Amount Of Waste Research Articles

Investigation of agricultural waste and ZrB2 nanoparticles with reinforcement in aluminum alloy matrix

Agricultural waste has the potential to serve several purposes, such as reinforcement. In recent times, researchers have incorporated agricultural waste into various materials with the aim of enhancing their qualities. By acting as a kind of reinforcement, it has the potential to decrease the quantity of agricultural waste that needs further processing. This work enhances the area of advanced materials by examining the characteristics of Al 7175 alloy reinforced with zirconium diboride (ZrB2) nanoparticles and rice husk ash, which is a byproduct of agriculture. Understanding and improving the wear resistance of composites is crucial in several industrial applications. This study involves the incorporation of ZrB2 nanoparticles into the Al 7175 alloy at three distinct concentrations, with the addition of 2.5 % rice husk. This study examines the correlation between wear parameters and responses (Cf), including friction force (FF), wear rate (Sf), and friction coefficient. Sliding distance, load, composition, and speed are among the wear parameters. The aforementioned combinations result in a load of 25.2 N, a rotational speed of 400 rpm, a sliding distance of 71.2 m, and a composition of 5 %. Taguchi signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis is used to identify optimal combinations for minimizing Cf, Sf, and FF. Confirmation tests are conducted in order to ensure that the results align with the expected optimal combinations. Data scientists may also use an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model as a valuable tool. It utilizes input data to forecast replies. The ANN model demonstrates strong performance throughout testing, validation, and training, with an overall prediction rate of 87.873 %. The study's results indicate that reducing the load and speed, while increasing the concentration of ZrB2 nanoparticles, may effectively decrease the wear rate. In addition, the use of rice husk enhances the wear resistance of the base alloy by 28 %. The alloy Al 7175 may experience a reduction in wear rate and friction coefficients by the incorporation of 2.5 % rice husk and 5 % ZrB2 nanoparticles.

Ultrasound-Assisted Catalyst-free Synthesis of α,β -Unsaturated Amino Acid Esters and Unsaturated Amino Ketones

Introduction: Sonication has been introduced as a green and effective activation method for the selective monoamination of β-dicarbonyl compounds. The simple one-pot process resulted in different substituted β-amino-ɑ,β-unsaturated esters and ketones at room temperature with quantitative yields. Aqueous NH4OH was used as a safe and economical nitrogen source for pressurized NH3 gas. The process is considered green, accounting for not using any solvents and catalysts, besides some aqueous NH4OH-involved reactions using nontoxic water. A broad variety of useful synthetic intermediates, β- amino-ɑ,β-unsaturated esters and ketones have been prepared in short reaction time. Methods: Using this developed protocol, we were able to synthesize a series of structurally diverse β- amino-ɑ,β-unsaturated esters and unsaturated amino ketones. Results: The synthesis of target compounds was achieved in a truly green process with high atom economy and excellent yields in a catalyst-free one-pot system in an aqueous medium using simple, commercially available, inexpensive ammonium hydroxide as the source of the nitrogen. The high atom economy has been accompanied by the formation of a small amount of nontoxic waste, water. Conclusion: In conclusion, a simple, convenient, and high-yielding catalyst-free environmentally benign method was developed for the synthesis of unsaturated amino acid esters and unsaturated amino ketones.

Soil Stabilization Using Rice Husk Ash and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Abstract: Soil stabilization has become a major issue in construction engineering and the researches regarding the effectiveness of using industrial wastes are rapidly increasing. The present experimental work briefly describes the suitability of the locally available Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) to be used in the local construction industry in a way to minimize the amount of waste to be disposed to the environment causing environmental pollution. The common soil stabilization techniques are becoming costly day by day due to the rise of cost of the stabilizing agents like, cement, lime, etc. The cost of stabilization may be minimized by replacing a good proportion of stabilizing agent using RHA. It will minimize the environmental hazards also. Addition of rice husk ash and cement decreases the maximum dry density and increases the optimum moisture content.

A Review on the Effects of Waste Textile Polymer Fiber on Concrete Strength: Exploring the Key Parameters

The construction industry is one of the largest users of natural resources and can, thus, lead to significant environmental issues. Therefore, there is elevated interest worldwide in developing sustainable construction materials and techniques that can reduce these associated environmental impacts. In this context, one substantial area of focus is the incorporation of textile waste in construction materials, such as concrete. Textile waste is generated in large quantities from the production stage through to the consumption and end-of-life disposal periods. Hence, it is prudent to devise effective ways of recycling this waste, which can, in turn, reduce the environmental implications of textile production and cut down the quantity of waste sent to landfills. Furthermore, fibers obtained from recycled textile waste can be used to reinforce concrete, thus replacing the need for synthetic fibers. This review focuses on the use and effects of incorporating polymer fibers from recycled textile waste in concrete and the use of textile polymer fiber in the construction of various structures, and challenges in the use of recycled fibers in concrete and the parameters affecting the resultant strength of concrete structures, such as stress transfer, crack control, bond strength, and spalling, etc., are discussed.

Practical applications of spent mushroom compost in cultivation and disease control of selected vegetables species

AbstractMushroom cultivation is an important branch of the agricultural industry, and global mushrooms production has increased more than sixfold in the last decade. This industry uses large amounts of agricultural, forestry, livestock, and industrial wastes and their by-products. However, it also generates millions of tons of spent mushroom compost (SMC) (approximately 100 million tons per year) which has emerged as a significant issue that hinders the growth of the mushroom business and impacts the environment. Many crop diseases, which cause significant economic losses, are introduced by soil-borne plant pathogens. Spreading spent mushroom compost (SMC) to agricultural soils is a natural way to control plant diseases. Using organic waste material instead of chemicals, which is the most widely used method in agriculture today, is also a more environmentally responsible option. The generated SMC can potentially be used as a soil conditioner, an organic fertilizer, and suitable medium for growing various vegetable crops. The application of SMC has been found to be beneficial in the control of crop diseases by inducing microbiostasis, direct toxicity, or by inducing systemic resistance of the host plant. In the current review, the practical application of SMC in the cultivation of tomato, pepper, lettuce, cucumber, and eggplant was addressed. The application of SMC as a soil amendment showed a significant improvement in soil properties, including soil NPK, organic matter content, and soil beneficial microorganisms. Our review indicated that SMC could be used as a low-cost, alternative growing medium in vegetable production or as a soil amendment to add nutrients and restore soil fertility in agricultural lands. The SMC may be able to replace peat, a non-renewable natural resource, and thereby mitigating the adverse effects of excessive peat extraction in wetlands, bogs, marshes, and peatlands. This review uses unique data on the effective use of SMC in agricultural disease management, reducing the need for chemical pesticides that have adverse effects on both the environment and human health. It also provides a safe method for reusing, recycling, and integrating SMC into a circular economy that reduces its negative environmental effects and carbon footprint impacts. This work also offers a novel application of SMC as a low-cost substitute for peat or other growing media that pose environmental risks. Graphical abstract

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Pembuatan Briket Batok Kelapa yang Ramah Lingkungan dalam Rangka Pengembangan Ekonomi Kreatif di Kelurahan Samaenre

This community service aims to develop the creative economy in Samaenre Village through the use of organic waste in the form of coconut shells. The problem found was the large amount of coconut shell waste and the lack of knowledge and skills of the community in utilizing the waste into goods of high economic value. The choice of this topic is based on the importance of supporting economic growth through utilizing local resource potential. The results of this activity show that providing training and assistance in making coconut shell briquettes is able to increase public awareness about the potential of local resources, create new business ideas or business opportunities in that place, and can preserve the environment. In conclusion, this community service highlights the importance of exploring your potential and taking advantage of existing opportunities. By strengthening the understanding of awareness regarding utilization concerns in the surrounding environment, we will be able to advance the wheels of the local economy.

Liming potential and characteristics of biochar produced from woody and non-woody biomass at different pyrolysis temperatures

Large amount of wastes are burnt or left to decompose on site or at landfills where they cause air pollution and nutrient leaching to groundwater. Waste management strategies that return these food wastes to agricultural soils recover the carbon and nutrients that would otherwise have been lost, enrich soils and improve crop productivity. The incorporation of liming materials can neutralize the protons released, hence reducing soil acidity and its adverse impacts to the soil environment, food security, and human health. Biochar derived from organic residues is becoming a source of carbon input to soil and provides multifunctional values. Biochar can be alkaline in nature, with the level of alkalinity dependent upon the feedstock and processing conditions. This study conducted a characterization of biochar derived from the pyrolysis process of eggplant and Acacia nilotica bark at temperatures of 300 °C and 600 °C. An analysis was conducted on the biochar kinds to determine their pH, phosphorus (P), as well as other elemental composition. The proximate analysis was conducted by the ASTM standard 1762-84, while the surface morphological features were measured using a scanning electron microscope. The biochar derived from Acacia nilotica bark exhibited a greater yield and higher level of fixed carbon while possessing a lower content of ash and volatile components compared to biochar derived from eggplant. The eggplant biochar exhibits a higher liming ability at 600 °C compared to the acacia nilotica bark-derived biochar. The calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, potassium (K), and phosphorus (P) levels in eggplant biochars increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The results suggest that biochar derived from eggplant could be a beneficial resource for storing carbon in the soil, as well as for addressing soil acidity and enhancing nutrients availability, particularly potassium and phosphorus in acidic soils.

Phase development of lime-based plasters blended with waste calcined shale

AbstractRestoration of historical buildings requires an application of suitable and convenient materials which are compatible with historical legacy. On the other hand, the used materials have to show adequate durability and fulfil current tendencies of environmental-friendliness policy. Most historical buildings have their facades made of lime-based, or more precisely, blended-lime-based plasters. Metakaolin belongs to one of the most common representatives of pozzolanic admixtures used in this field. It is an artificial product, which arises by the calcination of kaolinitic clay or claystone at temperatures of about 550–900 °C. Like every other production process, a remarkable amount of waste rises also in the case of metakaolin. This study is aimed at the utilization of this waste, specifically the waste calcined shale (WCS). It is composed of not properly burned particles with varying compositions. Contrary to metakaolin, it contains a lower amount of amorphous phase and a higher amount of kaolinite and mullite. WCS was used in the production of lime-based plasters with a dosage of up to 50%. During the hardening, the carbonation process takes place in combination with the pozzolanic reactions. It gives rise to a higher amount of amorphous structures, about 15% in the case of pure lime contrary to up to 45% (in the highest dosage of WCS) and other crystal phases such as calcium-aluminate-carbonate hydrates. Obtained phase analyses are supported by the determination of SEM analysis and mechanical properties, which are also measured depending on time.

Enhanced H2 Generation via Piezoelectric Reforming of Waste Sugars and Fruits Using Au-Decorated g-C3N4

The food industry is responsible for generating considerable amounts of waste, such as excess fruits and leftover sugars, which contribute to resource depletion and pose environmental challenges. This research delves into the application of gold-modified graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (Au/CN) as a potent catalyst for the transformation of these food wastes into H2 via piezoelectric reforming during sonication. Au/CN demonstrated a superior rate of H2 evolution compared to pristine g-C3N4 (i.e., 1533.3 vs. 364.9 µmol/g/h) and it maintained its efficiency through multiple cycles of use. The catalytic activity was found to be optimal at a neutral pH level and with increased sugar concentrations. The enhanced catalytic performance of Au/CN was ascribed to the efficient segregation of charge carriers as well as the reduced charge transfer distance. This study underscores the viability of using Au/CN as a means for converting food wastes into a sustainable source of H2 energy.

Occurrence of recreational water quality monitoring general fecal indicator bacteria and fecal source identification genetic markers in gray seal scat.

The number of gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) observed along the United States Northwest Atlantic region has been increasing for decades. These colonial animals often haul-out on beaches seasonally in numbers ranging from a few individuals to several thousands. While these larger aggregations are an important part of gray seal behavior, there is public concern that haul-outs could lead to large amounts of fecal waste in recreational areas, potentially resulting in beach closures. Yet, data to confirm whether these animals contribute to beach closures is lacking and minimal information is available on the occurrence of key water quality monitoring genetic markers in gray seal scat. This study evaluates the concentration of E. coli (EC23S857), enterococci (Entero1a), and fecal Bacteroidetes (GenBac3) as well as six fecal source identification genetic markers (HF183/BacR287, HumM2, CPQ_056, Rum2Bac, DG3, and GFD) measured by qPCR in 48 wild gray seal scat samples collected from two haul-out areas in Cape Cod (Massachusetts, U.S.A.). Findings indicate that FIB genetic markers are shed in gray seal scat at significantly different concentrations with the Entero1a genetic marker exhibiting the lowest average concentration (-0.73 log10 estimated mean copies per nanogram of DNA). In addition, systematic testing of scat samples demonstrated that qPCR assays targeting host-associated genetic markers indicative of human, ruminant, and canine fecal pollution sources remain highly specific in waters frequented by gray seals (>97% specificity).

Optimization of Extraction Solvents on the Antioxidant Properties of Coconut Waste

Cocos nucifera L. (family Arecaceae) commonly known as coconut is considered as an important fruit crop in tropical countries and are widely used for therapeutic and domestic purpose. They have effective properties such as antioxidant, antitumor, antiseptic and antimicrobial. The growing demand for green coconut water consumption and food industries cause the dumping of the shell and husk of this fruit, generating large amount of solid waste. This study utilized part of coconut waste to study the impacts of solvent type on the phenolic content. Six different polarities of solvent were chosen. Total phenolic content was performed using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and free radical scavenging activity with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil (DPPH) method. Total phenolic content for coconut shell was the highest at 71.57 ± 0.275 mg GAE/g for propanol extract and 74.10 ± 0.741 mg GAE/g for acetone extract of coconut husk. The antioxidant activity of all sample extracts was analysed using DPPH assay. Highest radical scavenging activity of coconut husk was observed by propanol extract with 93.82 ± 0.052 % while the lowest scavenging activity was demonstrated by chloroform extract with percentage of 57.77 ± 2.255%. Acetone extract of the shell exhibited the highest scavenging activity of 91.23 ± 0.073%, while chloroform extract of coconut shell demonstrated the lowest antioxidant activity of 70.627 ± 0.467%.

END-OF-LIFE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND SENSIBILITY ANALYSIS

The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems in energy generation has been grown worldwide. In Brazil, this continuous growth is seen in the increase in the number of consumer units. The expected useful life of PV modules is estimated to be between 25 and 30 years. Therefore, most of these units will be deinstalled in the near future. It is important to evaluate the environmental impacts of the technology in order to safely adopt the use of PV energy. The environmental impact of PV modules is a widely studied topic, often using life cycle analysis (LCA). However, these studies emphasize the production phase and exclude or fail to analyze in detail the uninstallation and disposal phase of PV modules. The use of precious metals and components that contain materials classified as hazardous waste has sparked recent interest in highlighting the impacts and likely benefits related to the end-of-life management of PV modules. In this context, the purpose of work is to analyze the environmental impacts of the phase of uninstallation and disposal of photovoltaic (PV) system for Brazil waste management technologies: Recycling, incineration and landfill. The life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied in three scenarios for disposal of modules: Recycling, incineration and landfill. ReCiPe 2008 method was useful to calculating the environmental impacts, with assistance of SimaPro 8.3 software. The results showed that the recycling scenario had a lower environmental performance compared to the other scenarios. The main cause is the high consumption of electricity in metal recovery stage. Besides, this scenario produces a high amount of waste (residual liquid and sludge). The scenario of recycling will be attractive with technological investment in energy efficiency. The advantage of this scenario is the material recovery (precious metal and materials classified as hazardous waste), as consequence will bring environmental benefits.

Effect of various geopolymerization parameters on poor quality Afşin-Elbistan fly ash-based geopolymer concretes with ground granulated blast furnace slag

AbstractThe utilization of Afşin-Elbistan fly ash (FA), which cannot be used in cement and concrete industry in production of geopolymers, has been studied with some preliminary trials. In this study, FA of Afşin-Elbistan thermal power plant, which does not fit any of FA classes according to ASTM C 618, was used as a geopolymer binder raw material. The main motivation of the study is to investigate the partial usability of this type of FA, which is not sufficient on its own and creates a large amount of waste, as a geopolymer raw material. FA was replaced with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) by the ratios of 25% and 50% (by weights) in order to develop the properties of geopolymer concrete. Sodium silicate (SS) and sodium hydroxide (SH) (10 and 14 M) were used as activators. Three different activator to binder ratios (0.45, 0.55 and 0.65) and three SS/SH ratios (0.75, 1.0 and 1.5) were chosen. Unit weight, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests were performed for 28 and 60 days. In order to investigate the microstructure, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses were performed. As a result, GGBFS incorporation enhanced the properties of Afşin-Elbistan FA-based geopolymer concrete. With the increase of GGBFS content, the compressive strength values increased. The highest strengths were obtained from 50% GGBFS groups. The results revealed that Afşin-Elbistan FA (AEFA), which has the highest waste reserve among the thermal power plant fly ashes in Turkey, could be evaluated as partial geopolymer raw material. Graphical abstract

Rhodium‐Catalyzed C–H Bond Annulation for the Synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐Membered N‐Heterocyclic Building Blocks

The sustainable preparation of N‐heterocycles is one of the most active research areas owing to their predominance as synthetics building blocks with extensive applications in organic, pharmaceutical, and material chemistry fields. Among the various catalytic protocols, the C–H bond functionalization with the concomitant C–N bond formation, so‐called C–H bond annulation, has become one of the most sustainable routes to access N‐heterocycles because it starts from low‐functionalized materials and generates a limited amount of waste, all respecting the concept of atom economy. Rhodium complexes often catalyze these reactions. This review focuses on the synthesis of 5‐ and 6‐membered ring N‐containing heterocycles such as indoles, pyrroles, indolines, (iso)quinolinones, dihydroquinolines, and pyrrolidones from readily available starting materials, with an emphasis on the novel C–H bond cascade synthetic methodologies via C–N/C–C bond formation, as well as on the mechanisms of these reactions, especially the oxidation steps. We hope this review will help researchers looking to prepare N‐heterocycles in a minimum of steps and those who want to develop new methodologies based on C–H bond activation/functionalizations.

Design and Study of Simple Biogas Reactor using Kitchen Waste Within the Habitat of Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria

This research work is about design and study of simple biogas reactor using Kitchen Waste within the habitat of Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny Island, Rivers State, Nigeria to produce gas. The objective of the work is to collect and measure the amount of waste that is been generated within the study area as well as to construct a simple laboratory scale biogas reactor and using the kitchen waste as substrate and measure the amount of gas that is been generated from biogas reactor per day. Based on the objective for this research a biogas digester was designed. Two experiments was carried out to determine the extent of production of biogas and the duration required so as to determine the rate of formation of biogas. In experiment one, dissimilar kinds of biomass like rice, potato, green leaves, sugar in different amounts were mixed with cow dung and rice husk to prepare 4 samples to determine the maximum generation of biogas through fermentation process. The gas is collected in balloons and they were measured to determine the amount of gas produced in each sample. The extent to which the blowing of balloons took place determined the quantity of gas evolved in each of the incumbent samples. In experiment two, we have used two 5lt. bottles in which the amount of cow dung used varies while same amount of kitchen waste mixture was utilized. The process and conditions for trapping and analyzing the gas is the same as in experiment one. From this experiment the rapidness of formation of biogas was observed. The experimental analysis carried out also gives us a clear idea of the indulgence of materials with respect to their combination to deferring extent of concentration to deliver optimum generation of biogas, in particular methane thereby unveiling us to develop an imminent and high performance derivative affordable biogas reactor.

The Impact of Suspension Fertilizers Based on Waste Phosphorus Salts from Polyol Production on the Yield of Maize Intended for Green Fodder

The need to import phosphorus raw materials for fertilizer purposes in Europe as well as the need to manage increasing amounts of waste contributed to the search for alternative sources of phosphorus. One of these is waste sodium–potassium phosphate from the production of polyols. Additionally, a current problem is providing an adequate amount of food, where fertilizers play the main role. Due to the increase in meat consumption, the attractiveness of growing corn for feed is increasing due to its high yield potential and rich composition. The article presents the impact of suspension fertilizers based on waste from the production of polyols on the yield of corn intended for green fodder. In a 3-year field study, the effects of a waste phosphorus source were compared with a commercial granulated phosphorus fertilizer—fosdar. In addition, the suspension fertilizers were assessed according to their composition by testing fertilizers containing only basic nutrients (NPK) and ones enriched with secondary ingredients (S and Mg) and microelements (Zn, Mn and B). The research confirmed the effectiveness of the tested suspension fertilizers. Although the yield obtained was lower than in the case of fosdar fertilization, it still remained at a high level of over 70 t∙ha−1 of fresh yield.

Forecasting municipal solid plastic waste generation and management policy using system dynamics: a case study of Khulna City in Bangladesh.

A comprehensive analysis of municipal solid plastic waste (MSPW) management while emphasizing plastic pollution severity in coastal cities around the world is mandatory to alleviate the augmenting plastic waste footprint in nature. Thus, decision-makers' persuasion for numerous management solutions of MSPW flow-control can be met through meditative systematic strategies at the regional level. To forecast solutions focused on systematic policies, an agent-based system dynamics (ASD) model has been developed and simulated from 2023 to 2040 while considering significant knit parameters for MSPW management of Khulna City in Bangladesh. Baseline simulation results show that per-capita plastic waste generation will increase to 11.6kg by 2040 from 8.92kg in 2023. Eventually, the landfilled quantity of plastic waste has accumulated to 70,000 tons within 18years. Moreover, the riverine discharge has increased to 834 tons in 2040 from a baseline quantity of 512 tons in 2023. So the plastic waste footprint index (PWFI) value rises to 24 by 2040. Furthermore, the absence of technological initiatives is responsible for the logarithmic rise of non-recyclable plastic waste to 1.35*1000=1350 tons. Finally, two consecutive policy scenarios with baseline factors such as controlled riverine discharge, increased collection and separation of plastic waste, expansion of recycle business, and locally achievable plastic conversion technologies have been simulated. Therefore, policy 2, with 69% conversion, 80% source separation, and 50% riverine discharge reduction of MSPW, has been found adequate from a sustainability perspective with the lowest PWFI ranges of 3.97 to 1.07 alongside a per-capita MSPW generation of 7.63 to 10kg from 2023 till 2040.

GARBAGE COLLECTOR USING ARDUINO

The amount of Solid waste that is being produced through our everyday activities is huge and is getting unmanageable day by day. This is mainly due to increasing population leading to haphazard dumping and increasing transportation costs with already few cost-effective methods to treat the solid waste. According to an estimate in 2016, 277 million tons of solid waste is produced by India every year. It is also projected to increase to 387 million tons by 2030 and 543 million tons by 2050. The very first method involved in the Solid Waste Management is sorting of waste which simplifies the further procedure as to what to do with the waste i.e., should it be treated thermally, biologically or dumped. Improper segregation of solid waste and segregation at secondary levels of waste management is only going to delay the waste management process and sometimes even lead to inappropriate dumping. This project suggests a way to deal with segregation process so as to make the whole solid waste management easier and more efficient. Automatic Waste Segregation system provides a practical segregation process of solid waste into metal waste, dry waste and wet waste at the primary level right where the waste is being generated. An Automatic Waste Segregator with simpler mechanism than that of previous models is designed and a detailed methodology of the working of the segregation process is provided. Selection of the required equipment has been mentioned. This project aims at segregating the waste produced at the primary level and reducing the burden at secondary levels and cost of transportation of the waste. The results obtained after testing the Automatic Waste Segregator with wastes proved to be functional and can be comfortably relied upon to segregate the wastes.

An Image Analysis of River-Floating Waste Materials by Using Deep Learning Techniques

Plastic pollution in the ocean is a severe environmental problem worldwide because rivers carry plastic waste from human activities, harming the ocean’s health, ecosystems, and people. Therefore, monitoring the amount of plastic waste flowing from rivers and streams worldwide is crucial. In response to this issue of river-floating waste, our present research aimed to develop an automated waste measurement method tailored for real rivers. To achieve this, we considered three scenarios: clear visibility, partially submerged waste, and collective mass. We proposed the use of object detection and tracking techniques based on deep learning architectures, specifically the You Only Look Once (YOLOv5) and Simple Online and Realtime Tracking with a Deep Association Metric (DeepSORT). The types of waste classified in this research included cans, cartons, plastic bottles, foams, glasses, papers, and plastics in laboratory flume experiments. Our results demonstrated that the refined YOLOv5, when applied to river-floating waste images, achieved high classification accuracy, with 88% or more for the mean average precision. The floating waste tracking using DeepSORT also attained F1 scores high enough for accurate waste counting. Furthermore, we evaluated the proposed method across the three different scenarios, each achieving an 80% accuracy rate, suggesting its potential applicability in real river environments. These results strongly support the effectiveness of our proposed method, leveraging the two deep learning architectures for detecting and tracking river-floating waste with high accuracy.

Micro Plastic Pollution in Soil Environment: A Comprehensive Review

Plastic is a substance that is fundamental to current human existence. However, the issue of plastic trash polluting the environment has emerged due to the rapidly growing demand for plastic use. Even though some used plastics are recycled or burned for energy, a significant amount of plastic waste is landfilled or released into marine and terrestrial habitats worldwide. Particularly, trash made of microplastics smaller than 5 mm is regarded as a rising global problem for contamination. Nonetheless, the majority of studies on the effects of microplastic pollution conducted in the previous ten years have been on the marine ecosystem, with relatively few on the terrestrial ecology. One may argue that soil serves as both a significant source of microplastic pollution and a conduit for it into the aquatic ecosystem. The majority of microplastic sources in soil settings enter through a variety of openings, fragment, and spread both vertically and horizontally to the surrounding surroundings. Additionally, there are detrimental effects on the soil biota, which could influence the food web and raise questions about human health. This overview of microplastics' properties, research trends, analytical techniques, migration and degradation processes, impacts on soil biogeochemistry, and interactions with soil organisms highlights the significance of continuing studies on the effects of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems.