Quantitative Survey Research Articles

The Impact of Consumer Perceptions of Privacy and Security Risks on Re-purchasing Intention for Online Shopping in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand

Background and Aim: Chiang Mai Province, a growing economic center in northern Thailand, is a preferred mode of consumerism due to its convenience and wide product selection, but faces barriers to adoption due to concerns about these risks. This research investigates the impact of consumer perceptions of privacy and security risks on re-purchasing intention for online shopping in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The study aims to understand how these perceptions influence consumer behavior in the digital marketplace. Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed, with data collected from 385 online shoppers in Chiang Mai Province. The research instrument consisted of a structured online questionnaire assessing perceived privacy and security risks, as well as re-purchasing intentions. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Results: The findings reveal that both perceived privacy and security risks significantly influence re-purchasing intention. Consumers who perceive higher levels of privacy and security are more likely to engage in repeat online purchases. The model explained a substantial proportion of the variance in re-purchasing intention, highlighting the importance of these factors in shaping online shopping behavior. Conclusion: This research provides valuable insights for e-commerce businesses and policymakers in Chiang Mai Province. By prioritizing and investing in measures that enhance consumer perceptions of privacy and security, businesses can foster trust, encourage repeat purchases, and drive sustainable growth in the online marketplace.

The Trichotomy of Internationalization of Higher Education, Emigration and Social Policies: a National Level Research Case in Albania on University Youth as Potential Emigrants

Aim: The research aims to analyse the trichotomy of the main pillars (education, emigration, and policies) by measuring the opinions of youth, based on the tendency of new emigration flows, the education in university that prepares them as highly skilled workers for global trades (due to curricula, contemporary preparation with knowledge according to the labour market acquisitions, and internationalisation policies), and the identification of push factors of emigration of university youth as the new and current emigration tendencies in Albania. Methods: To guarantee a national-level measurement of the university youth emigration potential, due to the mentioned indicators, the empirical data gained from the quantitative online survey research on the measurement of opinions of (N=1010) Albanian university youth, at the national level of (N=7) (all) public universities in Albania, in (N=13) departments on social sciences profile, analysed by the Statistical program IMB SPSS 26, in different statistical approach analysis, such as descriptive, frequency, cross-tabs and Kurtosis. Results: Measuring the indicators, the results show that the internationalisation of universities prepares students for the international labour market, current social policies do not favour them in the labour market, and the current economic, political and social factors turned on the main push factors of potential emigration of university youth. Conclusion: The internationalisation of universities prepares students with skills for local and international labour markets. Still, the current economic, social, and cultural anomic situation and the lack of efficient employment policies are the main push factors for the emigration of university youth as high-skill workers.

Understanding the Factors Influencing Generation X Consumers' Purchase Intention Towards Organic Vegetables in Chiang Mai: A Focus on Health Consciousness and Subjective Norms

Background and Aim: The escalating use of agrochemicals in vegetable cultivation has raised concerns about potential harm to human health and the environment, thus fueling a rising demand for organically grown vegetables. Notably, Generation X consumers, demonstrating a heightened awareness of the health and environmental consequences of their food choices, are at the forefront of this movement. This study investigates the impact of health consciousness and subjective norms on the purchase intention of organic vegetables among Generation X consumers in Chiang Mai province, Materials and Methods: This study investigates the influence of health consciousness and subjective norms on the purchase intention of organic vegetables among 400 Generation X consumers in Chiang Mai, Thailand. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. Results: The findings reveal that both health consciousness and subjective norms significantly influence the purchase intention of organic vegetables. Subjective norms, particularly the perceived social pressure to consume organic produce, emerged as a slightly stronger predictor of purchase intention compared to health consciousness. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of considering both health-related concerns and social influences in promoting organic vegetable consumption among Generation X consumers. Targeted marketing strategies that emphasize the health benefits of organic produce and leverage social reinforcement can effectively enhance purchase intention.

The issue with the ‘far-right talking points’: the empirical challenges of assessing far-right ecologism among environmental activists

ABSTRACT The mainstreaming of the far-right worldwide has immense societal effects, one of the main being the normalization of ‘far-right talking points’, quotidian expressions of far-right worldviews existing well beyond the political proponents of this ideology. Our piece tries to explore the effects of far-right talking points in the environmental domain. We do so by utilizing the theoretical concept of microfascism, the everyday expressions and practices of societal exclusion and the desire for authoritarianism. More specifically, we test the extent to which far-right ecologism, the ideological response of the far right to an array of environmental problems, operates as a set of arguments existing beyond the representatives of this ideology. To do so, we conducted a mixed-methods study, consisting of a quantitative survey of 106 respondents, followed up by 27 semi-structured interviews conducted with environmental activists in Serbia, a dynamic and nascent settings for environmental activism. Our findings illustrate the methodological issue of capturing ideological positioning through diverse methods but more fundamentally, the broader implications of far-right talking points in the environmental domain.

Data Privacy Concerns and their Impact on Consumer Trust in Digital Marketing

The rise of digital marketing has transformed consumer-brand interactions through personalized strategies and targeted ads driven by extensive consumer data. However, increased data collection has sparked privacy concerns, affecting consumer trust. This study examines how dataprivacy concerns impact consumer trust, engagement, and willingness to share information in digital marketing. Key privacy issues include over-collection, lack of transparency, unauthorized sharing, and data breaches. Using a mixed-methods approach, with quantitative surveys of 600 participants and qualitative interviews with 30 individuals, the study measures privacy concerns, trust, and engagement levels. Findings reveal a strong negative correlation between privacy concerns and trust, with transparency in data practices and regulatory compliance (GDPR,CCPA) identified as critical trust factors. Brands that prioritize transparency, data control, and compliance foster greater consumer trust, addressing the privacy- personalization paradox and aligning with consumer expectations for ethical data use. This study offers insights into privacy-trust dynamics and provides recommendations for privacy-centered marketing strategies. Keywords:Data Privacy ,Consumer Trust, User Consent ,Data Transparency, Data Collection Practices, Third-Party Data Sharing ,Data Breaches, Privacy Regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA).

The Role of Networks in Mobilization for Ethnic Minority Interest Parties

AbstractRecently, parties that are run by and for ethnic minority citizens with a migration background have become more prominent. They can be considered a manifestation of ethnic political segregation. A key example of such a party is DENK in the Netherlands. So far, the explanatory literature has focused on how programmatic considerations drives voting for these parties. Other factors, such as the role of social networks in mobilization, have received limited testing and limited exploration in more detail. Furthermore, the literature on social networks is mainly based on majority populations. To inform our understanding of the role of social networks in voting (in general but also particularly among ethnic minority communities and for ethnic minority interest parties) this paper analyzes the voting behavior for DENK focusing on the role of personal, online and religious networks. The paper uses both qualitative interviews (with bicultural youth in the third largest city of the Netherlands in 2022) and quantitative surveys (the 2021 Dutch Ethnic Minority Electoral Study). Our analysis points to the importance of religious and personal networks for voting for DENK, whereas online networks appear to be less relevant.

The journey to diagnosis of wild-type transthyretin-mediated (ATTRwt) amyloidosis: a path with multisystem involvement

BackgroundWild-type and hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (ATTRwt and ATTRv amyloidosis, respectively) are progressive, fatal diseases with a broad range of clinical presentations and multisystem effects. Despite having a higher prevalence, ATTRwt amyloidosis is less well characterized due to its non-hereditary nature, and its relatively poorer disease awareness delays diagnosis. Understanding of its natural history has evolved in recent years, but this is largely based on physician-collected data rather than patients’ reports of their own experiences. A mixed methods approach was used to evaluate how the healthcare journeys of patients with ATTRv and ATTRwt amyloidosis compare.MethodsA quantitative survey was administered to US-patients diagnosed with both ATTRwt amyloidosis and ATTRv amyloidosis identified through a patient support group. Subsequent in-depth interviews with participants with ATTRwt amyloidosis were conducted. Quantitative data with related qualitative quotes from patients were produced to characterize their paths to diagnosis and the disease burden experienced.ResultsA total of 47 respondents completed the survey (ATTRv, n = 20 and ATTRwt, n = 27) and a total of 14 survey respondents with ATTRwt amyloidosis were interviewed. Survey results reported a high disease burden for patients with both conditions, with patients with ATTRwt amyloidosis reporting more diagnoses and procedures prior to their final diagnosis. Interviews with participants with ATTRwt amyloidosis revealed that patients face a high symptomatic burden of disease. Diagnosis was often delayed due to three key factors: (1) early signs of ATTRwt amyloidosis were often assumed to be related to old age; (2) many medical specialists working in silos were involved in participants’ diagnostic; and (3) there was a general lack of disease awareness. Early indicators such as carpal tunnel syndrome were often overlooked. Participants were typically diagnosed after the disease had progressed to include severe cardiac symptoms such as atrial fibrillation and severe shortness of breath. Sleep apnoea was also reported by a number of participants, with a considerable impact on quality of life.ConclusionsOur study provides insight into the overall impact of the patient journey on their quality of life and demonstrates how increased awareness of ATTRwt amyloidosis and more coordinated engagement with physicians could reduce the time to diagnosis.

Recreational reading as a leisure activity: Perspectives from Georgian and Finnish hearing and deaf students

AbstractThe benefits of recreational reading for academic success are clear. However, the full potential of recreational reading for socialisation and well‐being remains untapped by young readers. Studies of young readers' recreational reading intentions and perceived barriers to translating intentions into reading are scarce. Deaf and hard‐of‐hearing students have been particularly excluded from research on leisure reading. Using a mixed methods approach, this study investigates Finnish and Georgian students' attitudes towards leisure reading and the relationship between their reading intentions and actual reading. Students' engagement in recreational reading is assessed through a quantitative survey, while their attitudes and intentions towards reading are revealed through focus group interviews. The results of this study suggest that students generally have positive attitudes towards reading, regardless of their country of origin and degree of hearing loss. Furthermore, the analysis reveals a wide range of barriers to reading, the most common of which are long school days, large amounts of homework, limited free time and preferences for other leisure activities. Some speculative findings from this study will be used as a basis for further research, focusing on reading during COVID‐19.

Collecting Real-Time Patient-Reported Outcome Data During Latent Labor: Feasibility Study of the MyCap Mobile App in Prospective Person-Centered Research

Background The growing emphasis on patient experience in medical research has increased the focus on patient-reported outcomes and symptom measures. However, patient-reported outcomes data are subject to recall bias, limiting reliability. Patient-reported data are most valid when reported by patients in real time; however, this type of data is difficult to collect from patients experiencing acute health events such as labor. Mobile technologies such as the MyCap app, integrated with the REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) platform, have emerged as tools for collecting patient-generated health data in real time offering potential improvements in data quality and relevance. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of using MyCap for real-time, patient-reported data collection during latent labor. The objective was to assess the usability of MyCap in characterizing patient experiences during this acute health event and to identify any challenges in data collection that could inform future research. Methods In this descriptive cohort study, we quantified and characterized data collected prospectively through MyCap and the extent to which participants engaged with the app as a research tool for collecting patient-reported data in real time. Longitudinal quantitative and qualitative surveys were sent to (N=18) enrolled patients with term pregnancies planning vaginal birth at Oregon Health Sciences University. Participants were trained in app use prenatally. Then participants were invited to initiate the research survey on their personal smartphone via MyCap when they experienced labor symptoms and were asked to return to MyCap every 3 hours to provide additional longitudinal symptom data. Results Out of 18 enrolled participants, 17 completed the study. During latent labor, 13 (76.5%) participants (all those who labored at home and two-thirds of those who were induced) recorded at least 1 symptom report during latent labor. A total of 191 quantitative symptom reports (mean of 10 per participant) were recorded. The most commonly reported symptoms were fatigue, contractions, and pain, with nausea and diarrhea being less frequent but more intense. Four participants recorded qualitative data during labor and 14 responded to qualitative prompts in the postpartum period. The study demonstrated that MyCap could effectively capture real-time patient-reported data during latent labor, although qualitative data collection during active symptoms was less robust. Conclusions MyCap is a feasible tool for collecting prospective data on patient-reported symptoms during latent labor. Participants engaged actively with quantitative symptom reporting, though qualitative data collection was more challenging. The use of MyCap appears to reduce recall bias and facilitate more accurate data collection for patient-reported symptoms during acute health events outside of health care settings. Future research should explore strategies to enhance qualitative data collection and assess the tool’s usability across more diverse populations and disease states.

Prospective Preference Assessment for the Psilocybin for Enhanced Analgesia in Chronic nEuropathic PAIN (PEACE-PAIN) Trial

ABSTRACT Background Negative perceptions of psilocybin and challenges of participant enrollment may represent barriers to conducting a randomized controlled trial examining psilocybin for chronic neuropathic pain. Aim Prior to trial initiation, we aimed to examine patient attitudes toward the trial via a prospective preference assessment. Methods Twenty-six patients with chronic neuropathic pain participated in a prospective preference assessment comprising quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interview) components. Content analysis was used to inductively and deductively identify factors that would motivate or discourage participation in the proposed trial. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and perceptions of psilocybin were collected to explore differences in characteristics between patients who were willing and unwilling to participate. Results Survey results showed that most participants (76.9%) were willing to participate in the PEACE-PAIN trial. “Willing” participants reported higher prior psychedelic use (75%) as compared to the “maybe willing” (0%) and “not willing” participants (0%). Interviews indicated that the top two factors that motivated participation included the need for new treatment options (31.7%) and benefits to personal pain management (31.7%). The top two discouraging factors included practical difficulties of research participation (16.7%), and adverse events associated with psilocybin (16.7%). Conclusions The PEACE-PAIN trial study design is supported by patient survey responses but may benefit from modifications, namely incorporating thorough discussions of the current evidence for efficacy, safety, tolerability, and approaches to address adverse effects of psilocybin. Additionally, the interest in participation by individuals with prior psychedelic use holds important methodological implications for the inclusion/exclusion criteria of the trial.

Exploring the Impact of Workforce Diversity on Employee Attitudes and Organizational Performance: An Empirical Study of Perceptions and Outcomes

Background: As modern organizations increasingly prioritize workforce diversity, understanding its influence on employee performance and organizational effectiveness is crucial. This study investigates the impact of diversity dimensions, including gender, age, ethnicity, and educational background, on employee attitudes and workplace outcomes. Objectives: The primary aim is to assess employees' perceptions of diversity within organizational contexts, exploring their attitudes toward diversity initiatives, personal impacts, and the broader effects on organizational success. Methods: A quantitative survey approach was employed, with a structured questionnaire administered to capture responses from a diverse participant sample. The survey examined agreement or disagreement across statements related to diversity's benefits, costs, and effects on organizational harmony and personal satisfaction. Findings: Results reveal a strong, positive perception of diversity among respondents, with the majority indicating that diversity fosters harmony, organizational effectiveness, and personal enrichment. While 91.4% express enthusiasm for diversity, 100% agree that diversity initiatives are worthwhile and support continued organizational efforts. Negative sentiments were minimal, indicating broad acceptance and positive attitudes toward diversity. Conclusion: The findings highlight diversity as a strategic asset that enhances innovation, inclusivity, and organizational performance. The study underscores the value of fostering a diverse workplace culture where employees feel appreciated, engaged, and motivated to contribute unique perspectives. Novelty: This research adds to the growing body of literature by providing empirical evidence from a varied demographic context, reinforcing diversity’s role in strengthening organizational cohesion and performance. The insights contribute to a deeper understanding of how positive diversity perceptions can be leveraged as a driver of organizational success.

The Effect of Athletic Identity and Other Factors on Adaptation to Sport Retirement

Sport retirement is a major life transition that student-athletes must navigate successfully to achieve adaptation to post-sport life. Numerous factors dictate the likelihood of successful adaptation, one of which is athletic identity. Based on thorough review of the occupational retirement literature, it has been determined that adaptation can be measured by life satisfaction. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how athletic identity impacts present-day life satisfaction and if meaning in life mediates that effect. Meaning in life can be separated into two categories, the presence of and search for meaning in life. Through a quantitative survey of 104 former Division I student-athletes, we discovered significant relationships between the search for and presence of meaning in life and life satisfaction. No relationship was found between athletic identity and life satisfaction. Thus, retrospective athletic identity does not predict present-day life satisfaction unless the mediating effect of the search for meaning in life is present. Additionally, group differences were measured between sexes, type of sport played (e.g., draft eligible or non-draft eligible), and predictability of retirement. There were significant differences on the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale between males (M = 36.1, SD = 7.9) and females (M = 32.1, SD = 7.8), t(100) = 2.55, p = .01.

Using Photogrammetry and Deviation Analysis to Conduct Quantitative Monitoring Surveys of WWII Sites in the Pacific

Abstract In 2012 a program to investigate the management of underwater cultural heritage (UCH) related to the WWII battle for Saipan was developed with several collaborative partners. The program was conceptualized in response to the creation of the WWII Battle for Saipan Underwater Heritage Trail that launched in 2010 (McKinnon and Carrell in J Maritime Archaeol 10(1):11–27, 2015). With the creation of the trail there became a need to monitor and record both the benefits and impacts of promoting visitation at UCH sites. The monitoring program began on a five-year interval and included archaeological site inspections and the collection of in situ conservation data in 2012 and 2017. In 2017, as photogrammetric survey data was advancing and becoming more useful, it was added to the monitoring program. Again in 2023, site inspections, in situ surveys, and photogrammetric surveys were undertaken providing a total of 15 years of data at five-year intervals. This data has proved invaluable for recording both qualitatively and quantitatively how these WWII submerged sites are changing over time. This article reports on the development of photogrammetric surveys and the use of deviation analysis to demonstrate natural and cultural changes on UCH sites of a WWII battlefield from 2017 to 2023.

Religious Belief, Calling, and Marginalized Communities

This paper attempts to identify the Christian religious beliefs that motivate and sustain engagement in neighborhood revitalization efforts with marginalized communities and to identify a possible causal mechanism of these beliefs. The argument of the paper is that a transcendent calling forms consistently salient beliefs that operate on a deontological (versus utilitarian) level through sacred values. Using a mixed-method approach of quantitative (survey) and qualitative (interviews) data, the results find significant differences in beliefs between local congregants and practitioners in Evansville, Indiana, USA. In one-on-one semi-structured interviews, practitioners cite a transcendent calling with deontological language as the reason for their engagement with marginalized communities. Utilitarian language was not entirely absent during these interviews, but it occurred primarily in relation to the sustaining of the behavior, thereby hinting at a hierarchical and sequential structure where the primary and initial motivation is deontological in nature followed and sustained through utilitarian language. Narrative evidence for this initial deontological shift is that of taking a “step of faith.” The large majority of practitioners report receiving this call after their initial engagement with a marginalized community suggesting that increasing this behavior is more a matter of increasing personal exposure rather than articulating better rational arguments.

Life trajectories and expected changes as factors for young adults’ participation in second chance education

Second Chance Schools (SCSs) have been operating for twenty-five years in Greece, that provide basic education to adults (18 years of age and older) who have not completed the compulsory nine-year education but have a primary school leaving certificate (six-year study). This study reports and analyses the participation factors of young adults (18–29 years old) in Second Chance Schools in Greece, investigates their degree of satisfaction with the curriculum, the treatment they received from their educators, the degree of influence of their immediate family, friends, acquaintances and work environment in their decision to participate, but also whether participation in SCS is connected to their life course, with direct reference to life transitions and expected changes. It is a quantitative survey that was conducted in 2023, in which 152 young adult students from Second Chance Schools of mainland Greece were involved and more specifically from the administrative regions of Central Macedonia, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, of Thessaly and Attica. The data were collected through written questionnaires, followed by the analysis in SPSS. Factor analysis was applied to the empirical data with the method of principal component analysis. A set of factors emerged from the analyses that appear to influence the decision to participate.

To Study the Effect of Social Competence on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students of Private and Government Schools

This research employs a quantitative cross-sectional survey design to investigate the relationships between academic performance and social competence among 11th and 12th-grade students in both government and private institutions. The sample consists of 600 students, evenly divided between government and private schools, and selected using stratified random sampling to ensure adequate representation. The study includes students aged 16 to 18, excluding those with significant learning disabilities. Data collection instruments consist of a demographic questionnaire, students' Grade Point Average (GPA), the Social Competence Scale by Sharma, Shukla, and Shukla. Social competence is assessed on a 5-point Likert scale. The data collection procedure involved obtaining consent from students, parents, and school authorities, followed by administering the surveys and intelligence tests in a controlled environment. Students' GPAs were gathered from school records. The analysis includes descriptive statistics for demographic data, GPA & social competence. Independent sample t-tests compare academic performance between government and private school students, while ANOVA examines differences in social competence by gender and intellectual ability by grade level. Pearson correlation coefficients explore relationships between GPA & social competence, while a multiple regression model predicts GPA based on these factors, controlling for variables such as age, gender, school type, and parental education. The study hypothesizes no significant relationship between social competence and academic performance across different school types.

The Different Aspects of the Housing Quality of Older Adults: Which Criteria Should Be Prioritized?

ABSTRACT Various studies have identified that older adults’ assessment of their housing quality differs from that deemed as good-quality housing by housing professionals. This has prompted the need to advance academic discourse beyond simply reporting high levels of satisfaction in older adult’s housing surveys. This study attempts to achieve this by using empirical data gathered through a mixed quantitative and qualitative research approach conducted with older adults in Slovenia. While the quantitative survey revealed generally high levels of satisfaction, the qualitative face-to-face interviews revealed numerous deficiencies, irrespective of whether older adults tended to express satisfaction with their dwellings. Therefore, our findings suggest that attributes such as ownership, period of residence, and neighborhood relations are far more important in determining housing satisfaction. Thus, we conclude that policies and programs for modifying housing for older adults must be based on a deeper understanding of their specific needs. During the policy formulation process and the implementation of specific housing improvement programs, emphasis should be placed on the social-historical aspects related to the lifestyle of each specific older adult.

Sharia Economic Perspective on Paylater Online Shopping Features in the Millennial Generation

In the current digital era, a new payment concept has emerged, namely Paylater. Paylater carries the concept of 'Buy now, pay later'. The Paylater feature is increasingly popular because it has entered the E-commerce (online shopping) market. The paylater feature is in demand by various groups, especially the millennial generation, because it makes it easier to shop online if you don't have money. However, the paylater feature also has a negative side that can build consumer behavior. This research analyzes and determines the sharia economic perspective on online shopping paylater features for the millennial generation. This research was conducted using qualitative and quantitative survey methods by analyzing respondents' answers to surveys distributed based on the respondents' experiences. The research results state that most of the millennial generation use the paylater feature to shop online. The millennial generation who tends to like shopping via E-commerce uses the paylater feature to make their lifestyle more consumptive and can develop a habit of borrowing. Paylater itself is said to be haram from a sharia economic perspective because it contains things that are prohibited in Islamic principles.

Protocol for leading health services innovation: a hybrid type 2 mixed method implementation trial for developing and assessing a codesigned graduate certificate program in health innovation

BackgroundA significant issue with innovative problem-solving in healthcare is an existing deficiency in continuing education for many healthcare professionals, which hinders the successful implementation of inventive solutions and progress in the field. Educators play a crucial role in guiding students to cultivate the knowledge and skills necessary to confront these challenges, including problem solving, collaboration, and the use of rapidly advancing technologies. It is vital to design educational programs that empower and motivate students to develop the proficiency and knowledge they need to be effective problem solvers, collaborators, and cultivators of innovative solutions. This project aims to assess the implementation and effectiveness of a codesigned postgraduate university program for a multidisciplinary health workforce.MethodsThe Leading Health Services Innovation Project is a hybrid type 2 mixed method implementation trial of a codesigned Graduate Certificate in Health Services Innovation. In collaboration with a large tertiary and quaternary health service, we developed a codesign process to guide the project, with time quarantined to create space for two-way learning between health sector partners and healthcare academics. Qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys for primary users will evaluate the implementation strategies. The reach, effectiveness, adoption implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework will guide the evaluation and maintenance of the program.ResultsIntegrating a codesign strategy complemented by a well-structured implementation and evaluation protocol that is a combination of implementation science theoretical frameworks (Knowledge to Action, Evidence-Based Co-design, RE-AIM) may lead to translational competence as a potential outcome.Anticipated outcomesThe application, resourcing and commitment to codesigned tertiary-level learning and qualification will demonstrate the achievement of a contemporary and comprehensive postgraduate university degree program in health innovation management.

The role of Pharmaceutical Marketing in Prescribing Decisions in a Developing Country: A Comprehensive Study Exploiting Theory of Planned Behaviour

Background: Prescription medicines have become a major component of health systems in both developed and developing countries contributing to, may be, more than half of the total health care expenditure in the developing countries. Although literature directly attributing rise in medicines expenditure to prescribers’ decision, but still only a few researches had employed studies with sound theoretical foundations to comprehensively examine prescribing decision behaviours. Our objective was to investigate potentially modifiable factors, which may influence prescribing decisions of physicians employing theory of planned behaviour. Method: A quantitative survey approach was used to investigate the proposed hypotheses. Population was physicians in outpatient clinics in both private and governmental hospitals in Sana’a, capital city of Yemen. A structured questionnaire was designed to measure the influence of drug-promoting marketing techniques on physicians’ prescribing decisions. Data was collected through an anonymous survey questionnaire. The hypotheses were tested by multiple regressions analysis. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MoPHP), and participants provided written consent before enrolling in the study. Result: Physicians admitted the presence of promotional influence on their prescribing decision. The study revealed that receiving low-value promotional items, belief of physicians that it is appropriate to accept both low- and high-value promotional items, physicians’ exposure to company-direct sources of information, and drug promotion-related factor all are positively and significantly related to physicians’ prescribing decisions (? = 0.438, p <0.001; ? = 0.089, p =0.027; ? = 0.157, p <0.001; ? = 0.093, p =0.032; and ?= 0.118, p = 0.007 respectively). Conclusion: This research clarified the role played by pharmaceutical companies to influence prescribing decisions of physicians. Therefore, could provide theoretical framework for policymakers in Yemen, and other countries with similar conditions, to develop a suitable policy and strategy in terms of drug promotion.