Quantitative Analysis Of Products Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical products by spectrophotometry in the infrared region: a practical review

Quality control in the chemical-pharmaceutical industry to identify and quantify the active ingredient has fundamental importance to guarantee the quality of the final product. Its lack can generate irreparable consequences, and therefore its existence is extremely important. However, currently, in this process there is an ecologically correct need beyond the choice of the ideal method and the ideal conditions. This mini-review contemplates the current technological vision of pharmaceutical analysis through Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Green and sustainable methods have a main focus providing economic, environmental and social benefits. An example is spectrophotometry in the infrared region for quantitative purposes. The purpose of this mini-review is to show a practical guide for the quantitative analysis of raw materials and pharmaceutical products by spectrophotometry in the infrared region in order to contribute to a sustainability cycle, where the guarantee of product quality and the analytical awareness about health, time, waste generation, environment and cost coexist. A practical review for quantitative analysis by spectrophotometry in the infrared region was shown. It is useful for routine analysis of pharmaceutical products in general, and it can be used by chemical-pharmaceutical laboratories around the world.

611: HOST IMMUNE ENDOTYPING IN PEDIATRIC ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE

Introduction: Acute respiratory failure (ARF) is a common reason for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The ability to immune endotype critically ill children with ARF to understand if adaptive or innate defects belie severity of illness, and then modulate these defects by evaluating therapies in an ex vivo fashion may be paradigm shifting. We have previously shown that T-cell IFN-γ (adaptive) and monocyte TNF-α (innate) production, as quantitated by the Enzyme-Linked Immune Absorbent Spot (ELISpot) assay, reflect immune competence in COVID-19 pneumonia, and illness severity is associated with decreased circulating lymphocytes with innate and adaptive immune suppression, evidenced by decreased IFN-ɣ and TNF-α production. This promising approach may have significant benefits in critically ill children, as it is unknown if specific measures of innate and adaptive immune function correlate with illness severity. We hypothesize that serial quantitative analysis of IFN-γ and TNF-α production by ELISpot will accurately reflect host immune status in critically ill children with ARF. Methods: In this IRB approved prospective cohort study, children admitted to the PICU with ARF had serial blood analysis using ELISpot for IFN-γ and TNF-α production after positive stimulus with CD3/28 and LPS respectively. ELISpot reporting for cytokine production is done as number of cells secreting the relevant cytokine; data was compared to relevant patient metadata and clinical outcomes. Results: We are currently enrolling patients, and have analyzed two patients with ARF secondary to pneumonia. Patient 1 had 19 cells secreting IFN-ɣ on day 1 and 69 cells on day 5; and 582 cells secreting TNF-α on day 1 and 1217 cells on day 5. Patient 2 had 18 cells secreting IFN-ɣ on day 1 and 144 cells on day 5; and 189 cells secreting TNF-α on day 1 and 466 cells on day 5. Conclusions: Preliminary analysis of IFN-γ and TNF-α production by ELISpot shows surprisingly more IFN-γ reduction early in disease course, which may be a driver of viral replication and severity of illness. Over 5 days, both patients had appropriately hyper inflammatory innate responses. With improved power and additional time points, there is potential to introduce adaptive stimulants early in disease trajectory that may alter clinical outcomes.

Actual applications of infrared spectrophotometry in determining the quality of daily products

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a fast and non-destructive analytical method. Combined with chemometrics, it is a powerful tool for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. This method can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of medicines, foods and other daily products. At the same time, IR spectroscopy is becoming a suitable technique in the processes of drug preparation and for monitoring the productive processes in quality control laboratories. In this paper, IR spectroscopy is used to determine the concentration of alcohol in hand sanitizers, which is essential for slowing the spread of viruses. The effectiveness of hand sanitizer is entirely determined by the volatile ingredient, alcohol, which must remain at a concentration greater than 60\% (volume) to destroy bacterial and viral pathogens. The selected samples varied according to the initial concentration of ethyl alcohol, manufacturer, color, perfume and other ingredients, as well as the validity period.

Quantification of n-heptane low temperature oxidation products by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry

While studies on the low temperature oxidation of organic compounds have been in depth, fast and accurate quantitative analysis of oxidation products, especially for those without standard samples, remains challenging and requires analytical developments. This work studied n-heptane low temperature oxidation in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The oxidation products were also analyzed by a synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet radiation photoionization mass spectrometer (SVUV-PIMS) for comparison. The results showed that PTR-MS was able to measure most oxygenated intermediates compared to SVUV-PIMS. Furthermore, the method for the quantification of low temperature oxidation products was studied. By employing a series of calibration gases, the sensitivities of PTR-MS were confirmed to be linearly related to proton-transfer reaction rates, which were calculated using the trajectory parameterization theory. Mole fraction profiles of oxidation products measured by PTR-MS were compared to SVUV-PIMS and literature gas chromatography data, and in most cases, the results showed good consistency. Special attention is needed for some molecules, such as carboxylic acids, formaldehyde, and peroxides. The effect of the humidity of the reaction environment and the fragment on the quantification need to be considered. Overall, PTR-MS is a promising instrument for the quantitative analysis of combustion products and has the potential to measure the total mole fraction of complex isomers (could not distinguish isomers) and to predict the mole fraction of products without a standard sample.

Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 As Promising Plant Growth Promoting Bacterium, Isolated From The Kadi Vegetable Market Waste, Gujarat.

Chemical fertilizer use in agricultural areas causes a variety of issues, including pollution, health risks, disruption of natural ecological nutrient cycles, and the loss of biological communities. In this case, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and other supplements are replaced by plant growth promoting bacteria for sustainable agriculture. The present research work focus on the isolation of the plant growth promoting bacteria from the Kadi vegetable market waste. Derived from morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis the strain was identified as Enterobacter cloacae PNE2. The antibiotic susceptibility test indicated that the isolate was sensitive to all 22 antibiotics tested. The isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 has multiple growth-promoting activities like N2 fixation, phosphate, solubilization, potassium solubilization, phytohormone (Indole-3-acetic acid) production, EPS production, biopolymer degradation, and also possesses good seed germination ability. Quantitative analysis of nitrite production revealed the isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 produced 0.15±0.01 µg/ml nitrite. The Phosphate Solubilization Index (PSI) of the isolate was recorded 3.58±0.08 and the isolate released 278.34±0.56 μg/ml phosphate in Pikovskaya’s broth. The isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 solubilized 32.66 mg/l potassium. The isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 possesses IAA (48.49±0.05µg/ml) in presence of tryptophan and EPS (19.1±0.2 g/l) production ability. The isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 was also found to degrade Cellulose, Pectin, and Xylan. Furthermore, the isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 enhances seedling growth of Trigonella foenum graceum (fenugreek). Thus, the isolate Enterobacter cloacae PNE2 has significant plant growth promoting characteristics and can be applied in a bio-fertilizer formulation for sustainable agriculture.

Life Cycle Assessment on Agricultural Production: A Mini Review on Methodology, Application, and Challenges

Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an effective tool for the quantitative evaluation and analysis of agricultural materials production and operation activities in various stages of the agricultural system. Based on the concept of life cycle, it comprehensively summarizes the impact of agriculture on the environment, which is an effective tool to promote the sustainability and green development of agriculture. In recent years, agricultural LCA has been widely used in the agroecosystem for resource and environmental impacts analysis. However, some challenges still exist in agricultural LCA, i.e., the environmental impact assessment index system needs to be improved; its application in different production mode is limited; and combination research with other models needs more attention. This paper discusses the above-mentioned challenges and recommends research priorities for both scientific development and improvements in practical implementation. In summary, further research is needed to construct a regional heterogeneity database and develop innovated methodologies to develop more meaningful functional units for agricultural products to complement LCA by other models. These efforts will make agricultural LCA more robust and effective in environmental impacts assessment to support decision making from individual farm to regional or (inter)national for the sustainable future of agriculture.

Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée) in Xinjiang, China

Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management, especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication. We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée; ACB) in Xinjiang, China. The ACB produces three compounds: (Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate (Z12-14:Ac) and (E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate (E12-14:Ac) which are two sex pheromone compounds, and n-tetradecyl acetate (14:Ac) which has variable roles in mediating behavioral responses. The ratios of these three compounds produced in female gland are geographically distinct among different populations. Quantitative analysis of pheromone production showed that the proportions of Z12-14:Ac in the E/Z isomers (i.e., Z and E12-14:Ac) and the proportions of 14:Ac in the ternary blend respectively averaged 60.46% (SD=5.26) and 25.00% (SD=7.37), with their probabilities normally or near-normally distributed. Trapping experiments in a cornfield indicated that deploying the E/Z isomers and the three compounds in rubber septa close to their gland ratios yielded the most captured males, while other ratios that deviated from the gland ratios showed reduced field captures. The ternary blend was significantly more attractive to males than the E/Z isomers in the field, indicating a functional role of 14:Ac as the third pheromone component used by the local population. Additionally, the dose-response test demonstrated that the application of the three compounds at dosages between 200 and 350 μg attracted significantly more males compared to other dosages. Therefore, the characterization of this local ACB pheromone system provides additional information about its geographic variation and serves as a basis for optimizing the pheromone-mediated control of this pest in Xinjiang.

Coupling wastewater valorization with sustainable biofuel production: Comparison of lab- and pilot-scale biomass yields of Chlorella sorokiniana grown in wastewater under photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions.

Microalgae are the important biofuel precursors and their economic cultivation can be boosted under mixotrophic (MT) conditions while employing different industrial wastewaters containing organic carbon. In the current research, the quantitative analysis of microalgal biomass production under MT and photoautotrophic (PT) cultivation conditions both at lab and pilot scales was studied. For the purpose, a pre-identified microalgal species Chlorella sorokiniana was cultivated mixotrophically and photoautotrophically at lab and pilot scales. Artificially prepared wastewater containing 2% (w/v) sugarcane molasses was used for MT cultivation. However, for PT cultivation, atmospheric CO2 was the only carbon source. After 15 days of aerobic incubation, microalgal biomass was harvested and analyzed for biomass productivity. Cultivation conditions and cultivation scale posed significant and non-significant impact, respectively on biomass productivities. However, biomass productivity was comparatively higher for the biomass raised under MT conditions at lab scale. The recorded values of biomass productivity were 88.75±9.51 and 127.68±7.91mgL-1d-1 for the biomass raised at lab scale under PT and MT conditions, respectively. Pilot-scale cultivation depicted biomass productivities as 83.49±7.87 and 124.88±3.76mgL-1d-1 under PT and MT conditions, respectively. High biomass production under MT conditions may suggest the elevated production of biofuels from microalgae. Future studies on biomass production while utilizing different industrial wastewaters at pilot scale and in open raceway ponds are needed for viable production of microalgae-based fuels.

Comparing Individuals With PPA to Individuals With AD: Cognitive and Linguistic Profiles

Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a degenerative condition characterized by the progressive loss of language function. In PPA, aphasia is the most prominent deficit at onset. On the other hand, memory deficits are the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The first aim of the study was to establish differences on neuropsychological testing and connected speech production between Greek-speaking individuals with AD and PPA. The second aim was to investigate the executive deficit involvement in the two conditions. Ten individuals with PPA and 9 individuals with AD took part in a comprehensive cognitive-linguistic evaluation. Fifteen demographically matched neurologically healthy adults served as controls. Participants were evaluated using a battery of neuropsychological measures. Quantitative production analysis and acoustic analysis were performed to calculate narrative and temporal measures of the participants' speech. Participants with PPA differed significantly from participants with AD on linguistic measures. They performed worse on the long frequent sentences' subtest of the Sentence Repetition Test and they produced fewer narrative and unique words in picture description. They also produced shorter, less elaborated sentences, and made more phonological errors. The two groups did not differ significantly on memory, executive, visuospatial and semantic composite measures. Compared to neurotypical adults, participants with AD were impaired in memory, and executive function. They also exhibited lexical retrieval difficulties, as well as difficulties in linguistic tasks with an increased processing load. Participants with PPA performed within normal limits on the delay conditions of episodic memory measures. However, they too were impaired in executive tasks, especially for short-term memory and verbal fluency. The production of phonological errors, difficulty in repeating long frequent sentences, and the production of simple and short sentences has differentiated participants PPA not only from neurotypical controls but also from participants with AD. No single measure could differentiate the AD group from the other two groups. These findings should be interpreted with caution considering the small sample size.

“Electro-dissolution” of gold nanoclusters for constructing ammonia sensor

• The sensor overcomes the common obstacles in ammonia detection, the high energy barrier of ammonia electrocatalysis and the toxicity of N -ads. • Further improved the electro-dissolution mechanism for ammonia detection by theoretical analysis and expanded the application to more substances. • The economical and facile constructed sensor has excellent reproducibility under high-intensity work both in theory and practice. Overcoming the electrocatalytic energy barrier mediated by Gerischer-Mauerer's mechanism has always been a major challenge in ammonia detection. The previous report [1] that ammonia can electro-dissolve Au gives us inspiration to establish a more efficient and reusable electrochemical transmission technique for ammonia detection and, above all, remove the ammonia electrocatalytic barrier. In this work, the latent electro-dissolution activity of ammonia towards Au was employed to construct the sensing interface. The sensor applied the potentiostatic electrodeposition method to grow Au crystals on the surface of carbon cloth, offering a simple and low-cost alternative for practical production. Additionally, the electro-dissolution sensing method effectively addresses the limitation of high energy barrier and toxic products ( N -ads) in catalytic oxidation of ammonia. Cyclic Voltammetry and Tafel curve demonstrate the electrochemical properties of Au/CC and help to predict the relationship between the ammonia concentration and current through theoretical analysis, which were further confirmed by an i-t curve. We proved that the sensor has excellent reproducibility under high-intensity work in theory and it exhibits high stability over 7 weeks in practice. The economical and facile constructing electrode method and the outstanding performance in long-term reuse greatly reduce the cost. Generally, the sensor is suitable for continuous ammonia monitoring in wastewater and quantitative analysis of products by chemical companies.

Longitudinal changes in connected speech over a one-year span in the nonfluent/agrammatic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia

ABSTRACT Background Connected speech assessment is essential to characterize the language features in primary progressive aphasia (PPA). This is especially true for the non-fluent/agrammatic variant (nfvPPA) in which one of the core features is agrammatism. Identification of agrammatism typically involves the analysis of sentence production, as in connected speech, in order to detect syntactic deficits. However, little is known about the longitudinal changes occurring in connected speech of individuals with non-fluent PPA. Aim The aim of this study was to assess changes in connected speech over a one-year span in participants with nfvPPA using semi-structured interviews. Methods and procedures We conducted a prospective group study including participants with nfvPPA (n=9) and age- and education-matched healthy controls (n=9). For each individual, connected speech was obtained using topic-directed interviews at two testing rounds, each approximately one year apart. Production on each task was recorded, transcribed and analyzed according to the Quantitative Production Analysis (QPA) protocol, a tool developed by Berndt and colleagues (2000) for the analysis of sentence production in aphasia. For each group, the probability of deterioration between the two testing rounds was estimated using Bayesian analysis. Results and outcomes For individuals with nfvPPA, statistical evidence of deterioration from the first testing round to the second was found for five variables, namely the proportion of pronouns, the proportion of verbs, the proportion of closed class words, the inflection index and the proportion of well-formed sentences. Conclusions Results from the present study suggest that variables relating to word-finding and morphology are more vulnerable to time and therefore may be relevant potential targets for intervention.

Investigation on the correlation between ferrous ion and the floatability of pyrite with different oxidation degrees

This work aims to establish the quantitative relationship between the surface oxidation state of pyrite and flotation performance. In this paper, an efficient method was proposed to prepare pyrite with different oxidation degrees. Flotation tests show that the floatability of pyrite decreased with prolonging the oxidation time. Tof-SIMS results reveal that the main component on the oxidized pyrite surface is Fe hydroxides or oxides. XPS analysis confirms that Fe(OH)2 and FeOOH are the main formula of Fe species, and the ratio of Fe2+/Total Fe agrees well with the floatability of pyrite with different oxidation degrees, which can be taken as an index to develop the flotation performance of pyrite. DFT simulation calculation further demonstrates the reliability of Fe(OH)2 as the active site. This study provides essential surface chemistry evidence for correlating the surface species with the floatability of pyrite with different oxidation states through quantitative analysis of various intermediate products.

A high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection-based quantitative analytical method for polyvinyl alcohol in food supplements with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based verification.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is extensively used in agricultural, pharmaceutical, textile, and food industries. A new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was developed for the quantitative analysis of PVOH products. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed for method verification. The HPLC-ELSD method exhibited acceptable linearity (R2 > 0.99), with limits of detection and quantitation of 19.43 and 58.88μg/mL, respectively. Accuracies of 91.16-102.30% were estimated based on recoveries of the intra- and inter-day tests of PVOH. Repeatability and intermediate precision (%RSD) of 1.23-4.45 and 2.18-6.95, respectively, were obtained. The presence of PVOH in the HPLC peaks was further verified using typical indicators of PVOH in Py-GC/MS analysis, such as acetaldehyde, 2,5-dihydrofuran, benzaldehyde, and crotonaldehyde. This novel HPLC method with Py-GC/MS-based verification can be successfully applied for analyzing PVOH in dietary supplement tablets.

Synthesis of (Hyper)Branched Monohydroxyl Alkoxysilane Oligomers toward Silanized Urethane Prepolymers.

The aim of this work was the synthesis of (hyper)branched oligomers based on trialkoxysilane in various conditions and further application of them in order to modify the urethane prepolymers. Hydroxyl-terminated trialkoxysilane was used as a monomer for homo-condensation. It was obtained by reaction of 3-aminopropyl trialkoxysilane (APTES) with ethylene carbonate (EC). The reaction was based on the attack of amine at the carbonyl carbon atom followed by ring opening of the carbonate to give a urethane (carbamate) product. The next step was the condensation via substitution of ethoxy groups on silicon atom with the terminal hydroxyalkyl groups present in the primary product with the evolution of ethanol. Accordingly, the impact of temperature and type of catalyst on process efficiency was investigated. A quantitative analysis of reaction progress and products of the conversion of EC together with ethanol evolution was conducted by means of gas chromatography, which allowed us to determine the formation of monomeric product and, indirectly, of oligomeric products. It was found that at room temperature after 24 h, the majority of the monomeric product was isolated, whereas at elevated temperature in the presence of Ti-based catalyst, further condensation of the monomer into branched oligomers was preferred, and, moreover, the application of vacuum intensified that process. The obtained products were structurally characterized by 1H and 29Si NMR, MALDI-ToF and Gel Permeation Chromatography. Finally, two different alkoxysilane products, monomeric and oligomeric, were applied for modification of urethane prepolymer, forming silanized one (SPUR). The influence of the silanizing agent on the mechanical and thermal properties of the moisture-cured products was shown before and after additional conditioning in water.

Terahertz spectroscopy of temperature-induced transformation between glutamic acid, pyroglutamic acid and racemic pyroglutamic acid

Under heating conditions, L-Glutamic acid (L-Glu) can be dehydrated to form L-pyroglutamic acid (L-PGA), and L-PGA can racemize to form DL-PGA. Here, we characterized this transformation at different temperatures and times by terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). By Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), the validity of THz spectroscopy is verified. The results prove that the reaction rate of dehydration and racemization is significantly affected by temperature. The THz spectra divided the reactions into three stages. At 150–155 °C, the reaction changes drastically. Furthermore, we found that the absorption intensity at 0.97 and 1.55 THz has a good dependence on the reaction temperature and time, showing a non-linear relationship (R2 > 0.98). Our findings suggest that the chemical transformation and reaction rate can be sensitively probed by terahertz spectroscopy, which provides a potential method for the quantitative analysis of reaction products.

The rise of 5G technologies and systems: A quantitative analysis of knowledge production

The advent of a new generation of wireless communications has punctuated the dawn of every decade in recent times. Upgrades to mobile electronic systems represent faster and more robust capabilities of data transfer but bring with it a wide set of complementary changes as they are underpinned by harmonised specific spectrum bands, fresh international technical standards, new network operation requirements, innovative cellular devices as well as new services and a broader array of potential commercial use applications. This paper presents a systematic outline of the development of 5G-related research until 2020 as revealed by over 10,000 science and technology publications. The exercise addresses the emergence, growth, and impact of this body of work and offers insights regarding disciplinary distribution, international performance, and historical dynamics. Findings reveal the progressive growth of the 5G research over the years after original contributions in 2010 and point to a “take-off” around 2014. A set of stylised facts regarding this technology since its infancy are of interest to engineers, regulators and innovation strategists and policy-makers.

Valorization of industrial waste lignin via pyrolysis in the presence of additives: Formation, characterization, and application of fuel valued bio-oil and activated char

The annual production of over 50 million tonnes of industrial waste kraft lignin and scant utilization invites environmental concern. To explore the potential of simultaneously produced bio-oil and modified char (Activated char), lignin from industrial effluents was subjected to pyrolytic degradation at 380 °C using various additives, viz., H3BO3, ZnCl2, and KOH yielding encouraging quantities of bio-oils besides substantial quantities of char. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of gaseous products (by GC-TCD) indicated a mixture of CO, CO2, H2, and methane, with some variation in volumetric composition suggesting potential for gaseous fuel/syngas. Gaseous products obtained in the presence of H3BO3 have the highest methane percentage. The bio-oils obtained in the presence of H3BO3, ZnCl2, KOH, and only pure lignin under otherwise similar conditions were respectively 37%, 21%, 27%, and 11 wt%. In all cases, mainly bio-oils contain phenols, cyclic esters, and carboxylic acids, as indicated by GC-MS analysis. Elemental (C, H, O) Analyses of bio-oils obtained in the presence of (H3BO3, ZnCl2, and KOH) indicated decreasing oxygen content compared to original lignin, suggesting their prima facie potential to lead to fuel additives/supplements. Similarly, the Char obtained in the presence of H3BO3, ZnCl2, KOH, and only pure lignin were respectively, 40%, 53%, 48%, and 33 wt% with a high calorific value. Char obtained from KOH application demonstrated good uptake of Carbofuran (pesticide) from the aqueous solution. Less modified, cost-effective activated char was characterized using FTIR, TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, and BET-BJH, indicating 188.798 m2/g; this explores the role of KOH to form a microporous structure. Pseudo-second-order kinetics explain chemisorption to be dominant in the adsorption process. Thus, pyrolysis at selected temperatures/additives/and further treatments provides a much better way to utilize industrial waste lignin.

Experimental Study on the Pyrolysis and Soot Formation Characteristics of JP-10 Jet Fuel

Experiments of high temperature pyrolysis and soot formation analysis on JP-10, one of the representatives of fuels, were conducted in order to analyze its properties and help construct its chemical kinetic mechanism. High-temperature pyrolysis and fuel-rich oxidation experiments were carried out on JP-10 fuel under different conditions using two types of shock tube equipment (SPST and HPST). The pyrolysis experiments were carried out in two working conditions with JP-10 concentrations of 200 ppm and 500 ppm (in Ar). Quantitative analyses of JP-10 pyrolysis products were carried out using gas chromatography, and a total of eight small molecule products below C4 were detected. Among these eight products, methane, ethene, and acetylene were the three main products. In the fuel-rich oxidation experiments for soot formation analysis, a total of nine working conditions were designed, but soot formation was detected only under three of them. The soot induction delay time and soot yield of JP-10 were investigated using laser absorption measurement. The SYmax (the maximum amount of soot yield) and other relevant parameters were investigated under these three different working conditions. At a pressure of 3 bar and a temperature of 1884.10 K, the soot yield reached a maximum of 14.3. In addition to practical insights from these data, they were also useful for the construction and validation of the chemical kinetic mechanism of JP-10.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Oxidative Degradation Products in Frying Oil by Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Metalloporphyrin-Based Sensor

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Oxidative Degradation Products in Frying Oil by Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy with Metalloporphyrin-Based Sensor

Intranational film industries: a quantitative analysis of contemporary Belgian cinema

ABSTRACT This article presents a quantitative analysis of Belgian fiction film production between 2000 and 2019. Analysing an extensive database, it explores the current state of Belgian cinema, which is characterised on the one hand by a strong international dimension, and on the other hand by two largely separate intranational industries: a Flemish and a francophone Belgian film industry. Despite the persistent gap between the two industries, a certain rapprochement seems to be manifesting recently. This industrial analysis is preceded by an exploration of the conceptual and practical difficulties and limitations that arise when trying to determine whether a film can be labelled (partly) ‘Belgian’, ‘Flemish’ and/or ‘francophone Belgian’. Emanating from the complexity of the Belgian situation, these difficulties reveal some of the theoretical contradictions of the concept of national cinema. As such, departing from a quantitative study of Belgian cinema, this article also provides an original contribution to ongoing debates on the concept of national cinema.