Quantitative Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF NIGELLA SATIVA L. SEED OIL INTRODUCED IN DAGESTAN

Nigella sativa L. is an annual herbaceous plant grown not only as an ornamental plant, but also has been used in folk medicine. N. sativa seeds are a source of biologically active substances. This paper provides an analysis of the quantitative content of fatty acids in samples of various ecological and geographical origin. It is shown that seeds grown in Dagestan are characterized by a relatively high content of fatty oil. The characteristics of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids, depending on their origin, are given. The highest content of linoleic and stearic fatty acids was found in the sample from Egypt. Palmitic acid was the highest in the sample from Saudi Arabia, and oleic acid was the highest in the sample from Azerbaijan. The revealed differences in the fat content are of great importance, since samples for breeding purposes can be selected on their basis. In particular, the sample from Azerbaijan showed relatively high levels of oleic acid, which generally contributes to the increase in the antioxidant activity of vegetable oil and lengthens of the keeping period.

Determining the fatty acids, polar and non-polar volatile organic compounds of the veterinary preparation “Trametin Plus”

For the prevention and treatment of associated gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases of growing stock, a new veterinary preparation “Trametin Plus” is proposed. This drug is obtained from fungi-xylotrophs using biotechnology methods. The properties of such preparations depend on bioactive substances included in their composition.Available publications present miscellaneous information on the lipogenesis features and fatty acids composition synthesized by wood-destroying fungi. In this work, we study the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids and analyze volatile polar and non-polar organic compounds of “Trametin Plus”. The total concentration of fatty acids was found to be 70 µg/g, with 50.0% being free acids and 50.0% being their esters. Squalene was established to be the most dominant non-polar volatile component. Concerning the minor non-polar volatile components of “Trametin Plus”, these are amino acids with a low molecular weight, such as glycine, arginine and β-alanine. The analysis confirms the multicomponent composition of the preparation, which accounts for its diverse biological properties, namely antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and immune-boosting activity. These properties determine the high health-promoting efficacy of the studied veterinary preparation.

К ВОПРОСУ О ТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКЕ СЕМЯН РЫЖИКА ПОСЕВНОГО ДЛЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В ЖИВОТНОВОДСТВЕ

Ginger seed (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is a promising oilseed crop for use in animal husbandry. Ginger seed oil contains a large amount of fatty polyunsaturated acids, which are an indispensable component of nutrition, as they participate in many biochemical reactions of the animal body. The study of the content of fatty acids in ginger seeds after their heat treatment by micronization, which were later used in experimental feeding of dairy cows. An advanced device for heat treatment of grain and beans was used for micronization of seeds. Several processing modes were used depending on the number of halogen lamps included. A study of the quantitative composition of fatty acids in the milk of cows fed with heat-treated ginger seeds was carried out. When using one or two cassettes with halogen lamps during temperature treatment, the ratio of the total amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in seed oil does not change significantly. The content of palmitic acid after treatment increased by about 8%, stearic acid – by 3%, linoleic acid – by 2%. The content of oleic acid decreased by 3%, eicosenic acid – by 1%. The feeding of heat–treated ginger seeds to dairy cows as part of the feed mixture did not significantly change the species composition of fatty acids in milk, but contributed to an increase in the amount of some particularly valuable fatty acids for the body - linoleic (1.3 times) and linolenic (2.7 times).

Investigation Of the Composition of The Veterinary Preparation Trametin Plus

For the prevention and treatment of associated gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases in young farm animals, a new veterinary drug Trametin Plus is proposed, obtained on the basis of xylographic fungi using biotechnology methods. The properties of biological products obtained on the basis of microorganisms and fungi depend on the biologically active substances that make up their composition. In the literature, there is scattered information about the features of lipogenesis and the composition of fatty acids synthesized by wood-destroying fungi. The paper presents data on the study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids, a qualitative analysis of volatile polar and non-polar organic compounds of the drug. It has been established that the total concentration of fatty acids is 70 µg/g of the preparation. Of these, 50.0% are free fatty acids, the esterified acids of which account for 50.0% of the total mass of fatty acids. Among the dominant non-polar volatile components of Trametin Plus, squalene can be noted. Organic aliphatic amino acids such as glycine, arginine, and β-alanine with a small molecular weight are presented as minor non-polar volatile components of Trametin plus. The analysis data confirm the multicomponent nature of the drug, which determines its various biological properties, namely, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and immunostimulant activity, which determines the high therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of the veterinary drug Trametin Plus.

The influence of climatic conditions on oil content and quality of oil seeds of winter camelina

The object of the study was oilseeds of winter camelina grown in regions with contrasting climatic conditions: the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region (Penza Research Institute of Agriculture) and the steppe zone of Crimea (Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea). The aim of the research was to determine the biochemical parameters of winter camelina oilseeds and to study the qualitative and quantitative fatty acid composition depending on the region of cultivation. The climate of the Middle Volga region is temperate continental. The amount of annual precipitation varies from 350 to 750 mm, the average annual temperature is 5.3 ?С. The climate of the steppe Crimea is continental, the average annual temperature reaches 10.2 ?С, the amount of precipitation per year is 350-450 mm. The fat content in camelina seeds varied slightly depending on hydrothermal parameters and averaged 39.04% and 37.81% depending on the region of cultivation. The smallest accumulation of fat (35.40 and 36.17%) was noted in drier years with HTC 0.23 (Crimea) and 0.40 (Penza). The main part in the fatty acid composition of camelina falls on polyunsaturated fatty acids, the average total content of which is 54.40-54.86%. The total content of monounsaturated fatty acids is 34.15-35.40% and saturated - 9.43-9.80%. The largest share in camelina seed oil is linolenic acid, the percentage of which was 33.79 (Crimea) and 34.87 (Penza). The concentration of linoleic and oleic acids is 16.12-17.98% and 14.82-15.70%, depending on the growing region. The content of palmitic acid is 4.93 and 5.17%, eicosene - 15.46 and 15.84 %, erucic 3.15 and 3.16%. It was found that camelina oilseeds contain tocopherols 0.085-0.098%, carotenoids 0.002%, steroids 0.144-0.145% and squalene 0.09-0.10%, depending on the region.

Micronutrient value and lipid profile of ethnic nutrition’s traditional dish of the Baikal region’s population

Background. Against the backdrop of stagnation in most industries, the production of semi-finished meat products is expanding, which is due to an increase in demand and, accordingly, an increase in consumption. This trend is also observed in the nutrition of the Baikal regions population, however, the micronutrient value of meat semi-finished products of ethnic nutrition is not presented in the national tables of the chemical composition of food products.
 Aim. To assess the micronutrient value and lipid profile of ethnic nutritions traditional dish of the Baikal regions population buuz.
 Material and methods. Using spectrofluorimetry, high-performance liquid chromatography, atomic absorption and gas chromatography, the content of vitamins B1, B2, E, iron, sodium and the composition of fatty acids in buuzes, steamed from semi-finished meat in a packaged dough category B with beef and pork filling, were determined. The measurement was carried out in 3 samples, the detection was repeated twice. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS Statistics program for Windows using the descriptive statistics method: the arithmetic mean (M) and the standard error of the mean (m) were calculated. The results were compared with the tables data of the foodstuffs chemical composition.
 Results. With comparable nutritional value (differences in calorie content of no more than 12%), the carbohydrate content in buuzes was approximately 1.5 times higher, and proteins and fats were less than in dumplings. The content of vitamins B1, B2 and E in 100 g of frozen buuzas steamed in a slow cooker was 0.200.01; 0.110.01 and 0.500.03 mg, respectively. The losses of vitamins during cooking were insignificant and amounted to 56%. The content of iron in 100 g of ready-to-eat buuzes was 2 mg, sodium 354 mg. The content of sodium in ready-to-eat buuzes was 1.8 times less, and iron was 2.2 times more than in boiled dumplings. The results obtained by us on the content of vitamins B1, B2 and E, iron and sodium, the quantitative composition of fatty acids can be used in assessing the intake of nutrients by a questionnaire method.
 Conclusion. Consumption of one serving of buuz (200 g) provides about 20% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin B1, 1012% of vitamins E and B2, and 14% of iron.

Fatty acids composition in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes in operators of the Vessel Traffic Control Center

Introduction. The quantitative composition of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes was studied in operators at the Vladivostok Vessel Traffic Control Center (VTCC), who during working hours are subject to the influence of electromagnetic fields (EMF) (radars and navigation devices, communication equipment), high sensory loads (perception of signals on the computer screen and their assessment). Materials and methods. A survey of 2 groups of male volunteers at the age of 35-45 years was carried out. Group 1 (control) included ten healthy donors of comparable age; Group 2 included 10 operators working at the Vessel Traffic Center, who gave informed consent to participate when undergoing a routine medical examination. Results. The effect of EMF on the body of operators was shown to be accompanied by a pronounced pattern of changes in adaptive reactions typical for exposure to acute stress. This was manifested in a decrease in the lymphocytes and eosinophils content when compared to the control values with a simultaneous increase in the intoxication index. Based on the study of the quantitative characteristics of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes it was noted an increase in saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic, stearic) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic). The change in the molecular types of phospholipids was noted to decrease in the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 families as a part of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Palmitoyl- and stearoyl-containing phospholipids are formed and arachidonoyl-, eicosapentanoyl- and docosahexanoyl-containing components of biomembranes decline. The composition of phospholipids includes saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic and stearic) and fatty acids of the n-9 family (monoenic fatty acids). Calculation of the ratio of fatty acids 20:4 n-6/18:2 n-6 showed its significant decrease in total lipids of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, which characterizes Δ6 and Δ5 desaturase and elongase, which leads to a lack of arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic fatty acids. Limitations. Metabolic reactions (subject), 20 examined (quantitative parameter), pilot operators (qualitative indicator), standards of the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 (moral and cultural). Conclusion. The impact of EMF on the body of operators of the VTCC in Vladivostok is accompanied by the formation of a stress reaction. Based on the research of the quantitative characteristics of fatty acids in blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes it was noted a violation of metabolic reactions in the exchange of fatty acids. This led to the appearance of new molecular types of phospholipids due to disturbances in the metabolic transformations of fatty acids.

Comparison of analytical methods for the fatty acid profile in ewes' milk.

Studies comparing methodologies for fatty acids are very important, since they can influence the quality and final quantification of the lipid fraction. Objective—to compare different extraction methods for total lipids and to evaluate the effect of these methodologies on the quantitative composition of fatty acids in milk of lactating ewes raised in tropical pastures. The methodologies used were simple direct transesterification, using the HPLC grade organic solvent n-hexane, Bligh; Dyer (cold extraction, extracting mixture proportions 5, 10, and 15 mL in a ratio of 2:1:1 (v/v/v) of chloroform-methanol-water). The fatty acid methyl esters were separated by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The results show that there was no significant difference (p <0.05) in the total lipid content between the extraction methods. However, the Bligh’s method; Dyer obtained the best yield of lipids to be extracted from ewe’s milk, since the volume with 15 mL of the extraction solution was able to identify 87% of the chromatographic peaks. It was also observed that ewe’s milk has a higher percentage of palmitic, stearic and oleic fatty acids, with percentages of 20.1%, 15.5% and 33.1%, respectively. Therefore, an extraction mixture with a volume of 15 mL used in this study may be an alternative to perform the extraction of milk fat from high lactating ewes in tropical pastures as a routine method, as it expresses the best lipid content of this food.

Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Quality Indices in Commercial Ripening of Cow Cheeses from Different Seasons.

Simple SummaryCheese and other dairy products are important components of the diet that have a positive effect on human health. These products include substantial amounts of important nutrients, including proteins, bioactive peptides, amino acids, fat, fatty acids, and vitamins. The quantitative composition of fatty acids in milk fat changes under the influence of various factors, such as animal feeding, breed, lactation stage, individual characteristics, climatic conditions, health, age, and others. Of the above-mentioned factors, the most important influence is the diet. This work presents chemical composition and fatty acid profile, with particular emphasis on trans isomers (cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA), C18:1 and C18:2 isomers) and lipid quality indices in ripening of cow cheeses from different seasons. The first batch contained cheeses produced in winter and purchased from the market between May and June 2020. The second batch contained cheeses produced in summer and purchased from the market between November and December 2020. Results obtained show differences between summer and winter cheeses in their chemical composition, the content of lipid quality indices, and fatty acids.The aim of the study was to compare and demonstrate whether commercial rennet ripening cheeses available on the market in summer and winter differ in their chemical composition, fatty acid profile, content of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) acid and other trans isomers of C18:1 and C18:2 acid and whether they are characterized by different values of lipid quality assessment indices. The experimental material consisted of rennet ripening of cheeses produced from cow’s milk available in the Polish market. The first batch contained cheeses produced in winter and purchased from the market between May and June. The second batch contained cheeses produced in summer and purchased between November and December. Chemical composition was analyzed by FoodScan apparatus. The gas chromatography (GC) method was used to determine the content of fatty acids. Results obtained in the presented study indicate that the chemical composition, content of fatty acids trans isomers, and lipid quality indices varied between summer and winter cheeses. The summer cheeses were richer sources of MUFA and PUFA compared to winter cheeses. Summer cheeses were also characterized by lower content of SFA, higher content n − 3, lower n − 6/n − 3 ratio, and higher content of DFA. Higher contents of CLA and trans C18:1 and C18:2 were found in summer cheeses.

Fatty Acids Present in Wheat Kernels Influence the Development of the Grain Weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.).

Simple SummaryThe grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius L.) is a common storage pest species, whose foraging on stored cereal grain causes major losses worldwide every year. Traditional ways to control this species (non-chemical) are expensive or do not guarantee effective control against this pest insect. The application of chemical methods, on the other hand, is contradictory to consumers’ expectations regarding food safety, and cause a negative impact on the natural environment. An important step in the development of a safe and effective strategy for limiting the losses caused by the grain weevil is to search for mechanisms influencing the natural resistance of cereal grain and then to use this knowledge in the breeding of new cultivars. This experiment entailed assessing the content of fatty acids in grains of selected wheat cultivars. The content of these compounds and their composition in the wheat cultivars varied. In addition, the life cycle of S. granarius on the tested wheat grain was assessed. The results of the experiment suggested that the intensity of the development of S. granarius is significantly correlated with a higher content of saturated fatty acids and unsaturated ones in kernels. The substances that might stimulate the development of the grain weevil or reduce the number of offspring of this beetle were identified.Sitophilus granarius (L.) is considered to be one of the major pests causing damage to cereal grain stored in silos and granaries. Using traditional methods (synthetic insecticides, mechanical, or physical methods) to control this pest is either ineffective or dangerous to people and nature. It is, therefore, necessary to develop new cultivars of cereals that will be distinguished by a high natural tolerance of the foraging by S. granarius. The aim of this study is expressed in the set research hypothesis, stating that the number of offspring of the grain weevil on stored wheat kernels can depend on the content of fatty acids in the kernels. Thus, the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined in kernels of 10 winter wheat cultivars, and the abundance of the beetle’s offspring generation of S. granarius that developed on the wheat grain, as well as the mass of produced dust and loss in the mass of wheat grain were determined. By applying statistical analyses (GLM, ANOVA, Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient, and analysis of redundancy), the presence and character of the dependence between the determined content of fatty acids in wheat grain and the factors describing the development of S. granarius were established. The research results indicate that fatty acids from the groups C 18:1 and C 20:1 probably play an important role as substances stimulating the increase in the number of the tested pest progeny. In contrast, fatty acids C 15:0, C 16:1, and C 18:3, which were determined in large amounts in the grain of wheat cultivars Speedway, KWS Livius, and Julius, can reduce the number of offspring of pest insect.

Fatty acids of lipids of blood serum and liver of rats with tetracyclin-induced hepatosis and at correction

Irrational pharmacotherapy with tetracyclines can cause mitochondrial cytopathies of liver cells and the development of toxic dystrophy. The issue of violation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids and their functional role in the development of liver dystrophy has not been studied enough. Therefore, the aim of the work was to determine the features of changes in the fatty acid composition of blood serum and liver lipids in rats with tetracycline-induced hepatosis and the corrective efficacy of the phospholipid-acceptable dietary supplement “FLP-MD”. It was experimentally established that, in the composition of blood serum lipids and liver tissue, key changes in modeling tetracycline-induced hepatosis in rats (250 mg/kg for 7 days) are primarily tested for polyene fatty acids (PUFAs). In blood serum this is manifested by a decrease in the level of docosadiienoic (22:2ω6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6ω3), as well as the total PUFA content due to representatives of the ω3 family, respectively, by 1.3 times. At the same time, a decrease in the content of eicosapentenoic (20:5ω3), docosapentaenoic (22:5ω3), docosahexaenoic (22:6ω3) acids and the saturated/unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) and ω3/ω6 PUFA ratios, respectively, are noted in the lipid fraction of the liver, respectively by 1.3 times. In contrast to these animals, the use of reparative action of a phospholipid-acceptable dietary supplement “FLP-MD” (13.5 mg/kg) in sick rats provides a significant increase in the level of these fatty acids both in blood serum and in the liver and the restoration of their profile for other representatives. Thus, the components of the “FLP-MD” dietary supplement show a corrective effect on the fatty acid composition of the lipid component of blood serum and liver tissue of animals with tetracycline-induced hepatosis. Indicators have been experimentally established for the diagnosis of toxic liver damage and preclinical trials of the hepatoprotective efficacy of new drugs, which is a promising area of research in veterinary hepatopathology.

Sustainable Valorization of Halophytes from the Mediterranean Area: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Their Fatty Acid Profile and Implications for Human and Animal Nutrition

Halophytic plants can provide an economical and environmentally sustainable source of products for human and animal feeding, in the context of the increase of worldwide emergent semi-arid landscapes. This work reports a comprehensive evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids (FA) of nineteen Mediterranean halophytes collected in southern Portugal, with the purpose of establishing their possible uses as food and feed. For FA determination, lipids and free FA were converted to the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and analyzed by GC-MS. Beta maritima had the highest FAME levels (7.3 mg/g DW) while Suaeda vera had the lowest content (1.0 mg/g DW). The most common saturated fatty acid (SFA) across all studied species was palmitic acid. The most prevalent monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) levels were led by linoleic acid. Less common FAMEs were also detected, namely eicosadienoic and hexadecatrienoic acids. Cotula coronopifolia, Phragmites australis and Suaeda vera displayed the best FA nutritional profiles. These species also showed bioactivities relevant for both human and animal health according to the literature and thus, collectively with this study, they could be further explored as food and feed.

THE SWEET ICES FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

Daily food consumption norms of an average woman and a pregnant woman have been analysed. It has been established that in a pregnant woman’s diet, it is necessary to increase the content of proteins, fibre, vitamins C, E, D, PP, and B, and reduce fats, carbohydrates (easily digestible), vitamins B5 and H, sodium, magnesium, salts, and water. Taking into account the above-mentioned requirements, eight recipe compositions of sweet ices based on plant raw materials have been suggested. The recipes were selected by linear programming using MS Excel. The products have a low calorific content (26–137 kcal per 80 g), and an increased nutritional value (due to vitamin C, carotene, etc.). For the first time, cereals, various types of seeds, nuts, have been put into the recipe of sweet ices, as well as raw materials, which eliminate physiological complications during pregnancy. The products developed differ in their composition and are made without sugar. However, some recipes include small quantities of honey as it is highly palatable. The chemical composition of the new sweet products has been studied and analysed in details and sugar/acid indices have been calculated. The developed ices have a slightly acidic taste or no acidity at all, which corresponds to the values of sugar/acid indices 13.4–26.6, while the sample from the store, selected for comparison, contains a large amount of sugars, as evidenced by the cloying taste and high sugar/acid index (more than 30). The source of fatty acids in sweet ice for pregnant women Joy is almond nuts. The results of the chromatographic study have shown that this product as for the quantitative fatty acid composition, meets the current requirements. We recommend introducing the sweet ice manufacture technology on the equipment already in use in canneries. The products are formed (poured into moulds where wooden sticks are then inserted) in a Hassia machine. One of the main operations, freezing, is done in a quick freezer GyroFreze. We also recommend manufacturing sweet ices using existing restaurant equipment.

Comparison of derivatization methods for the quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of oils

Gas chromatographic (GC) determination of quantitative fatty acid composition: which derivatization reagent is the best?

LIPIDS OF INONOTUS RHEADES (HYMENOCHAETACEAE): INFLUENCE OF SUBSTRATE AND LIGHT MODE ON FATTY ACID PROFILE OF MYCELIUM

Controlled regulation of biosynthesis in higher fungi is currently an intensively developing field of the modern biotechnological industry. A promising object of such studies is the mycelial culture of Inonotus rheades (Pers.) P. Karst. Family Hymenochaetaceae has some biological activities that were previously shown by us. For the present study, the composition of fatty acids of I. rheades mycelium was firstly studied and 12 compounds including the dominant linoleic (C18:2 ω6) and palmitic acids (C16:0) were detected. It was found that the application of various substrates for the cultivation of I. rheades mycelium leads to changes in the quantitative composition of fatty acids. The use of Populus tremula wood resulted to an increase in the content of unsaturated fatty acids and decreasing of the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids comparing with mycelium grown on Betula pendula wood. The effect of the light mode on the fatty acid profile of I. rheades mycelium was characterized by a complex of changes in the chemical composition of lipids. Depending on the wavelength of the light used, both qualitative and quantitative changes were observed. The results of this studies showed that the substrate and the light mode affect on the composition of the fatty acids of I. rheades mycelium.

Improvement of supercritical CO2 and n-hexane extraction of wild growing pomegranate seed oil by microwave pretreatment

Microwave radiation was suggested as a pretreatment technique to increase the yield of pomegranate seed oil. Seeds were pretreated at 100, 250 and 600W during 2 and 6min and then extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in high pressure unit as well as by n-hexane in Soxhlet apparatus. Even at the lowest microwave pretreatment parameters applied (100W for 2min) increased the yield of seed oil obtained by both extraction techniques compared with untreated seeds (from 27.7 to 34.0% and from 21.6 to 25.5% for Soxhlet and scCO2 extractions, respectively). Maximal oil yield in Soxhlet extraction (36.3%) was obtained with microwave radiation of 600W for 6min while for scCO2 extraction maximal oil yield (27.2%) was with 250W for 6min microwave radiation pretreatment. The qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids of the obtained oils was determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Punicic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in pomegranate seed oil (>60%). Microwave pretreatment of seeds showed negligible influence on profile and the amount of fatty acids in obtained extracts, compared with its significant influence on extraction yield. Our results recognize microwave pretreatment as a promising technique for intensification of oil extraction from pomegranate seeds.

Cell ultrastructure and fatty acid composition of lipids in vegetative organs of Chenopodium album L. under salt stress conditions

White goosefoot plants (Chenopodium album L. of the family Chenopodiaceae) grown at various NaCl concentrations (3–350 mM) in the nutrient solution were used to study the cell ultrastructure as well as the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids in the lipids of vegetative organs. In addition, the biomass of Ch. album vegetative organs, the water content, and the concentrations of K+, Na+, and Cl– were determined. The growth rates of plants raised at NaCl concentrations up to 200–250 mM were the same as for the control plants grown at 3 mM NaCl; the growth parameters remained rather high even at NaCl concentrations of 300–350 mM. The water content in Ch. album organs remained high at all NaCl concentrations tested. Analysis of the ionic status of Ch. album revealed a comparatively high K+ content in plant organs. At low NaCl concentrations in the nutrient solution, K+ ions were the dominant contributors to the osmolarity (the total concentration of osmotically active substances) and, consequently, to the lowered cell water potential in leaves and roots. As the concentration of NaCl was increased, the plant organs accumulated larger amounts of Na+ and Cl–, and the contribution of these ion species to osmolarity became increasingly noticeable. At 300–350 mM NaCl the contribution of Na+ and Cl– to osmolarity was comparable to that of K+. An electron microscopy study of Ch. album cells revealed that, apart from the usual response to salinity manifested in typical ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the cytosol, the salinity response comprised the enhanced formation of endocytic structures and exosomes and stimulation of autophagy. It is supposed that activation of these processes is related to the removal from the cytoplasm of toxic substances and the cell structures impaired by salt stress conditions. The qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids in the lipids of Ch. album organs was hardly affected by NaCl level. These findings are consistent with the high salt tolerance of Ch. album, manifested specifically in retention of growth functions under wide-range variations of NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution and in maintenance of K+, Na+, and Cl– content in organs at a constant level characteristic of untreated plants.

Chemical composition and antioxidant, antibacterial activity of Cirsium rivulare (Jacq) All. roots

The mixture of three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol), β-sitosterol 3-O-glucoside and syringin were isolated from hexane and methanol extract of Cirsium rivulare roots after chromatographic separation. The main component of the source was syringin which was obtained with the yield 0.08% of the dry source. In hexane extract, the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined. The predominant component was linoleic acid (23.31 mg/g of extract). The extracts showed antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH• free radical was in correlation with appointed total phenol content. The not-defatted methanolic extract was the most active. Hexane and defatted methanol extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against G(+) and G(−) strains with MIC and MBC ranged from 25 to 200 μg/mL.

Fatty acid composition of lipids in vegetative organs of the halophyte Suaeda altissima under different levels of salinity

Qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids (FA) in the lipids of vegetative organs of the halophyte Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. grown at different NaCl concentrations in nutrient solution was studied. Along with this, the biomass of these organs, the content of water and Na+, Cl−, and K+ ions in them, and the ultrastructure of root and leaf cells were determined. At both low (1 mM) and high (750 mM) NaCl concentrations in nutrient solution, plants could maintain growth and water content in organs, demonstrating a noticeable increase in the dry weight and a slight increase in the water content at 250 mM NaCl. At all NaCl concentrations in nutrient solution, S. altissima tissues contained a relatively high K+ amount. Under salinity, Na+ and Cl− ions contributed substantially into the increase in the cell osmotic pressure, i.e., a decrease in their water potential; in the absence of salinity, K+ fulfilled this function. In the cells of both roots and leaves, NaCl stimulated endo- and exocytosis, supposedly involved in the vesicular compound transport. 750 mM NaCl induced plasmolysis and changes in the membrane structure, which can be interpreted as degradation processes. Under optimal NaCl concentration in medium (250 mM), the content of lipids in plant aboveground organs per fresh weight was more than 2.5-fold higher than under 1 or 750 mM NaCl, whereas in the roots opposite patten was observed. When plants were grown under non-optimal conditions, substantial changes occurred in the qualitative and quantitative FA composition in lipids of both aboveground organs and roots. Observed changes are discussed in relation to processes underlying S. altissima salt tolerance and those of disintegration occurring at the high external NaCl concentration (750 mM).

UPLC/MS based method for quantitative determination of fatty acid composition in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria

Quantitative fatty acid composition of microorganisms at various growth space points is required for understanding membrane associated processes of cells, but the majority of the relevant publications still restrict to the relative compositions. In the current study, a simple and reliable method for quantitative measurement of fatty acid content in bacterial biomass without prior derivatization using ultra performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was developed. The method was applied for investigating the influence of specific growth rate and pH on the fatty acid profiles of two biotechnologically important microorganisms — Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Lactococcus lactis grown in controlled physiological states. It was found that the membranes of slowly growing cells are more rigid and that the fatty acid fraction of the cells of L. lactis diminishes considerably with increasing growth rate.