Quantitative Restrictions Research Articles

Growth, Poverty, and Food Policy in the Philippines: Lessons for the Post-COVID-19 Era

The Philippine economy’s growth has accelerated since 2010, outperforming its Asian peers in the current decade. However, poverty reduction is comparatively weak in response to growth, suggesting that growth has been less inclusive than expected. Poverty in the Philippines is still largely a rural phenomenon despite the country’s rapid urbanization. Our primary objective is to reexamine how much the national food policy has influenced the poverty-reducing effects of economic growth using the more recent national household-level data from 2000 to 2021. The longer-term data, including a period of mobility relaxation following long lockdowns upon the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, allow us to revisit the growth-poverty conundrum in the Philippines. We focus on the more recent decade of relatively sustained growth compared to earlier studies on the subject. We use Engel food shares as a proxy for household welfare and consider the differential welfare effects of food price changes across segments of the population. We show that economic growth in recent years would have been strongly pro-poor if not for the misguided set of policy tools chosen to achieve the food self-sufficiency goal. The government’s move to dismantle the quantitative restriction regime on rice imports in favor of tariffs is a step in the right direction.

Optical parameters of PANI.CSA/PMMA nanofibers

Abstract Polyaniline doped with camphor sulphonic/Poly(methyl methacrylate) PANI.CSA/PMMA nanofibers were manufactured by electrospinning technology, where all parameters of the electrospinning system are fixed and the effect of the needle gauge on the properties of the prepared nanofibers is studied at different needle gauge (18, 20, 23 G). The polyaniline was manufactured by aniline-chemical oxidation polymerization. The nanofibers were diagnosed by an FE-SEM scanner to identify the surface morphology of the samples and the diameters of the nanofibers, it shows that nanofibers become more regular and their diameters become smaller as the diameter of the needle decreases. The samples were measured by the analysis of UV-visible spectroscopy, identifying the optical properties of the nanofibers and calculating the energy gap, which was valued ranging from 2.8 eV to 3.2 eV, increased due to the phenomenon of the quantitative restriction. Absorption coefficient and optical constants were also studied as a function of needle gauge.

Regional perspective on prospects and risks of the renewable energy in Russia

AbstractThe expansion of renewable energy (RE) relies on both natural factors and socioeconomic conditions fostered at the regional level. This paper examines the key factors influencing RE development in selected Russian regions. We conducted a literature review, surveyed 250 industry experts, and analyzed reports from energy and rating agencies, along with natural resource maps, to identify specific risks and indicators. Our expert survey revealed that the most significant technical risks are low resource potential (68%), energy system surplus (68%), and the absence of transport logistics with neighboring regions (58%). Politically, the lack of additional sector initiatives (6%) was noted. Economically, the high cost of RE (56%) and insufficient experience with “green” investments (54%) were highlighted. Social factors included low unemployment rates (74%), and the absence of remote areas without power supply (72%). Environmentally, the lack of enterprises for energy unit utilization (84%), low greenhouse gas emissions (60%), and insufficient accessible territories for facilities (58%) were significant concerns. We developed risk profiles for nine Russian regions, categorizing them into leaders, intermediates, and nascent stages of RE market formation. Our findings indicate that the most impactful factors include resource potential, space limitations for energy facilities, proximity to equipment manufacturers, regional support measures, and the development of “green” investment instruments. Conversely, regional investment attractiveness had a lesser influence. On the basis of these insights, we recommend enhancing RE development through refined federal and regional support programs. We propose additional criteria for project selection: (1) minimum construction costs covered by “green” investments and (2) quantitative restrictions on new capacities, considering regional energy system status. Practical recommendations also include developing regional centers for servicing generating facilities and increasing the sector's investment attractiveness to stimulate private investment.

China's Foreign Investment Law and TRIMs Agreement: Conflicts, Amendments, and Applications

This article explores the developmental trajectory of China's Foreign Investment Law and its consistency issues with the WTO TRIMs Agreement. Covering four developmental stages from 1979 to 2020, it provides a detailed account of the evolution and amendments of China's legal framework on foreign investment. The article identifies inconsistencies in national treatment, elimination of quantitative restrictions, and transparency principles, analyzing adjustments and revisions made across these stages to align with international trade environments and WTO requirements. Despite significant progress, the article highlights areas for further improvement, such as the implementation of national treatment principles and resolution of transparency issues.

China's Foreign Investment Law and TRIMs Agreement: Conflicts, Amendments, and Applications

This article explores the developmental trajectory of China's Foreign Investment Law and its consistency issues with the WTO TRIMs Agreement. Covering four developmental stages from 1979 to 2020, it provides a detailed account of the evolution and amendments of China's legal framework on foreign investment. The article identifies inconsistencies in national treatment, elimination of quantitative restrictions, and transparency principles, analyzing adjustments and revisions made across these stages to align with international trade environments and WTO requirements. Despite significant progress, the article highlights areas for further improvement, such as the implementation of national treatment principles and resolution of transparency issues.

Article: The US Uyghur Forced Labor Protection Act: the GATT 1994 Perspective

In response to perceived labour malpractices in Xinjiang, the US implemented the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) in 2021. This legislation presumes that goods sourced from Xinjiang are inherently linked with forced labour, a decisive measure echoing human rights concerns. While the UFLPA emerges from human rights considerations, it may conflict with the core obligations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994). This paper critically analyses the UFLPA’s compatibility with GATT 1994, specifically focusing on Articles I (Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN)) and Article XI (Quantitative Restrictions). The US may seek to justify its trade-restrictive measures within UFLPA under the general exceptions of Article XX GATT 1994. Article XX (a), Article XX (b) and Article (e) are relevant for human rights protection. Among these, the public morals exception under Article XX (a) emerges as the most viable one the US could invoke. Nevertheless, the paper underscores a pivotal challenge: while the US might satisfy the necessity test, surpassing the challenges posed by the Chapeau remains a substantial debate. It is improbable for the US to prove that UFLPA is GATT-consistent.

Efficacy and safety of orlistat in controlling the progression of prediabetes to diabetes: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the Orlistat on glucose levels and glucose tolerance in individuals with prediabetes, as well as assess its efficacy and safety in preventing the progression to diabetes. For achieving the appropriate randomized controlled trials, we enrolled the public datas from the following electronic databases: The Cochrane library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, Wan-Fang, and China Biology Medicine disc. The article focused on the orlistat intervention of glucose tolerance and glycemic status in prediabetic patients. We restricted the publication time from the creation to May 2023. Six subjects were included in the study, with a total of 1076 participants (532 in the control group vs 544 in the experimental group). The results indicated that the orlistat can reduce the fasting blood glucose [relative risk (RR) = -2.18, 95% confidence intervals (CI) (-2.471, -1.886)], as well as the 2 hour postprandial blood glucose [RR = -1.497, 95% CI (-1.811, -1.183)]. Furthermore, it can prevent the impaired glucose tolerance patients to type 2 diabetes mellitus [RR = 0.605, 95% CI (0.462, 0.791)], and reversal the impaired glucose tolerance [RR = 2.092, 95% CI (1.249, 3.503)]. In prediabetic people, the orlistat can control weight, reduce the fasting blood glucose and the 2 hour postprandial blood glucose, and then delay the progression of diabetes. However, due to the quantitative restrictions, additional high-quality study needs to be conducted to improve the reliability of the results.

Pharmacy Compounding Regulation in the German Pharmaceutical Market. Part 1. Basic Regulatory Provisions (Review)

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. There is a need to move towards an appropriate system of quality assurance in pharmacy compounding. At the same time, the development of a Russian regulatory system for pharmacy compounding requires a broad understanding of international experience.AIM. This study aimed at analysing the basic principles of pharmacy compounding regulation in the Federal Republic of Germany in order to identify best practices and determine ways to improve the legal and regulatory framework for compounding pharmacies in the Russian Federation.DISCUSSION. According to German law, pharmacies may dispense compounded medicinal products on an oral request from a patient. The German regulatory framework provides a mechanism delineating medicinal products compounded by pharmacies and those manufactured by pharmaceutical companies. The geographical and quantitative restrictions combined with the neutral pricing policy for pharmacies facilitate the establishment of a highly effective pharmaceutical supply system. In practice, this system helps set uniform prices for medicinal products throughout Germany while preventing pharmacy chains from monopolising the pharmaceutical market. These regulations can be considered regulatory mechanisms operating at the regional (land) level. Moreover, it is of key importance that German legislation divides compounded medicinal products into stock and extemporaneous preparations.CONCLUSIONS. German pharmaceutical practice features a number of innovations that can be borrowed for Russian pharmaceutical practice. Russian pharmaceutical legislation may benefit from adopting the concept of a “request from an individual” for dispensing compounded medicinal products that do not contain prescription-only active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In order to improve the efficiency of the use of pharmaceutical-quality raw materials, including APIs, it is necessary to identify cases in which regular pharmacies can receive or purchase compounded medicinal products from compounding pharmacies and cases in which compounding pharmacies can purchase APIs from other compounding pharmacies. The authors recommend considering the possibility of defining the role, functions, and powers of self-regulating professional pharmacy organisations at various levels of governance in this social sphere of activity. Furthermore, the authors recommend creating a Russian mechanism to mitigate the risks of stock shortages and/or limited supply of medicinal products that would be similar to the German “standard authorisation” system and would encompass compounding pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies.

Wartime Trade Policy Measures in Comparison of the Historical Periods of the First World War and the Special Military Operation

With the beginning of the special military operation (SMO), a new type of foreign trade policy is forming, based on restrictions. History shows that the practice of restrictions on trade operations is not new. The article compares Russia’s trade policy measures introduced during the First World War of 2014–2018 and the SMO, which began in 2022. The goal is to identify tools that are not currently used. Restrictions on exports and imports, measures to stimulate imports, and measures to build new trade routes are considered. Even before the start of the SMO, from the moment of political aggravation, Russia limited the export of wood and fertilizers, which contradicted the Protocol on Accession to the WTO and the refusal of quantitative restrictions. Unfriendly countries that applied preventive sanctions against Russia, with the beginning of the SMO, denied Russia most favored nation treatment. As during the First World War, grains, flour and sugar were among the food products subject to government export restrictions. Both periods were characterized by measures to stimulate imports in an effort to provide industry with raw materials and equipment. Import restriction measures in the first period applied to luxury goods, in the second they took the form of sanctions against unfriendly countries. The war period was characterized by growing interest in the northern sea routes. Compared with World War I, modern export restriction policies were more varied in terms of product coverage, but lacked the specific details by export directions that were developed a century ago. Many of the modern measures allow exemptions only in relation to EAEU countries. In our opinion, exemptions from restrictions on the export of humanitarian goods could be made for the developing countries which are most in need of grain or fertilizers.

Impacts of tariffs and NTMs on beef, pork and poultry trade

AbstractThough tariffs have declined in recent years, the number of applied non‐tariff measures (NTMs) in meat trade has expanded. We estimate the impacts of tariffs and NTMs (sanitary and phytosanitary [SPS] measures, technical barriers to trade [TBTs], quantitative restrictions, and special safeguard measures) on beef, pork and poultry trade using a structural gravity model. Our baseline regression results show tariffs hinder trade, but SPS measures and TBTs on average expand trade for these three meat products. Using the estimates from our structural gravity model, we simulate the differential effects of declining tariffs versus proliferation of NTMs between 2003 and 2019. The simulation results show that tariff reductions during this period expanded global trade by a cumulative US$466.2 million for the three products, ceteris paribus. In contrast, growth in the number of NTMs caused global meat trade to rise by US$8.4 billion. Our findings thus suggest that the marked increase in the number of applied NTMs in recent decades has had a dramatically larger impact on global meat trade than tariff reductions.

Caracterização e digestão anaeróbia dos dejetos de suínos submetidos a restrição alimentar ou suplementados com ractopamina ou cromo

Abstract The aim of this study was to characterize the production and anaerobic digestion of manure from finishing pigs subjected to feed restriction or supplemented with ractopamine or chromium (Cr). The waste came from 50 barrows in the finishing phase, aged ± 154 days, with a starting weight of 99.0 ± 4.4 kg and a final weight of 117.2 ± 5.8 kg. The experimental diets were as follows: control (conventional diet), qualitative restriction (7.5% reduction in net energy compared to the control diet), quantitative restriction (15% reduction in feed supply), Cr (0.8 mg), and ractopamine (10 ppm). The data were subjected to an analysis of variance using a randomized block design, in which the weeks of analysis were considered blocks (cofactors). There were no differences in manure production between the diets regarding natural matter (NM), dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), or organic matter (OM). Animals fed the control diet had the highest residue coefficient, and there was no difference among the other diets. No differences were observed among the diets regarding total solids, pH, or total nitrogen in the tributaries or effluents. The highest biogas yield (574 mL g-1) of added volatile solids (VS) was obtained in the digesters supplied with manure from animals fed a qualitatively restricted diet. It can be concluded that a qualitatively restricted diet results in higher manure production but with lower nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and higher biogas yields.

Cromo e restrições alimentares como estratégias alternativas a ractopamina para suínos em terminação

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated chromium and quantitative and qualitative feed restriction as alternative nutritional strategies to ractopamine in finishing barrows. Fifty barrows, genetically similar, with an initial body weight of 99.0 ± 4.3 kg and a final body weight of 117.2 ± 5.8 kg were used. The animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design with five nutritional treatments (Control; Rac = 10ppm ractopamine; Chromium = 0,8mg chromium yeast; Quality = qualitative restriction, 7.5% less net energy in the diet; Quanti = 15% quantitative reduction in feed supply), with five replicates and two animals per replicate. Chromium supplementation and quantitative feed restriction reduced feed, lysine, net energy, and crude protein intakes (P < 0.05). Chromium, ractopamine, and quantitative restriction improved feed conversion (P < 0.05). Supplementation with chromium and ractopamine and feed restriction did not influence the carcass characteristics of the pigs (P < 0.05). Quantitative feed restriction and supplementation of 0.8mg of chromium yeast are presented as potential alternatives to ractopamine in the diet of finishing pigs.

Macroprudential policy in retail lending: Concept and results – a case study of the Bank of Russia

Macroprudential regulation of the banking system is a significant instrument for ensuring the financial stability of the state. Unsecured consumer lending is growing at a steadily high rate (in August-October 2022, the average monthly debt growth was 0.9%), and it remains a priority segment for banks because of its high margins. The share of unsecured consumer loans provided to borrowers with debt burden indicator (DBI) of more than 80% amounted to more than 32% in the third quarter of 2022 (28% in the second quarter of 2022). The share of consumer loans for a term of more than 5 years remains at a high level (15% in July-September 2022). The share of MFO loans issued to borrowers with a DBI of more than 80% was 41% in the second quarter of 2022 (38% in the first quarter of 2022). A further increase in the citizens’ debt burden in the context of the economy restructuring may create additional macroeconomic risks. Problems of citizens with servicing loans and borrowings can lead to a reduction in demand in the economy, and losses of banks as a result of writing off “bad” loans can lead to a decrease in their ability to lend to the economy. To limit the risks associated with an increase in the citizens’ debt burden, since the first quarter of 2023, the Bank of Russia has established direct quantitative restrictions on the issuance of certain types of credits (loans) and the application of increased buffers to risk coefficients if creditors exceed established limits. This article discusses the main approaches to implementation of the macroprudential policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, its goals and instruments, and peculiarities of application in the current conditions.

The Sectoral Impact of the Rice Tariffication Law on Filipino Rice Supply: A Time-Series Analysis

The Rice Tariffication Law was implemented in March 2019 to address rice shortage by replacing quantitative restrictions with import tariffs. Prior studies have evaluated its various impacts, but no study has analyzed post-RTL seasonal rice supply data by sector. This study is a quasi-experimental, interrupted time-series analysis using ARIMA models applied to 2011-2020 data. The control group consists of observed values and the experimental group consists of ARIMA-forecasted values post-RTL. Research findings indicate that RTL does not affect rice supply trends in the overall rice supply and household sector. Conversely, in the commercial and NFA sectors, RTL has been observed to significantly influence rice supply trends. This reveals the ways in which RTL altered the dynamics within these sectors, thereby impacting their respective supply trends by influencing local production, buffer stock, and importation. The actualization of RCEF, buffer stock increase, and the development of plans to enhance agricultural sustainability are recommended.

Prohibition of cross-border water transport in the conditions of the Slovak Republic and its legal consequences

The Slovak Republic decided to protect its water resources by prohibiting cross-border water transport. The ban was incorporated into the Constitution of the Slovak Republic. As an administrative regulation, this constitutional norm was subsequently detailed in ordinary legislation, namely the Water Act. The adoption of this ban has raised doubts about its compatibility with the European Union (EU) law, in particular, regarding the quantitative restrictions on exports and imports of goods between the member states. This constitutional prohibition and the subsequent administrative regulation have caused interpretative and applicative confusion. Therefore, in this paper, the author assesses the limits of possible restrictions on water transport across the Slovak Republic borders, taking into account the limits resulting from the EU law. This study aims to analyze and assess the manner and consequences of the constitutional ban on water transport across the Slovak Republic’s national borders.

Combating the debt load of the population in Russia

I summarize the current regulatory decisions aimed at combating the debt load of the population in Russia. Further, I show that the level of delinquency of the population on loans is growing despite the regulatory measures taken. In my opinion, the basis of regulatory policy should move from de facto pushing personal bankruptcies to preventing them. I put forward a hypothesis and statistically prove the expediency of quantitative restrictions on one borrower. It is necessary to introduce reports to the credit bureaus of some types of overdue debts, which are not actually reported now. It is also necessary to change the order of debt repayment established by law, allowing the principal and current interest to be paid first, which will prevent the expansion of the debt.

The Influence of Quantitative Restriction on the Quantity of Purchases under Anchoring Effect

The aim of this study is to analysis whether purchase quantity limit is an effective anchoring. Anchoring effect is a cognitive bias where individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making decisions. This bias has been extensively studied in the context of pricing decisions, but less attention has been paid to its effect on quantity limitations in purchasing decisions. This study uses a questionnaire to investigate how the anchoring effect affects consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase when faced with quantity limitations. By examining the effect of the anchoring bias on purchasing quantity limitations, the studies shed light on a relatively unexplored area of consumer behavior research. The key findings of the paper suggest that the anchoring effect influences consumers decisions about the quantity of a product they would purchase, and that this effect is moderated by the type of product being considered. Overall, the paper provides valuable insights into the role of the anchoring effect in purchasing decisions, and highlights the importance of considering product type when designing quantity limitations. By taking into account the anchoring effect and its moderating factors, businesses can better understand and influence consumers purchasing decisions, potentially leading to increased sales and revenue.

EU OPEN STRATEGIC AUTONOMY POLICY AS A TRIGGER OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND A CHALLENGE FOR REGULATORY COOPERATION

The purpose of the article is to study the instruments of the policy of strategic autonomy of the European Union with an emphasis on projects of common European interest, and to assess its impact on the development of the industrial potential of member countries in the context of intensified economic competition in the international arena, accompanied by the erosion of regulatory cooperation. EU strategic autonomy aims to reduce the productivity gap between the EU and the US in all sectors of the economy. Strategic autonomy, among other things, is aimed at updating the EU’s comprehensive industrial strategy, which will help counteract trends of deindustrialization, expand access to venture capital, and accelerate the formation of a truly single capacious market of EU member states. Strategic autonomy will affect the prospects for building a sustainable, climate-neutral and cost-effective system that contributes to the growth of citizens’ well-being. It has been established that the new approach to industrial policy is closely related to the policy of strategic autonomy of the EU; a whole range of measures is aimed at increasing the effectiveness of industrial policy: the adoption of an Action Plan for the proper implementation and compliance with the rules of the single market; review of EU competition rules; development of an Action Plan for the protection of intellectual property, which involves ensuring the technological sovereignty of the EU; combating the theft of intellectual property, improving legislation in the field of public procurement, taking into account environmental requirements. The New Industrial Policy identifies the key factors in the EU’s industrial transformation and aims to achieve a threefold objective: maintaining global industrial competitiveness and a level playing field both in the domestic market and at the global level; turning Europe into a climate-neutral part of the world by 2050; achieving digital leadership in the world. In essence, we are talking about a new quality of economic growth, a new environmental model. The strategy is aimed at increasing the strategic autonomy of the EU in a period of increasing global competition and provides for reducing dependence on external supplies of critical raw materials, developing key technologies strategically important for the industrial future of Europe. The EU’s strategic autonomy policy restricts trade and competition in several ways: through the implementation of quantitative restrictions (quotas; import bans; bans on foreign investment); through price controls, subsidies and standards that apply equally to domestic and foreign suppliers; by establishing new digital policy rules (new restrictions on data regulation; data exchange obligations; taxes on digital services; regulation of digital services markets). Choosing unbalanced policy priorities can lead to reduced investment efficiency, slower competition, slower innovation, and worsening productivity and technology gaps between the EU and the US. The regulatory potential of strategic autonomy to promote market distortions is usually justified by the benefits of safety for society, ethical and environmental considerations, welfare effects for consumers and increased competitiveness of producers, however, it is predicted that it will inevitably produce losses that will be incurred by economic entities. manufacturing practices, review of value chains and supply chains, and due to legal uncertainty associated with how regulation is developed and applied. This inevitably indicates the risks of increased regulatory competition on an international scale.

Features of the functioning of the goods’ free movement in the European Union

The paper is devoted to the study of the EU internal market. It was determined that the main goals of creating an internal market were to stimulate economic growth in the region, improve the quality and availability of goods and services, and reduce prices. The free movement of goods is one of the key freedoms of the EU's internal market and is seen as the basis of EU policy, as it offers producers access to member states' markets and consumers a wide range of goods. The main historical moments of the formation of the free movement of goods are considered, namely the reduction of customs barriers between countries and the establishment of a unified customs policy for third countries through the European Customs Union; abolition of customs duties between member states since 1968; harmonization of national legislation. It has been established that today the free movement of goods means that EU countries do not have to charge customs duties on goods produced in the EU when they cross the border, or on goods produced in third countries when they enter the EU. In addition, charges having an equivalent effect on trade or quantitative restrictions on imports are also prohibited. At the same time, it is determined that the provisions of Art. 36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU allows member states to take measures that have an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions if they are justified by general, non-economic considerations. However, the arguments used by member states to justify import or export barriers were interpreted by the EU court quite strictly, using the proportionality criterion. It is well-founded that one of the problems faced by EU member states is that belonging to the single market means that a single country does not have the right to refuse the sale of products produced in other countries of the Union, which is considered acceptable. The use of restrictive measures provided for in Art. 36, which may impede the free movement of goods, require a scientific analysis to demonstrate the existence of a risk.

Study of functional fatigue in surgeons and nurses of children's medical organizations

Introduction. The impact of high work stress loads on medical workers of children's medical organizations contributes to the formation of fatigue and overwork, especially in modern working conditions, which determines the relevance of these studies.
 The study aims to develop methodological approaches to the quantitative assessment of functional fatigue under the influence of neuropsychiatric and visually stressful loads in medical workers for the differentiated justification of preventive 
 measures.
 Materials and methods. The researchers conducted comprehensive physiological and hygienic studies of medical workers in various work activities (in pediatric intensive care, surgery), aimed at hygienic assessment of the intensity of the labor process, physiological study of the state of the cardiovascular system with the study of the characteristics of the response to functional load (ECG registration on a 12-channel electrocardiograph and continuously using Holter monitoring). The authors have studied the physiological state of the central nervous system and the visual analyzer according to generally accepted methods. We have carried out a total of 2,700 measurements of psychophysiological indicators. Static processing of the received data was carried out using statistical programs STATISTICA 10, Microsoft Excel 2010.
 Results. Medical workers have high nervous-emotional and visual loads when watching video terminal screens. This leads to negative dynamics of the time of perception of sequential contrast (TPSC), a decrease in visual function. The time of onset and the depth of adverse changes depend on the degree of intensity of visual labor.
 We have established the same level of effectiveness of the functions of concentration of attention, short-term memory, perception of simple and complex visual signals in the daytime and at night. The daily curve of indicators does not correspond to the natural curve of the daily rhythm.
 Surgeons and nurses had a strain on the regulatory mechanisms of the circulatory system, a slowdown in the recovery period of all indicators after functional load in the night shift compared with daytime hours of work.
 Conclusion. Pronounced loads on the visual analyzer when watching video terminal screens against the background of nervous and emotional labor stress are the leading professional factors and determine the formation of the functional state of overwork of the first degree in nurses and the second degree in surgeons.
 Limitations. There are quantitative restrictions due to the number of medical personnel in the intensive care unit.
 Ethics. The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health (Protocol No. 4 of 04/14/2021).