In particular, the revealed porosity and surface area of ​​the materials allow us to consider them as promising components for filtration systems, catalysts in chemical reactions, materials for energy storage, as well as means for environmental protection and environmental restoration. The results of the study confirm that the use of agricultural waste for the creation of functional carbon materials is not only economically beneficial, but also an ecologically appropriate approach, which contributes to reducing the amount of waste and creating new opportunities for sustainable development.

Exploring Hyaluronidase and Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibition Activities of the Hydrothermal Extract of Coffee Silverskin Obtained from a Central Composite Design

Coffee silverskin (CS), the main by-product of coffee roasting production, contains various valuable bioactive compounds in its chemical compositions. Hydrothermal water extraction (HDTE) is one of the promising techniques for valorizing the organic fraction of CS into functional bioactive ingredients, which can be further exploited in various applications. This study aimed to evaluate the hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase inhibition activities of the CS extracts obtained under optimized water extraction conditions. Process optimization was performed using central composite design response surface methodology (CCD-RSM) with a broader range of extraction temperatures (25, 137.5, and 250 °C), reaction times (5, 38.5, and 72 min), and solid-to-liquid ratios (1:10, 1:80, and 1:150). The highest yield of 39.62% was obtained at 137.5 °C, with a reaction time of 72 min and an S/L ratio of 1:80. The total caffeoylquinic acid contents (T-CQA) were quantified based on the sum of three major isomers, including 3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA. The results revealed that the highest T-CQA (2.76 ± 0.20 mg/g CS) was significantly obtained (p < 0.05) by subcritical water extraction (SWE) at 143.2 °C with an S/L ratio of 1:10 and an extraction time of 10.41 min. At such conditions, the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant properties (AP), and caffeine were 96.13 mg gallic acid equivalence per gram (GAE/g) CS, 20.85 ± 0.17 mg Trolox equivalence per gram (TE/g) CS, and 10.84 ± 1.25 mg/g CS, respectively. The 50% inhibition capacity (IC50) of hyaluronidase and α-glucosidase inhibition of the CS extracted were 5.00 mg/mL and 9.00 mg/mL, respectively. Our results supported the potential direct or indirect applications of CS, such as hydrothermal CS extract (HDT-CSE), in functional food or drinks. Repurposing CS residue to manufacture new products can efficiently reduce the amount of organic waste in landfills, thus conserving resources and energy and contributing to a lower overall carbon footprint in coffee production.

Household waste management and environmental sustainability in urban areas in Algeria

This study aims to shed light on the most important environmental problems facing urban areas, which is the management of household waste. The amount of solid waste is constantly increasing with the growing population, especially in major cities such as the capital, Oran and Constantine. Through this research, we wanted to address the policies and laws that Algeria has adopted to solve this problem and how to deal with it and to transform it from an environmental problem into an economic investment by recycling solid materials such as plastic and cardboard, and organic materials by using them in fertilization, as is done in developed countries. Proposing solutions and recommendations based on existing problems on the ground and achieving environmental sustainability.

Innovative Super Steel Belt Technology and its Application in the Drying and Treatment of Iron-bearing Waste Ash in Baosteel Zhanjiang lron & Steel Co., Ltd

During the ironmaking, steelmaking and steel rolling processes, steel enterprises generate a large amount of solid waste including iron, zinc, dust (ash) and mud, accounting for about 10% of the total steel production [1]. These solid wastes mainly include fly ash or sludge of blast furnace and rotary hearth furnace and some steel rolling sludge. The traditional way is to recycle these sediment (ash) as ingredients and return them to sintering, achieving internal recycling and utilization within the enterprise. However, some of the ash contains high levels of harmful elements such as zinc and lead. Directly returning to the batching process will cause zinc and lead to continuous circulation and enrichment in the system, resulting in excessive loads of zinc and lead in blast furnaces, which seriously affects the safety, stable production, and equipment life of steelmaking enterprises.

Innovative Super Steel Belt Technology and its Application in the Drying and Treatment of Iron-bearing Waste Ash in Baosteel Zhanjiang lron & Steel Co., Ltd

During the ironmaking, steelmaking and steel rolling processes, steel enterprises generate a large amount of solid waste including iron, zinc, dust (ash) and mud, accounting for about 10% of the total steel production [1]. These solid wastes mainly include fly ash or sludge of blast furnace and rotary hearth furnace and some steel rolling sludge. The traditional way is to recycle these sediment (ash) as ingredients and return them to sintering, achieving internal recycling and utilization within the enterprise. However, some of the ash contains high levels of harmful elements such as zinc and lead. Directly returning to the batching process will cause zinc and lead to continuous circulation and enrichment in the system, resulting in excessive loads of zinc and lead in blast furnaces, which seriously affects the safety, stable production, and equipment life of steelmaking enterprises.

One‐Step Esterification of Phosphoric, Phosphonic and Phosphinic Acids with Organosilicates: Phosphorus Chemical Recycling of Sewage Waste

AbstractGlobal concerns regarding the depletion and strategic importance of phosphorus resources have increased demand for the recovery and recycling. However, waste‐derived phosphorus compounds, primarily as chemically inert phosphoric acid or its salts, present a challenge to their direct conversion into high‐value chemicals. We aimed to develop an innovative technology that utilizes the large quantities of sewage waste, bypasses the use of white phosphorus, and enables esterification of phosphoric acid to produce widely applicable phosphate triesters. Tetraalkyl orthosilicates emerged as highly effective reagents for the direct triple esterification of 85 % phosphoric acid, as well as the esterification of organophosphinic and phosphonic acids. Furthermore, we achieved esterification of recovered phosphoric acid with tetraalkyl orthosilicate, thus pioneering a recycling pathway from sewage waste to valuable phosphorus chemicals. Experimental and theoretical investigations revealed a novel mechanism, wherein tetraalkyl orthosilicates facilitate multimolecular aggregation to achieve alkyl transfer from tetraalkylorthosilicate to phosphoric acid via multiple proton shuttling.

Assessment of Mechanical Behavior and Microstructure of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Composites Reinforced with Recycled Marble Waste

The quarrying and utilization of natural stones such as marble and granite are growing rapidly in developing countries. However, the processing, cutting, sizing, and shaping of these stones to render them functional generates huge quantities of waste and dust. These materials are often disposed of openly in the environment, and their potentially hazardous nature has negative repercussions on both the environment and human health. In this study, marble waste (MW) was used as a filler in the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrix to enhance performance and characteristics while adding value to the waste and minimizing manufacturing costs. For this purpose, samples of UPR/MW composites were produced with 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.% of MW incorporated into the UPR. A full characterization that focused on the microstructure, thermal stability, and physical and mechanical properties was carried out. The results revealed that the use of 10 to 15% of MW improves mechanical performance, with increases from 17 to 26 kJ/m2, 14 to 17 MPa, and 794 to 1522 GPa in impact strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus, respectively. By introducing a 20% MW filler, the composite loses its performance, particularly Shore D hardness, and becomes very brittle. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated significant thermal stabilization, with a delay in the start decomposition temperature of 28 °C for 20 UPR/MW compared to 0 UPR/MW. Additionally, morphological and microstructural tests, namely, FT-IR, XRD, and SEM analysis, show a microstructural change, including the formation of crystalline phases, enhancing matrix-filler interactions due to the creation of Mg-O and Ca-O chemical bonds and the forming of filler agglomeration at high introduction rates that lead to defects in the microstructure. These results confirmed the mechanical results of the UPR/MW composites.

Bioconversion of Food Wastes and By-products to Value-added Products: A Comprehensive Review

Food processing industries are considered to be rapidly expanding sectors due to the increase in the need for food to prevent hunger and the need for nourishing food to support the development of a healthy country. Nowadays, around one-third of the fresh crop is squandered during the food processing chain and is dumped in landfills and the ocean. According to an FAO report, 805 million people worldwide suffer from hunger, yet in 2020, the globe threw away 126 million tons of food waste. High amounts of waste and by products are produced during the manufacturing and processing of food in developing nations, which has a detrimental effect on the environment and is very expensive. It is crucial to turn these food wastes and byproducts into value-added goods for social, environmental, and economic reasons. The 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle—should be adhered to in order to address the problem of food waste in the food sector. Nonetheless, there is a good chance that these biomaterials will be used to create food additives, reducing poverty and malnutrition in the underdeveloped nations where they are generated. Beneficial substances including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, micronutrients, bioactive substances, and dietary fibers can be found in abundance in many of these biomaterials. First, this overview provides brief information on the production of different types of wastes from different processing sectors. Second, the several strategies for managing food waste sustainably as well as the difficulties in implementing these strategies are covered in length here. This review, is an assortment of information pertaining to the recovery of several value-added byproducts, such as biofuel generation, dietary fibers, phytochemicals, bio-preservatives, colorants, and bioactive compounds.

Study on the leaching behavior of cemented paste backfill containing arsenic trioxide roaster waste

After decades of mining at Giant Mine in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, a significant amount of arsenic trioxide roaster waste (ATRW), containing around 60% arsenic, was stored underground, posing serious health hazards. This study explored solidification and stabilization of ATRW through its incorporation into cemented paste backfill (CPB). It evaluated the stability of arsenic-bearing compounds and the mechanisms of arsenic trioxide stabilization within CPB. Based on the results of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests on CPB samples, certain samples were selected for monolithic tank leaching tests (TLT) and a range of microstructural analyses, including thermogravimetry, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and computed tomography. These tests aimed to examine the leaching behavior of arsenic and the microstructure of the selected CPB samples, and to investigate the relationship between their strength, leaching behavior, and pore characteristics. Findings indicated significant arsenic release from CPB surfaces. Up to 41% of arsenic was leached from the CPB samples, and the leaching of arsenic, calcium, and sulfate showed no signs of stabilizing, suggesting potential long-term leaching risks. The pH levels ranged between 9.2 and 10.0, with the dissolution of ATRW contributing to a decrease in pH. This lower pH inhibited the formation of portlandite, while calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gels were identified as the primary hydration product, albeit in limited quantities. Thermogravimetric analysis showed weight losses primarily due to calcite decomposition, while X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed arsenic was present predominantly in its + 3 oxidation state, with no significant As-Ca bonding observed in high-strength samples. CT scans highlighted a relationship between higher strength and larger pore volumes. The study concluded that while ATRW incorporation in CPB can provide mechanical stability, modifications are necessary to reduce arsenic solubility and mitigate environmental risks.

Plastic Waste Management Strategies to Reduce Negative Impacts on the Environment and Human Health in Padang City

Plastic waste has become one of the major problems threatening the environment and human healthIn Indonesia, the use of plastics in daily life, such as shopping bags, water bottles, and food packaging, contributes greatly to the increasing amount of plastic waste (Ditjen PPKL, 2018). This research aims to analyse effective plastic waste management strategies to reduce negative impacts on the environment. The research uses a mixed-method approach, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the condition of plastic waste and identify the factors that influence the effectiveness of such management. This method is relevant for evaluating waste management policies, the role of the community, and the application of environmentally friendly technologies. This study will be conducted in several areas that have high plastic waste production rates, such as urban, coastal, and areas with community-based waste management initiatives. The results show that community awareness level participation in recycling high 60% p = 0.001 This shows that environmental education is very important to increase community participation. Community-based education is needed to raise this awareness. A massive education campaign is needed, involving community leaders to strengthen positive social norms.

Upcycling of Polystyrene to Aromatic Polyacids by Tandem Friedel-Crafts and Oxidation Reactions.

Due to the high demand and the increasing production rate of plastic materials, vast amounts of wastes are generated every year. An important fraction of these wastes contain polystyrene (PS), which is seldom recycled, neither mechanically nor chemically. While several chemical recycling strategies have been developed, they are either very energy-demanding or produce chemicals that can hardly be employed in the synthesis of plastics (e.g., benzene and benzoic acid). Here, we report the upcycling of PS waste into aromatic polyacids, useful in polyester synthesis, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). To this end, a conventional Friedel-Crafts acylation was first investigated, to produce an acylated PS chain, using acetic anhydride and stoichiometric amounts of AlCl3. As a catalytic alternative, the alkylation of PS was studied, using InCl3 and isopropyl acetate. The acylated and alkylated PS samples were then oxidized to produce terephthalic (TA), isophthalic (IPTA), benzoic (BA), and trimesic (TMA) acid.

Heavy metal loading effects on special nuclear material and waste of an uprated Indonesian Reaktor Daya Eksperimental

This technical policy study investigated the effect of heavy metal loading (HML) quantity in the pebble fuel on the special nuclear material (SNM) and waste quantities in an uprated Indonesian pebble bed reactor design, the Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE). A set of Monte Carlo simulations, performed using OpenMC, was deployed to simulate the pebble fuel depletion using an infinite lattice reactor calculation. This study considers HML, fuel residence time, leftover 235U, total Pu, medium- and long-lived wastes, number of depleted pebbles, and volume of waste at different HML values, at attainable discharged fuel burnup, at a target burnup of 80 GWd/MTU and at different reactor powers (10 and 40 MWt). Due to an over-moderation effect, a higher HML quantity shortened the attainable discharged fuel burnup level, which also translated to a lower fuel utilization. An 80% higher HML quantity resulted in about a 25% lower burnup level. Assuming a five-pass refueling scheme, this resulted in approximately three times more leftover 235U, 2.4 times more Pu, 1.4 times more medium-lived waste, and 1.5 times more long-lived waste collections per year. The study showed that a power uprating by a factor of four increased the SNM and waste quantities by four times.

Sustainable Management of Green Waste in Urban Settings: A Case Study on Energy Recovery and Heating Solutions in the Municipality of Athens (Greece)

The increasing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW), including biodegradable plant residues such as pruning, leaf, and kitchen wastes, presents a substantial environmental challenge due to the limited availability of landfill space and the resulting environmental contamination. Sustainable waste management practices, encompassing recycling and waste-to-energy conversion through biological or thermochemical processes, are imperative. In the Municipality of Athens, Greece, significant quantities of green waste generated from public and private gardening activities provide a valuable opportunity for energy recovery and landfill waste reduction. In accordance with Directive 2008/98/EC, Athens emphasizes waste prevention, reuse, recycling, and recovery. This study examined alternative bio-waste and green waste management systems, using examples from Europe, focusing on the Athens Directorate of Urban Green Spaces and Urban Wildlife. This paper discusses methods for assessing the energy value of pruning residues, providing a definitive disposal framework. Additionally, it presents a technoeconomic study of one of the municipal swimming pools in the Municipality of Athens, investigating the production and distribution of thermal energy to meet the heating needs of the pool facilities. This research identified key constraints and their impact on decision-making, highlighting the potential for alternative green waste management strategies. It advocates modern recycling techniques in line with national and community legislation, which have significant environmental and economic benefits.