Quantitative Histology Research Articles

Quantitative Multi-Parametric MRI of the Prostate Reveals Racial Differences

Purpose: This study investigates whether quantitative MRI and histology of the prostate reveal differences between races, specifically African Americans (AAs) and Caucasian Americans (CAs), that can affect diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Patients (98 CAs, 47 AAs) with known or suspected prostate cancer (PCa) underwent 3T MRI (T2W, DWI, and DCE-MRI) prior to biopsy or prostatectomy. Quantitative mpMRI metrics: ADC, T2, and DCE empirical mathematical model parameters were calculated. Results: AAs had a greater percentage of higher Gleason-grade lesions compared to CAs. There were no significant differences in the quantitative ADC and T2 values between AAs and CAs. The cancer signal enhancement rate (α) on DCE-MRI was significantly higher for AAs compared to CAs (AAs: 13.3 ± 9.3 vs. CAs: 6.1 ± 4.7 s−1, p < 0.001). The DCE signal washout rate (β) was significantly lower in benign tissue of AAs (AAs: 0.01 ± 0.09 s−1 vs. CAs: 0.07 ± 0.07 s−1, p < 0.001) and significantly elevated in cancer tissue in AAs (AAs: 0.12 ± 0.07 s−1 vs. CAs: 0.07 ± 0.08 s−1, p = 0.02). DCE significantly improves the differentiation of PCa from benign in AAs (α: 52%, β: 62% more effective in AAs compared to CAs). Histologic analysis showed cancers have a greater proportion (p = 0.04) of epithelium (50.9 ± 12.3 vs. 44.7 ± 12.8%) and lower lumen (10.5 ± 6.9 vs. 16.2 ± 6.8%) in CAs compared to AAs. Conclusions: This study shows that AAs have different quantitative DCE-MRI values for benign prostate and prostate cancer and different histologic makeup in PCa compared to CAs. Quantitative DCE-MRI can significantly improve the performance of MRI for PCa diagnosis in African Americans but is much less effective for Caucasian Americans.

Ferroptosis - a potential feature underlying neratinib-induced colonic epithelial injury.

Neratinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that irreversibly binds to human epidermal growth factor receptors 1, 2 and 4 (HER1/2/4), is an approved extended adjuvant therapy for patients with HER2-amplified or -overexpressed (HER2-positive) breast cancers. Patients receiving neratinib may experience mild-to-severe symptoms of gut toxicity including abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Despite being a highly prevalent complication in gut health, the biological processes underlying neratinib-induced gut injury, especially in the colon, remains unclear. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and histology were integrated to study the effect of, and type of cell death induced by neratinib on colonic tissues collected from female Albino Wistar rats dosed with neratinib (50mg/kg) daily for 28 days. Additionally, previously published bulk RNA-sequencing and CRISPR-screening datasets on human glioblastoma SF268 cell line and glioblastoma T895 xenograft, and mouse TBCP1 breast cancer cell line were leveraged to elucidate potential mechanisms of neratinib-induced cell death. The severity of colonic epithelial injury, especially degeneration of surface lining colonocytes and infiltration of immune cells, was more pronounced in the distal colon than the proximal colon. Sequencing showed that apoptotic gene signature was enriched in neratinib-treated SF268 cells while ferroptotic gene signature was enriched in neratinib-treated TBCP1 cells and T895 xenograft. However, we found that ferroptosis, but less likely apoptosis, was a potential histopathological feature underlying colonic injury in rats treated with neratinib. Ferroptosis is a potential feature of neratinib-induced colonic injury and that targeting molecular machinery governing neratinib-induced ferroptosis may represent an attractive therapeutic approach to ameliorate symptoms of gut toxicity.

Quantitative 3D histochemistry reveals region-specific amyloid-β reduction by the antidiabetic drug netoglitazone.

A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the extracellular aggregation of toxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in form of plaques. Here, we identify netoglitazone, an antidiabetic compound previously tested in humans, as an Aβ aggregation antagonist. Netoglitazone improved cognition and reduced microglia activity in a mouse model of AD. Using quantitative whole-brain three-dimensional histology (Q3D), we precisely identified brain regions where netoglitazone reduced the number and size of Aβ plaques. We demonstrate the utility of Q3D in preclinical drug evaluation for AD by providing a high-resolution brain-wide view of drug efficacy. Applying Q3D has the potential to improve pre-clinical drug evaluation by providing information that can help identify mechanisms leading to brain region-specific drug efficacy.

Calcium-activated Potassium Channels as Amplifiers of TRPV4-mediated Pulmonary Edema Formation in Male Mice.

As a mechanosensitive cation channel and key regulator of vascular barrier function, endothelial transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4) contributes critically to ventilator-induced lung injury and edema formation. Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 can activate Ca2+-activated potassium (KCa) channels, categorized into small (SK1-3), intermediate (IK1), and big (BK) KCa, which may in turn amplify Ca2+ influx by increasing the electrochemical Ca2+ gradient and thus promote lung injury. The authors therefore hypothesized that endothelial KCa channels may contribute to the progression of TRPV4-mediated ventilator-induced lung injury. Male C57Bl/6J mice were ventilated for 2 h with low or high tidal volumes in the presence or absence of the nonselective KCa antagonists apamin and charybdotoxin or the selective IK1 antagonist TRAM34. Lung injury was similarly assessed in overventilated, endothelial-specific TRPV4-deficient mice or TRAM34-treated C57Bl/6J mice challenged with intratracheal acid installation. Changes in intracellular calcium Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) were monitored by real-time imaging in isolated-perfused lungs in response to airway pressure elevation or in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in response to TRPV4 activation with or without inhibition of KCa channels. Analogously, changes in intracellular potassium concentration ([K+]i) and membrane potential were imaged in vitro. Endothelial TRPV4 deficiency or inhibition of KCa channels, and most prominently inhibition of IK1 by TRAM34, attenuated ventilator-induced lung injury as demonstrated by reduced lung edema, protein leak, and quantitative lung histology. All KCa antagonists reduced the [Ca2+]i response to mechanical stimulation or direct TRPV4 activation in isolated lungs. TRAM34 and charybdotoxin yet not apamin prevented TRPV4-induced potassium efflux and membrane hyperpolarization in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. TRAM34 also attenuated the TRPV4 agonist-induced Ca2+ influx in vitro and reduced acid-induced lung injury in vivo. KCa channels, specifically IK1, act as amplifiers of TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ influx and establish a detrimental feedback that promotes barrier failure and drives the progression of ventilator-induced lung injury.

Sensitivity of magnetic resonance elastography to extracellular matrix and cell motility in human prostate cancer cell line-derived xenograft models

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health problem in the male population of the Western world. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), an emerging medical imaging technique sensitive to mechanical properties of biological tissues, detects PCa based on abnormally high stiffness and viscosity values. Yet, the origin of these changes in tissue properties and how they correlate with histopathological markers and tumor aggressiveness are largely unknown, hindering the use of tumor biomechanical properties for establishing a noninvasive PCa staging system.To infer the contributions of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and cell motility, we investigated fresh tissue specimens from two PCa xenograft mouse models, PC3 and LNCaP, using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), quantitative histology, and nuclear shape analysis. Increased tumor stiffness and impaired water diffusion were observed to be associated with collagen and elastin accumulation and decreased cell motility. Overall, LNCaP, while more representative of clinical PCa than PC3, accumulated fewer ECM components, induced less restriction of water diffusion, and exhibited increased cell motility, resulting in overall softer and less viscous properties. Taken together, our results suggest that prostate tumor stiffness increases with ECM accumulation and cell adhesion - characteristics that influence critical biological processes of cancer development.MRE paired with DWI provides a powerful set of imaging markers that can potentially predict prostate tumor development from benign masses to aggressive malignancies in patients. Statement of significanceXenograft models of human prostate tumor cell lines, allowing correlation of microstructure-sensitive biophysical imaging parameters with quantitative histological methods, can be investigated to identify hallmarks of cancer.

Dietary intervention reverses molecular markers of hepatocellular senescence in the GAN diet-induced obese and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH.

Hepatocellular senescence may be a causal factor in the development and progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The most effective currently available treatment for NASH is lifestyle intervention, including dietary modification. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary intervention on hallmarks of NASH and molecular signatures of hepatocellular senescence in the Gubra-Amylin NASH (GAN) diet-induced obese (DIO) and biopsy-confirmed mouse model of NASH. GAN DIO-NASH mice with liver biopsy-confirmed NASH and fibrosis received dietary intervention by switching to chow feeding (chow reversal) for 8, 16 or 24 weeks. Untreated GAN DIO-NASH mice and chow-fed C57BL/6J mice served as controls. Pre-to-post liver biopsy histology was performed for within-subject evaluation of NAFLD Activity Score and fibrosis stage. Terminal endpoints included blood/liver biochemistry, quantitative liver histology, mitochondrial respiration and RNA sequencing. Chow-reversal promoted substantial benefits on metabolic outcomes and liver histology, as demonstrated by robust weight loss, complete resolution of hepatomegaly, hypercholesterolemia, elevated transaminase levels and hepatic steatosis in addition to attenuation of inflammatory markers. Notably, all DIO-NASH mice demonstrated ≥ 2 point significant improvement in NAFLD Activity Score following dietary intervention. While not improving fibrosis stage, chow-reversal reduced quantitative fibrosis markers (PSR, collagen 1a1, α-SMA), concurrent with improved liver mitochondrial respiration, complete reversal of p21 overexpression, lowered γ-H2AX levels and widespread suppression of gene expression markers of hepatocellular senescence. Dietary intervention (chow reversal) substantially improves metabolic, biochemical and histological hallmarks of NASH and fibrosis in GAN DIO-NASH mice. These benefits were reflected by progressive clearance of senescent hepatocellular cells, making the model suitable for profiling potential senotherapeutics in preclinical drug discovery for NASH.

Extrahepatic Bile Duct Organoids as a Model to Study Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury During Liver Transplantation.

Biliary complications are still a major cause for morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) leads to disruption of the biliary epithelium. We introduce a novel model to study the effect of IRI on human cholangiocytes using extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECOs). Extrahepatic bile duct tissue was collected during LT at static cold storage and after reperfusion (n = 15); gallbladder tissue was used for controls (n = 5). ECOs (n = 9) were cultured from extrahepatic biliary tissue, with IRI induced in an atmosphere of 95% air (nitrogen), 1% O2 and 5% CO2for 48h, followed by 24h of reoxygenation. Qualitative and quantitative histology and qRT-PCR were performed to discern phenotype, markers of hypoxia, programmed cell death and proliferation. ECOs self-organized into circular structures resembling biliary architecture containing cholangiocytes that expressed EpCAM, CK19, LGR5 and SOX-9. After hypoxia, ECOs showed increased expression of VEGF A (p < 0.0001), SLC2A1 (p < 0.0001) and ACSL4 (p < 0.0001) to indicate response to hypoxic damage and subsequent programmed cell death. Increase in cyclin D1 (p < 0.0001) after reoxygenation indicated proliferative activity in ECOs. Therefore, ECO structure and response to IRI are comparable to that found in-vivo, providing a suitable model to study IRI of the bile duct in-vitro.

Prostate Cancers Invisible on Multiparametric MRI: Pathologic Features in Correlation with Whole-Mount Prostatectomy.

We investigated why some prostate cancers (PCas) are not identified on multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) by using ground truth reference from whole-mount prostatectomy specimens. A total of 61 patients with biopsy-confirmed PCa underwent 3T mpMRI followed by prostatectomy. Lesions visible on MRI prospectively or retrospectively identified after correlating with histology were considered "identified cancers" (ICs). Lesions that could not be identified on mpMRI were considered "unidentified cancers" (UCs). Pathologists marked the Gleason score, stage, size, and density of the cancer glands and performed quantitative histology to calculate the tissue composition. Out of 115 cancers, 19 were unidentified on MRI. The UCs were significantly smaller and had lower Gleason scores and clinical stage lesions compared with the ICs. The UCs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher ADC (1.34 ± 0.38 vs. 1.02 ± 0.30 μm2/ms) and T2 (117.0 ± 31.1 vs. 97.1 ± 25.1 ms) compared with the ICs. The density of the cancer glands was significantly (p = 0.04) lower in the UCs. The percentage of the Gleason 4 component in Gleason 3 + 4 lesions was nominally (p = 0.15) higher in the ICs (20 ± 12%) compared with the UCs (15 ± 8%). The UCs had a significantly lower epithelium (32.9 ± 21.5 vs. 47.6 ± 13.1%, p = 0.034) and higher lumen volume (20.4 ± 10.0 vs. 13.3 ± 4.1%, p = 0.021) compared with the ICs. Independent from size and Gleason score, the tissue composition differences, specifically, the higher lumen and lower epithelium in UCs, can explain why some of the prostate cancers cannot be identified on mpMRI.

Effects of combustible cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems on the development and progression of chronic lung inflammation in mice.

Although detrimental effects of combustible cigarettes (CCs) on the progression of lung inflammatory diseases are well known, changes in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)-exposed lung-infiltrated immune cells are still unrevealed. The analysis of blood gas parameters, descriptive and quantitative histology of lung tissues, determination of serum cytokines, intracellular staining and flow cytometry analysis of lung-infiltrated immune cells were used to determine the differences in the extent of lung injury and inflammation between mice from experimental (CC and ENDS-exposed animals) and control group (Air-exposed mice). Continuous exposition to either CCs or ENDS induced severe systemic inflammatory response, increased activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophils and macrophages and enhanced dendritic cell-dependent activation of Th1 and Th17 cells in the lungs. ENDS induced less severe immune response than CCs. Serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were significantly lower in the samples of ENDS-exposed mice. Compared to CCs, ENDS recruited lower number of circulating leukocytes in injured lungs and had less capacity to induce CD14/TLR-2-dependent activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in lung-infiltrated neutrophils and macrophages. ENDS-primed dendritic cells had reduced capacity for the generation of Th1 and Th17 cell-driven lung inflammation. Accordingly, extensive immune cell-driven lung injury resulted in severe respiratory dysfunction in CCs-exposed mice, while ENDS caused moderate respiratory dysfunction in experimental animals. Continuous exposition to either CCs or ENDS induced immune cell-driven lung damage in mice. ENDS triggered immune response which was less potent than inflammatory response elicited by CCs and, therefore, caused less severe lung injury and inflammation. This is the first study that compared the effects of CCs and ENDS on lung-infiltrated immune cells. Although both CCs and ENDS elicited systemic inflammatory response, immune cell-driven lung injury and inflammation were less severe in ENDS-exposed than in CC-exposed animals. Continuous exposition to ENDS-sourced aerosols was less harmful for respiratory function of experimental animals than CC-derived smoke.

Metformin Reduces the Progression of Atherogenesis by Regulating the Sestrin2-mTOR Pathway in Obese and Diabetic Rats.

In previous research, we found that Sestrin2 has a strong association with plasma atherogenicity and combats the progression of atherogenesis by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Metformin, an activator of AMPK, is widely used as a first-line therapy for diabetes, but its role in preventing atherosclerosis and cardiac outcomes is unclear. Hence, we aimed to assess the effect of metformin on preventing atherosclerosis and its regulatory role in the Sestrin2-AMPK -mTOR pathway in obese/diabetic rats. Animals were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity, administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes, and then treated with metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) for 14 weeks. Aorta and heart tissues were analyzed for Sestrin2 status by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, AMPK and mTOR activities were investigated using western blotting, and atherogenicity-related events were evaluated using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histology. Obese and diabetic rats showed significant decrease in Sestrin2 levels and AMPK activity, accompanied by increased mTOR activity in the heart and aorta tissues. Metformin treatment significantly restored Sestrin2 and AMPK levels, reduced mTOR activity, and restored the altered expression of inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in obese and diabetic rats to normal levels. A histological analysis of samples from obese and diabetic rats showed atherosclerotic lesions both in aorta and heart tissues. The metformin-treated rats showed a decrease in atherosclerotic lesions, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyocyte degeneration. This study presents further insights into the beneficial effects of metformin and its protective role against atherosclerosis through regulation of the Sestrin2-AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Gene augmentation therapy attenuates retinal degeneration in a knockout mouse model of Fam161a retinitis pigmentosa

Photoreceptor cell degeneration and death is the major hallmark of a wide group of human blinding diseases including age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa. In recent years, inherited retinal diseases have become the "testing ground" for novel therapeutic modalities, including gene and cell-based therapies. Currently there is no available treatment for retinitis pigmentosa caused by FAM161A biallelic pathogenic variants. In this study, we injected an adeno-associated virus encoding for the longer transcript of mFam161a into the subretinal space of P24-P29 Fam161a knockout mice to characterize the safety and efficacy of gene augmentation therapy. Serial in vivo assessment of retinal function and structure at 3, 6, and 8months of age using the optomotor response test, full-field electroretinography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography imaging as well as ex vivo quantitative histology and immunohistochemical studies revealed a significant structural and functional rescue effect in treated eyes accompanied by expression of the FAM161A protein in photoreceptors. The results of this study may serve as an important step toward future application of gene augmentation therapy in FAM161A-deficient patients by identifying a promising isoform to rescue photoreceptors and their function.

A Quantitative Histologic Analysis of Oogenesis in the Flatfish Species Pleuronectes platessa as a Tool for Fisheries Management.

The following paper gives a detailed description of the oogenesis cycle for the European Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), from oogonia to post-ovulatory follicle, including ovarian follicle and zona pellucida sizes. Noteworthy particularities were the difficulty in identifying cortical alveoli due to their very small size. Quantitative histology (stereology) on histological slides was used to determine a first size at maturity for females from the English Channel, which was found to be smaller compared to the literature (19 cm). Stereology also determined a first spawning event starting in January, with a peak in February and ongoing until March. Moreover, the use of stereology showed misclassifications for individuals categorized into a maturity phase using a macroscopic visual method. Misclassifications were found with individuals that had spawned (D) but were put under the immature (A) phase, and individuals in development (B) classified under D.

Histopatological parameters of the spinal cord in different phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. A mouse model of multiple sclerosis examined by classical stainings combined with immunohistochemistry.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are characterized by three main histopathological parameters: inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. In this study, these parameters were assessed in spinal cords of mice in the successive phases of EAE by quantitative histology and immunohistochemistry. The number of inflammatory lesions, the intensity of inflammation and expression of CD45 corresponded with the severity of clinical symptoms: they increased from the onset phase to the peak phase of the disease and subsided in the chronic phase. Demyelination increased in the peak phase and did not change in the chronic phase of EAE, although axonal damage gradually increased from the onset phase to the chronic phase, suggesting compensatory hypermyelination in that phase. The markers of myelin and axonal injury: myelin basic protein (MBP) and beta amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) showed changes (decrease and increase, respectively) of expression parallel to changes in demyelination and axonal damage. Results of this study indicate that although inflammation intensity subsides in the chronic phase of EAE, the neurodestructive processes: demyelination and axonal damage continue in that phase.

Maize Internode Autofluorescence at the Macroscopic Scale: Image Representation and Principal Component Analysis of a Series of Large Multispectral Images.

A quantitative histology of maize stems is needed to study the role of tissue and of their chemical composition in plant development and in their end-use quality. In the present work, a new methodology is proposed to show and quantify the spatial variability of tissue composition in plant organs and to statistically compare different samples accounting for biological variability. Multispectral UV/visible autofluorescence imaging was used to acquire a macroscale image series based on the fluorescence of phenolic compounds in the cell wall. A series of 40 multispectral large images of a whole internode section taken from four maize inbred lines were compared. The series consisted of more than 1 billion pixels and 11 autofluorescence channels. Principal Component Analysis was adapted and named large PCA and score image montages at different scales were built. Large PCA score distributions were proposed as quantitative features to compare the inbred lines. Variations in the tissue fluorescence were clearly displayed in the score images. General intensity variations were identified. Rind vascular bundles were differentiated from other tissues due to their lignin fluorescence after visible excitation, while variations within the pith parenchyma were shown via UV fluorescence. They depended on the inbred line, as revealed by the first four large PCA score distributions. Autofluorescence macroscopy combined with an adapted analysis of a series of large images is promising for the investigation of the spatial heterogeneity of tissue composition between and within organ sections. The method is easy to implement and can be easily extended to other multi-hyperspectral imaging techniques. The score distributions enable a global comparison of the images and an analysis of the inbred lines' effect. The interpretation of the tissue autofluorescence needs to be further investigated by using complementary spatially resolved techniques.

Increased mucosal eosinophils in colonic diverticulosis and diverticular disease.

Eosinophils contribute to tissue homeostasis, damage, and repair. The mucosa of colonic diverticula has not been evaluated for eosinophils by quantitative histology. We aimed to investigate whether mucosal eosinophils and other immune cells are increased in colonic diverticula. Hematoxylin and eosin stained sections from colonic surgical resections (n=82) containing diverticula were examined. Eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, in five high power fields in the lamina propria were counted at the base, neck, and ostia of the diverticulum and counts compared to non-diverticula mucosa. The cohort was further subgrouped by elective and emergency surgical indications. Following an initial review of 10 surgical resections from patients with diverticulosis, a total of 82 patients with colonic resections containing diverticula from the descending colon were evaluated (median age 71.5, 42M/40F). Eosinophil counts for the entire cohort were increased in the base and neck (median 99 and 42, both P=<0.001) compared with the control location (median 16). Eosinophil counts remained significantly increased in the diverticula base (both P=<0.001) and neck (P=0.01 and <0.001, respectively) in both elective and emergency cases. Lymphocytes were also significantly increased at the diverticula base compared to controls in both elective and emergency subgroups. Eosinophils are significantly and most strikingly increased within the diverticulum in resected colonic diverticula. While these observations are novel, the role of eosinophil and chronic inflammation is as yet unclear in the pathophysiology of colonic diverticulosis and diverticular disease.

Usefulness of a double immunofluorescence technique for detection of intestinal tTG-IgA deposits in diabetic and non-diabetic children with celiac disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is frequently associated with type I diabetes mellitus (T1D), where its diagnosis may be a challenging task. This study aims to test the usefulness of the double staining immunofluorescence (dsIF) technique for the detection of intestinal anti-tissue transglutaminase specific IgA antibody (tTG-IgA) deposits in CD and T1D children with coexisting CD. A total of 46 patients (30 cases of CD and 16 cases of T1D with CD) and 16 non-diabetic, non-celiac children were recruited. Endoscopic biopsies were taken and analyzed by light microscopy, quantitative histology (QH), and a dsIF technique. Histologically, villous atrophy was most severe in CD, followed by T1D with CD, while all control biopsies except 1 were normal. QH showed a statistically significant difference in villous height (Vh), crypt depth (CrD), and Vh:CrD ratio between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with CD. dsIF technique could detect tTG-IgA deposits in 85.7% of cases of CD alone and 93.8% of biopsies from diabetic children. Surprisingly, deposits were more extensive in biopsies with minimal villous shortening. Also, all 5 biopsies from T1D patients with normal histology were dsIF positive. In-situ analysis of tTG-IgA immune deposits facilitates the detection of positive serology early-onset CD. Quantitative analysis may be used as an ancillary tool to increase the reliability of histological findings in these patients.

Changes in stiffness of the optic nerve and involvement of neurofilament light chains in the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are often accompanied by optic neuritis associated with neurofilament disruption. In this study, the stiffness of the optic nerve was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in mice with induced EAE in the successive phases of the disease: onset, peak, and chronic. AFM results were compared with the intensity of the main pathological processes in the optic nerve: inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss, as well as with the density of astrocytes, assessed by quantitative histology and immunohistochemistry. Optic nerve tissue and serum levels of neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL) were also examined by immunostaining and ELISA, respectively. The stiffness of the optic nerve in EAE mice was lower than that in control and naïve animals. It increased in the onset and peak phases and sharply decreased in the chronic phase. Serum NEFL level showed similar dynamics, while tissue NEFL level decreased in the onset and peak phases, indicating a leak of NEFL from the optic nerve to body fluids. Inflammation and demyelination gradually increased to reach the maximum in the peak phase of EAE, and inflammation slightly declined in the chronic phase, while demyelination did not. The axonal loss also gradually increased and had the highest level in the chronic phase. Among these processes, demyelination and especially axonal loss most effectively decrease the stiffness of the optic nerve. NEFL level in serum can be regarded as an early indicator of EAE, as it rapidly grows in the onset phase of the disease.

Association between left ventricular strain and fibrosis in severe aortic regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction: a magnetic resonance and histology study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): Institutional Grant Na Homolce Hospital Background The presence and extent of myocardial fibrosis are associated with poor outcomes in patients with severe aortic regurgitation. In the present study, we tested a correlation between left ventricular (LV) strain derived by using feature-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance (MRI) and diffuse myocardial fibrosis percentage (DMF%) at quantitative histology. Methods A study population included 23 patients (age 51 ± 12 years, 78% males) who underwent perioperative myocardial biopsy during aortic valve surgery for severe aortic regurgitation and who had a satisfactory pre-surgery MRI. Myocardial specimens obtained with a deep needle technique from the basal interventricular septum were stained with picrosirius red, digitalized, and analyzed using Image J software by a pathologist blinded to imaging findings. The DMF% was calculated as a ratio of the total collagen content to the total area. MRI-derived global longitudinal-(GLS), circumferential- (GCS), and radial (GRS) strain, as well as their ratio to heart rate and systolic blood pressure, were assessed using a feature-tracking technique by a certified imager blinded to histological analysis. Results Compared to normal values, all patients showed increased DMF% (19 ± 9%) and decreased GLS (15 ± 2%) despite preserved LV ejection fraction (64 ± 7%). Out of all the imaging parameters, only GLS/heart rate ratio, GCS/heart rate ratio and extracellular volume fraction showed a significant correlation with DMF% (Table 1, Figure 1). In contrast, GLS and GCS only tended to correlate with DMF%. The remaining parameters including GRS did not show a significant association. Patients with focal midwall scar in late gadolinium enhancement imaging (n=8, 35%), which was mainly localized in the basal septum, had similar GLS as than patients without focal scar (14.5±2.3 vs 15.3±2.3, p = 0.768). Conclusions Feature-tracking-derived ratios of LV GLS and GCS over heart rate are the most promising indices for non-invasive assessment of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in severe aortic regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction. Figure 1 Legend Correlation of a GLS/HR ratio 1A) and GLS 1B) with diffuse myocardial fibrosis %. Myocardial histology stained with Picrosirius red (collagen fibers are in red).

A Comparative Histological Study of Effects of Cigarette and Shisha Smoke on Lungs of Mice

Background: The most popular way to take in tobacco is as cigarettes, which are now frequently accessible as vaporizers. When inhaled for an extended period of time, the smoke's respiratory tract irritants cause fibrosis, inflammation, and precancerous diseases. Nicotine is the main alkaloid found in both commercial and home-made tobacco products, making up 0.6-3.0% of the dry weight of the tobacco plant. Aim: To compare the histological effects of cigarettes and shisha on the lungs of experimental animals. Study design: Randomized control trial. Methodology: A randomised control trial was used. In partnership with the National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad, the Department of Anatomy at the Islamic International Medical College in Rawalpindi developed and carried out this six-month study. 40 mature male BALB/c mice were allocated into three groups at random. Mice from the Control group C were housed in a fresh air- and smoke-exposed environment. Third Group CS was exposed to cigarette smoke, while Experimental Group SS was subjected to shisha smoke. Two exposures per day, five days per week, were administered. After a total of eight months of exposure, the subjects were dissected, the lung tissue was evaluated under a microscope, and the outcomes were compared across experimental groups. The quantity of carbon-loaded alveolar macrophages per unit was measured in the lung tissues. SPSS 20.0 was utilized to analyze the data. For quantitative histology data, mean and standard deviation were provided, while frequencies and percentages were provided for qualitative factors. The Pearson Chi Square test was used to determine the p value when comparing two groups and one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the mean differences between the control and experimental groups. Statistical significance was defined as a p-value of 0.05. Results: In comparison to group CS, group SS showed significantly more fibrosis, peribronchiolar inflammation, and bronchiolar constriction. Additionally, there were more carbon-loaded alveolar macrophages in group SS than in group CS, and this difference was statistically significant. Practical implication: As sheesha and vaping are now popular trends, this study will aid researchers in determining the risk linked with sheesha smoking. Conclusions: Shisha use is not a risk-free substitute for cigarette use. Compared to cigarette smoke, it has a larger concentration of toxicants that alter tissue at a far higher rate. Keywords: Shisha Smoke, Cigarette Smoke, Lungs Tissue, Mice and Histology.

INTUITION: a data platform to integrate human epilepsy clinical care and support for discovery.

To make appropriate clinical decisions, clinicians consider many types of data from multiple sources to arrive at a diagnosis and plan. However, the current health systems have siloed data, making it challenging to develop information platforms that integrate this process into a single place for comprehensive clinical evaluation and research. INTUITION is a human brain integrative data system that facilitates multimodal data integration, unified storage, cohort selection, and analysis of multidisciplinary datasets. In this article, we describe the use of INTUITION to include electronic health records together with co-registered neuroimaging and EEG from patients who undergo invasive brain surgery for epilepsy. In addition to providing clinically useful visualizations and analytics to help guide surgical planning, INTUITION also links a bank of human brain epileptic tissues from specific brain locations to quantitative EEG, imaging, histology, and omics studies in a unique, completely integrated informatics platform. Having a clinically useful platform for integrating multimodal datasets can not only aid in clinical management decisions but also in creating a unique resource for research and discovery when linked to spatially mapped tissue samples.