Amount Of Sulfur Dioxide Research Articles

Implications of air pollution effects on athletic performance.

Both controlled human studies and observational studies suggest that air pollution adversely affects athletic performance during both training and competition. The air pollution dosage during exercise is much higher than during rest because of a higher ventilatory rate and both nasal and oral breathing in the former case. For example, sulfur dioxide, which is a highly water-soluble gas, is almost entirely absorbed in the upper respiratory tract during nasal breathing. However, with oral pharyngeal breathing, the amount of sulfur dioxide that is absorbed is significantly less, and with exercise and oral pharyngeal breathing a significant decrease in upper airway absorption occurs, resulting in a significantly larger dosage of this pollutant being delivered to the tracheobronchial tree. Recently, several controlled human studies have shown that the combination of exercise and pollutant exposure (SO2 or O3) caused a marked bronchoconstriction and reduced ventilatory flow when compared to pollution exposure at rest. In a situation like the Olympic Games where milliseconds and millimeters often determine the success of athletes, air pollution can be an important factor in affecting their performance. This paper examines possible impacts of air pollution on athletic competition.

Review: Implications of air pollution effects on athletic performance

Both controlled human studies and observational studies suggest air pollution adversely affects athletic performance during both training and competition. The air pollution dosage during exercise is much higher than during rest because of a higher ventilatory rate and both nasal and oral breathing in the former case. For example, SO 2 which is a highly water soluble gas, is almost entirely absorbed in the upper respiratory tract during nasal breathing. However, with oral pharyngeal breathing, the amount of sulfur dioxide that is absorbed is significantly less, and with exercise and oral pharyngeal breathing a significant decrease in upper airway absorption occurs, resulting in a significantly larger dosage of this pollutant being delivered to the tracheobronchial tree. Recently, several controlled human studies have shown that the combination of exercise and pollutant exposure (SO 2 or O 3) caused a marked bronchoconstriction and reduced ventilatory flow when compared with pollution exposure at rest. In a situation like the Olympic Games where ms and mm often determine success of athletes, air pollution can be an important factor in affecting their performance. This paper examines possible impacts of air pollution on athletic competition.

Determination of subnanogram amounts of sulfur dioxide and sulfites by pneumatopotentiometry

Gold porous membrane electrode has been used for the potentiometric determination of small amounts of sulfur dioxide absorbed in the solutions of sodium tetrachloromercurate or sodium hydroxide. Sulfur dioxide is released by the reaction with an acid into a stream of nitrogen and led to the electrode immersed into the solution of iodine monochloride. Part of SO2 penetrates through the membrane pores into the solution where it is oxidized. The electrode redox potential change is a measure of the SO2 concentration in the absorption solution. In the solution of 1 . 10-5 M[ICl2]- in 0.02 M-HClO4 the limit of quantitation was found to be 0.07 ng SO2 . ml-1. The relative standard deviations of 1.4% and 2.5% were found for the determinations of 10 ng and 0.5 ng of SO2, respectively. Higher concentrations of H2S interfere only in the hydroxide solution. About 10 samples can be analyzed per one hour.

Estimates of the amount of sulphur dioxide injected into the stratosphere by the explosive volcanic eruptions: El Chichon, Mystery Volcano, Mt. St. Helens

Ground based remote sensing measurements of sulphur dioxide column amounts made with the Brewer spectrophotometer have been used to estimate the total amount of sulphur dioxide injected into the stratosphere by the El Chichon eruptions which occurred between March 28 and April 4, 1982. Measurements were made at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii, at Toronto and on NASA Convair 990 flights between 20°N and 50°N. The average amount of sulphur dioxide measured at Mauna Loa was about 4.7 matmcm during late April and early May, 1982. The aircraft remote sensing measurements suggest that the cloud was distributed up to 35°N in early May. Assuming that it was dispersed in a uniform belt around the globe between the equator and 35°N, we estimate that 13.4 megatons of sulphur dioxide were injected into the stratosphere by the El Chichon eruptions. The amount of sulphur dioxide from the January "mystery volcano" was estimated to be 5.6 megatons. Previously, in 1980, an estimate of 0.6 megatons was made for the Mt. St. Helens eruption.

The corrosion of unprotected steel in an inert-gas atmosphere containing water vapour, oxygen, nitrogen and different amounts of sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide

The atmospheric corrosion of a commercial steel has been studied in a nominal inert gas. This gas exists inside the cargo tanks of some crude-oil tankers. The gas contained 3.0–21%O 2, 0–12%CO 2, 0–300 ppm SO 2; the balance was N 2. Relative humidity was 90% at 295 K (22.0°C). In contrast to the behaviour at moderate concentrations of SO 2 at high concentrations protective films were formed on the surface of the steel. A mechanism for the process is given. Corrosion products were studied using X-ray, i.r. and ESCA techniques. The following phases were identified: FeS, α-FeSO 3·3H 2O, γ-FeSO 2·3H 2O, FeSO 3·2H 2O and FeSO 4·7H 2O. Crystallographic data of the previously unknown phases γ-FeSO 3·3H 2O and FeSO 3·2H 2O are given.

めっき皮膜の大気暴露試験 亜鉛めっきの大気腐食

The correlation between the atmospheric corrosion of zinc coatings and the environmental corrosive factors was investigated from results of the atmospheric corrosion test, carried out at 8 selected sites in this country, for electrodeposited zinc coatings (chromated) and hot-dip zinc coatings. The corrosion rate of zinc coatings varied naturally according to the exposure sites and seasons, and the longer the exposured period, the greater the difference in the degrees of corrosion due to the exposure sites. In the case of electrodeposited and then chromated zinc coatings, the amounts of sulfur dioxide and sea salt in the air had large influences on these corrosion. On the other hand, in the case of hot-dip zinc coatings, corrosion rates had high correlations to relative humidity and wetness-time by dew-fall and precipitation.

Sulphur dioxide in foods and beverages: Its use as a preservative and its effect on asthma

Sulphur dioxide is widely used in the food and drinks industries for its properties as a preservative and antioxidant. Whilst harmless to healthy persons when used in recommended concentrations, it can induce asthma when inhaled or ingested by sensitive subjects, even in high dilution. About one in nine asthmatics gives a history of asthma worsened by drinking 'soft drinks' containing sulphur dioxide. They are comparatively young and their asthma is predominantly extrinsic. The amount of sulphur dioxide in foods is limited by regulation in the UK, by directive in the EEC, and by recommendations to 'good manufacturing practice' in the USA. A list is given of foods and beverages commonly containing sulphur dioxide. These are predominantly dried fruits and vegetables, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. Maximal permitted concentrations are quoted. Exposure to sulphur dioxide may also occur during the manufacture and preparation of foods and drinks in the factory, restaurant and home.

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Micro Amount of Sulfur Dioxide by using Ordinary Temperature Adsorption

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Micro Amount of Sulfur Dioxide by using Ordinary Temperature Adsorption

Chlorination of sulfur dioxide in a plasma arc photochemical reactor: Part II. Chlorination of sulfur dioxide

AbstractThe photochemical chlorination of sulfur dioxide was investigated experimentally. The photochemical reactor was the vortex‐stabilized arc radiation source described in Part I. Aqueous inorganic solutions, providing selective wavelength filtration, were circulated through the inner annular region. The outer annulus served as the reaction volume. The dependence of the reaction on wavelength, reaction gas inlet temperature, pressure, and reactant flow rate was investigated. The amount of sulfur dioxide in the mixture was varied from 1/6 to 2/3 atmosphere. The photochemical rate of formation of sulfuryl chloride is best described by the rate expression: where J is the volumetric rate of light absorption and where k0 and E have values of 0.0542 s1/2 and −2.6 kcal/gmol, respectively.

Loss of fish populations from unexploited remote lakes in Ontario, Canada as a consequence of atmospheric fallout of acid

Fish populations in the study lakes were disappearing, primarily as a result of the high acid content of the lakes. As a lake became acidic, the more acid sensitive species ceased reproduction and eventually disappeared. The loss of fish populations resulted both from a long-term lethal effect and from an absence of recruitment of young into the population due to the failure of reproduction. In one of the lakes the acid levels have been high long enough to cause the loss of populations of even the most resistant species. The anomalous concentrations of nickel in the lakes and precipitation; the high concentrations of nickel emitted into the atmosphere in Sudbury, Ontario; the ability of sulfur dioxide to form acid in the atmosphere and fallout in the precipitation over considerable distances from the emission source; the tremendous quantities of sulfur dioxide emitted by industry in Sudbury; the abnormally high concentrations of hydrogen and sulfate ions in the study lakes; all indicated that the emissions from the nickel smelters near Sudbury were the most probable source of contamination that has resulted in the loss of fish stocks from O.S.A., Muriel, and other lakes.

Tax the integrated pollution exposure.

The president has proposed a tax based on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from smokestacks and power stations. An alternative method of taxation is suggested which would spread the tax burden among polluters in proportion to their impact on public health. This would be based on the product of the concentration of the pollutant and the population at risk.

New Methods for Reducing the Toxicity of Kraft Mill Bleachery Wastes to Young Salmon

Kraft pulp mill bleachery effluents and those from the unbleached screening operation were tested, separately and in combination in the proportions as they would exist in the main effluent of a particular mill, for toxicity to young Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar.The bleachery component from the chlorination stage, tested under neutral pH conditions, was considerably more toxic than the other components.Major reductions in the toxicity of the chlorination stage component were accomplished by treating it with small quantities of sulphur dioxide. Lesser but still appreciable toxicity reductions were observed in the whole effluent when the chlorination component was thus treated before combination with the other components.The toxicities of laboratory-produced filtrates from certain modified first-stage (chlorination) bleaching procedures were also evaluated. Notably, much less toxic filtrates resulted when substantial mixtures of chlorine dioxide and chlorine were substituted for the normal chlorine dosage in the first bleaching stage.A number of other treatments, methods, and their relative effectiveness are discussed.

Alteration of rock by volcanic gas in Japan

The study of the processes of alteration of volcanic rocks by means of variations in chemical compositions of each part of onion-structured rocks showed that the patterns of alteration is fairly influenced by the properties of the fumarolic gases. It has been found that there are two types of alteration. One is the silica-minimum and alumina-maximum type, and the other is the continuous silica-increase and alumina-decrease type. The fumarolic gases having temperatures approximately from 100 to 200°C were classified into two groups from the viewpoint of chemical compositions. One is weakly acidic type of gases which is characterized by the absence of hydrogen chloride and presence of a very small amount of sulfur dioxide, and the other is the strongly acidic type which is characterized by the presence of hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide. The silica-minimum and alumina maximum type of alteration might be caused by the strongly acidic type of gases, and the continuous silica-increase and alumina-decrease type of alteration might be caused by the weakly acidic type of gases. The model experiments and the studies of the other investigators have supported the results obtained in the present study.

Sources of Sulfur for Crop Plants in Michigan and Effect of Sulfur Fertilization on Plant Growth and Composition1

SynopsisCrop yields or the protein content of the crops were not increased by sulfur amendments. Potatoes and red clover showed increased sulfur contents from additions of sulfur in the fertilizer when grown on an infertile sandy soil in Northern Michigan. This increased sulfur in the potatoes existed mainly in the sulfate form. The amount of sulfur in the precipitation average 10.1 pounds per acre annually. The amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere was more pronounced in industrial areas of the state.

The effect of climate and atmospheric pollution on corrosion

AbstractThe results of routine observations on the corrosion of the small reference specimens of ingot iron and of zinc exposed at the atmospheric testing stations of the Corrosion Committee all over the world are presented and discussed. The data, which relate to more than 20 sites and to up to 20 separate annual tests at each, provide a good indication of the effect of climatic differences on atmospheric corrosion.In Great Britain, where for most of the year the climate is sufficiently humid to promote corrosion, the determining factor for its severity is the sulphur pollution of the air. Tests made in collaboration with the Fuel Research Station at 16 sites where the atmospheric pollution is measured have shown an almost perfect correlation between the amount of sulphur dioxide taken up from the atmosphere by lead peroxide pollution gauges and the rale of corrosion, both for steel and zinc.In the absence of sulphur pollution, corrosion at the sites overseas is generally slight; in dry climates it is negligible. For example, tests at Delhi indicate that the resistance of the Delhi pillar to corrosion is to be attributed to the mildness of the corrosive conditions there rather than to any superiority of the iron itself.Corrosion on surf beaches in the tropics may, however, be exceptionally severe. At Lighthouse Beach, Lagos, Nigeria and at Kure Beach, N.C., U.S.A., the rates of corrosion for steel are about five times greater than those in the most corrosive industrial atmospheres in Great Britain. The severe corrosion at these places is associated with the salt spray from the sea, and the rate of corrosion falls off rapidly with increasing distance from the surf line.Preliminary tests on specimens exposed at different heights on the Sutton Coldfield television mast suggest that the effect of distance from the ground is secondary to the natural variations in rates of corrosion from one year to another.Some details of experimental technique are discussed. Work, in which American investigators have collaborated, has confirmed that at low copper contents variations of a few hundredths of one per cent, in copper content have a marked effect on the corrosion‐resistance of ingot iron. Because of the increasing difficulty in controlling the copper content of different batches of ingot iron, the small reference specimens used in the Corrosion Committee's most recent tests have been made of coppersteel instead of ingot iron. The copper‐steel now in use contains about 0·3% of copper; minor deviations from this figure should not affect the corrosion rate within the experimental error. It has also been found that, although it is advisable to stit the inhibited hydrochloric acid solution (Clarke's solution) used for derusting iron or steel specimens after exposure, failure to do so does not impair the accuracy of the results, at least for ingot iron or copper‐steel.

Septum permeation of hydrogen from flames

Flames consist of maintained chemical reactions, and the concentrations of labile chemical species such as hydrogen atoms, may greatly exceed the concentrations for chemical equilibrium at the flame temperature. This should influence the attack on metals by flames. To test this, apparatus has been constructed for measuring the rate of permeation of hydrogen and other gases from flames through metal septa. Relative rates of permeation have been compared for a hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen flame: (1) with metal septa consisting of decarburized chrome steel, chrome steel, decarburized chromium/nickel alloy steel, or nickel. (2) with metal septa consisting of decarburized steel or nickel, when small quantities of sulphur dioxide or hydrogen sulphide are mixed with the hydrogen/oxygen/nitrogen flame. For the different metals and the same reference flame (free from sulphur) relative rates of permeation at around 820° C are in the sequence: nickel > chrome steel ≃ decarburized chromium/nickel alloy steel > decarburized chrome steel. Approximate relative rates are nickel, 1000; chrome steel, 300; decarburized chromium/ nickel alloy steel 300; decarburized chrome steel 10. The addition of small quantities of sulphur dioxide to the flame at once reduces the concentration of hydrogen atoms, as observed with a molybdenum trioxide test. Comparable amounts of hydrogen sulphide added to the flame have little or no effect. Both types of sulphur compound rapidly change the rate of permeation of hydrogen through the metal septa from the flame. An increased permeation rate is observed for decarburized chrome steel, and a decreased permeation rate for a decarburized chromium/nickel/iron alloy. An initial drop in permeation rate through chrome steel with sulphur dioxide in the flame is probably due to the decreased concentration of hydrogen atoms. The subsequent effects for both sulphur dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are attributed to the formation of sulphur compounds either on the surface or within the crystal lattice of the metals.

Production of Sulphur Trioxide during the Combustion of Carbon in Air Containing Small Quantities of Sulphur Dioxide

RECENT studies1–4 of the combustion of carbon at elevated temperatures have done much to elucidate the mechanism of reaction. The work of Arthur and Bowring on the combustion of various carbons in oxidizing gases containing inhibitors, mainly volatile chlorine compounds, has established the major role of the gas-phase oxidation of carbon monoxide in determining the partition of the energy release between solid and gas. Sulphur trioxide was found to be a relatively weak inhibitor of carbon monoxide combustion at 850° C.; but the effect of sulphur dioxide was not examined in detail. It is known that oxidation of sulphur dioxide occurs in the pre-flame5 and flame combustion6 of carbon monoxide, and it seemed desirable to extend this work to the carbon – oxygen system where, at temperatures above about 650°, carbon monoxide combustion takes place in close proximity to a carbon surface.

Sufficiency of Atmospheric Sulfur for Maximum Crop Yields

The annual fall of sulfur in rain, snow, and dust in Minnesota has been found to vary from a maximum of more than 100 pounds an acre in Minneapolis to a minimum of less than five pounds in a sulfur-deficient area in the northern part of the state. Where the collection of the water for analysis was made in vessels entirely or partly of a metal subject to attack by sulfur dioxide erroneously high values were found, the sulfates formed between rains on the interior metal surfaces being washed down into the collector and appearing as though brought down in the precipitation. An appreciable amount of sulfur dioxide was found in the atmosphere even in the most remote and most sulfur-deficient areas of the state. Its relative concentration was determined by absorption on a surface coated with lead peroxide. The amount absorbed in the course of twelve months per acre of exposed surface varied from more than 400 pounds of sulfur in minneapolis to less than five pounds near the headwaters of the Mississippi rivers. The absorption of sulfur dioxide by soils was found to roughly parallel its absorption by lead peroxide, but likely to furnish less sulfur to cropsmore » than that brought down by the precipitation. It is computed that the sulfur dioxide absorbed by the leaf tissue of plants in sulfur-deficient areas will be of even much less significance than that absorbed by the soil.« less