Amount Of Food Items Research Articles

STRATEGI KOPING OLEH EUMAH TANGGA MISKIN DI KABUPATEN CIREBON

Coping Strategy Among Poor Households In Cirebon District. Background: Decision of every household to minimize the effect of food insecurity depend on its capacity to give appropriate response. Poor coping strategy create adverse effect to the households. Objectives: To learn how poor households apply a coping strategy and their related factors when they met insecure situation. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in three villages in Cirebon District, each representing of high, medium, and low in food security village based on macro-sector data. From each village 21 poor househqlds wereselected randomly. There are six variables collected consist of mother education, number of household, number ofchildren under five years, occupation of head of household, perception about food insecurity, how often implementedparticular coping strategies, household expenditure and child nutritional status. Results: Prevalence under weight (weight for age) was 50.8% and assosiated with to a type of coping strategy on the reducing of food supply in the household (rs: - 0.255). There were also association between household expenditure and several parameters of coping strategy (income gathering and other parameters related to reducing food intake). The more frequent the hosuehold reducing the amount of food items for consumption, the higher the proportion of undernourished children. Conclusions: Reducing daily food supply as a simple modified to cope food insecurity conducted by households higly correlated to poor nutritional status of under-five years old children. Appropriate coping strategy should be developed by local government and disseminate properly to poor households on anticipating insecurity situation. Keywords: food security, poor households, coping strategies, nutritional status

Intra-Household Resource Dynamics and Food Security in Matatirtha VDC

This article ascertains the status of intra-household resource dynamics taking into consideration the access of females and males over these resources. Moreover, it analyzes the food security situation in Matatirtha Village Development Committee of Kathmandu District. It has been found from the qualitative data that the quality and quantity of food items was pretty poor implying that the frequency of food intake does not necessarily correlate with high quality food irrespective of the income level of the households. Economic Journal of Nepal Vol.28(4) 2005 pp.231-238

Differential Detection of Ingested Items Evacuated from Genus Gila Cyprinids by Two Nonlethal Alimentary Tract Lavage Techniques

ABSTRACT Two nonlethal alimentary tract lavage techniques were conducted on ten bonytail chub (Gila elegans, 211–241 mm TL) that had previously ingested 2–4 rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss, ∼40 mm TL) to evaluate their capabilities of detecting piscivory in the field. Each fish was initially lavaged with water down its buccal cavity and out its anal vent using the Wasowicz and Valdez (W-V) technique and then immediately flushed in the opposite direction with the Baker and Fraser (B-F) method. Microscopic examination of evacuated material revealed only three identifiable rainbow trout scales and other assorted clumps of presumably well-digested body material. Overall, 30% of bonytail chub expelled rainbow trout scales andlor other body material during the initial W-V lavage, and 60% expelled material during the B-F flush. Dissections of four bonytail, seven humpback (G. cypha), and four roundtail chubs (G. robusta) revealed that their intestines were similarly curved and tapered to ≤50% of the anterior widths. Whereas the B-F method pushes ingested items backwards through the increasingly larger intestinal circumferences in these Gila fishes, it is more apt to retrieve greater quantities of food items. Food preference studies based on findings from a highly size-selective lavage technique will likely be biased in favor of smaller, less-digestible prey items, such as invertebrates with chitinous exoskeletons. Use of the B-F rather than W-V technique should lessen this bias.

The food and feeding behaviour of Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

The feeding biology of the Lake Tanganyika sardine, Limnothrissa miodon (Boulenger, 1906) was studied to assess the quality and quantity of food items taken. Fish samples were collected at two hour intervals during a series of twenty-four hour trawling surveys in the Sanyati basin of Lake Kariba. The diurnal and nocturnal consumption trends for each food item were determined. Fish stomach contents were first analysed under a dissecting microscope and subsequently on an inverted regular high power Nikon microscope. Food items were identified and quantified for frequency of occurrence and percentage composition. Limnothrissa miodon feeds mainly on the cladocerans Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia cornuta and Bosminopsis deitersi and the copepods Mesocyclops sp., Tropodiaptomus sp. and Thermodiaptomus sp. Aquatic insect larvae, rotifers and ostracods also occur infrequently in the diet. Several feeding peaks exist during a twenty-four hour cycle with an overall tendency to ingest food during the daytime. Limnothrissa miodon therefore mostly feeds on crustacean zooplankton and it is mainly a visual feeder that depends on availability of adequate light to locate its prey.

Feeding ecology of free-living aquatic nematodes

The buccal cavity structure of free-living aquatic nematodes indicates 4 feeding groups: deposit feeders, epistrate feeders, scavengers and predators. This is in contrast to a previous classification which united omnivores and predators and separated deposit feeders into selective and nonselective groups. The new classification shows that the previous view that heavy predator pressure plays a major role in the structuring of meiobenthic communities has been much overemphasized. Most predatory species in the previous classification are herein recognized as 'garbage collectors', i.e. species with scavenging feeding habits. The actual feeding behaviour of epistrate-feeding specles shows that they are able to break open cell membranes of food items in the buccal cavity and suck out the cell contents (juice feeders), in contrast to deposit-feeding species which swallow the whole food item (particulate feeders), indicating different sets of digestive enzymes. Buccal cavity morphology within predators indicates 2 feeding types. Trans-epidermal uptake of dissolved organic matter is suggested as an additional food supply for thiobiotic species [mainly deposit feeders), hence indicahng mixotrophy. Size, shape, quality and quantity of food items may to some extent explain coexistence of congeners. Nematode mobility and mucus release may attract potential food or keep food sources in optimal condition, i.e. gardening.