Quantitative Comparative Research Research Articles

Students' Satisfaction towards the Quality of Education between Constituent Campus and Affiliated Campus of Tribhuvan University

Introduction: Worldwide, higher education is an important instrument for the construction of knowledge and development of human skills. Nepal has experienced a tremendous growth of Government, Public and Private Colleges as major contributors in providing higher education over the few decades but are facing rising issues related to lower enrollment and brain drain. Thus, aim of this study was to assess students' satisfaction towards the quality of education between Constituent Campus and Affiliated Campus of Tribhuvan University and determine its' prime domains.
 Methodology: Purposively, conducted a quantitative comparative research design study in one Constituent Campus and one Affiliated Campus of Tribh uvan University. Self-administered questionnaire tool, classified into Demographic information and Perception regarding student's satisfaction, were distributed to total 80 students, 40 each from Constituent Campus and Affiliated Campus using purposive sampling technique. Likert scale was used to measure perception of students toward the quality of education. Analyzed data in descriptive and inferential statistical technique using IBM SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 version software.
 Results: Satisfaction towards quality of education was highly significant with academic environment β = 1.14, p-value <0.001) followed by physical environment (β =0.73, p-value <0.001), perceived quality education (β =0.63, p-value <0.001) and services provided by different departments (β=0.61, p-value <0.001).
 Conclusion: Students' satisfaction towards the quality of education is poor in both Constituent and Affiliated Campus. However, Affiliated Campus students are more satisfied as compare to Constituent campus students. Well maintained classroom, good library facilities, positive attitude of the teaching faculties and appropriate services from departments should be focused for students' satisfaction regarding quality of education.

Framework and operationalisation challenges for quantitative comparative research in higher education

AbstractThe increasing availability of data on higher education systems, institutions and their members creates new opportunities for comparative research adopting a quantitative approach. The value of future studies crucially depends on the capability to recognise and address some major methodological challenges existing in quantitative comparative research in higher education. The higher education context presents in fact specific features that can hinder comparisons, and political and social processes occurred in recent decades further enhanced complexity. This article aims to discuss key challenges that are currently met in quantitative comparative research in higher education while developing the conceptual framework and in research operationalisation, to discuss possible solutions and the value of configurational and multilevel analytical approaches in identifying meaningful objects of comparisons, to take into account the complexity of the higher education context and in identifying causal relationships.

Autoestima en las mujeres víctimas de violencia por la pareja íntima

Antecedentes: La violencia contra la mujer por su pareja íntima (VPI) puede provocar un malestar psicológico intenso y afectar su autoestima. Método: estudio con enfoque cuantitativo de tipo comparativo entre mujeres víctimas de violencia por sus parejas y las no víctimas. El grupo de mujeres maltratadas (n = 170), grupo mujeres víctimas, buscaron ayuda en un centro de asistencia psicológica a mujeres maltratadas; y las no maltratadas (n = 170), grupo no víctimas, fueron contactadas mediante la red de apoyo del Patronato de Ayuda a Casos de Mujeres Maltratadas (PACAM). Se identificó el tipo de violencia con un formulario estructurado y autoadministrado y se evaluó la autoestima con el Inventario de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la autoestima (p<0.001*) entre ambos grupos. La edad media de las mujeres víctimas fue de 38.55 años (DE = 9.72, rango = 20 – 67). En el grupo de las no víctimas, la edad media fue de 37.25 años (DE = 11.43, rango = 18 – 65). Los resultados evidencian que la baja autoestima se asocia de manera estadísticamente significativa con la violencia de pareja.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VAPOR CARBURETOR METODE BUBBLING DAN VARIASI BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MOTOR SUPRA X

<p><em>The objectives of this study were: (1) To investigate the effect of using the Vapor Carburetor Bubbling method on exhaust emissions produced on the Supra X 100 CC motorcycle in 2003, (2) To investigate the effect of using pertalite and pertamax fuels on exhaust emissions in the motorcycle. Supra X 100 CC motorcycles in 2003, (3) To investigate the use of the Vapor Carburetor with the Bubbling method that uses Pertamax and pertalite fuels to exhaust gas emissions on the 2003 Supra X 100 CC motorcycle. This research is a comparative quantitative research with experimental research type. This study used a 2X2 factorial research design. The sample used was the Supra X 100cc motorcycle engine in 2003 with frame number MH1KEVA153K563997 and engine number KEVAE1561218. Data obtained from exhaust emission testing using a Gas Analyzer installed on the exhaust of a 2003 Supra X 100CC motorcycle with a Conventional Carburetor and a Vapor Carburetor at idle engine speed conditions, namely 800 rpm - 1,400 rpm and variations of pertalite fuel variations (RON 90) and Pertamax (RON 92). The test time is 20 seconds after the probe on the Gas Analyzer is inserted into the exhaust. The data analysis technique used in this research is comparative quantitative descriptive. The exhaust emission test was carried out at the Surakarta Work Training Agency (BLK).The results obtained from this study are: (1) The use of the Vapor Carburetor in the Bubbling method produces lower exhaust emissions compared to the Conventional Carburetor on the Supra X 100cc motorbike in 2003. (2) The type of pertalite fuel produces less exhaust emissions in the motorcycle. appeal to Pertamax. (3) The interaction effect of using the type of carburetor and the type of fuel that produces the lowest exhaust gas emissions is the combination of the use of the Vapor Carburetor with the bubbling and pertalite methods, namely 0.43% CO and 280 ppm HC.</em></p><p> </p>

A comparison of the South African and Indonesian teachers preferred curriculum ideology for school science

South Africa and Indonesia are currently implementing revised school curricula, which are informed by various socio-scientific, political, and economic imperatives related to global educational reform. Teacher preparedness to implement these curriculum reforms could be affected by their teaching philosophies and preferred curriculum ideologies. The present research sought to determine curriculum ideologies preferred by Indonesian and South African teachers, as a preliminary investigation into teachers’ beliefs about the role of education in different teaching and learning contexts. The research question underlying this non-experimental comparative quantitative research asked: How do South African and Indonesian teachers’ preferred curriculum ideology for school science compare? Data were collected using a previously validated questionnaire from purposively selected science teachers from the two countries. Results indicate that the majority of teachers in both countries generally prefer the student-centered curriculum ideology for school science. Differences were observed between teachers concerning specific aspects of school science. It is concluded that teachers have specific preferred ideologies for school science; however, there are local context-specific factors that inform the preferred ideologies among teachers. Further research is required to determine the impact of the preferred ideologies on teaching and learning and curriculum implementation.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA KARYAWAN DI PT. PERUSAHAAN LISTRIK NEGARA (PLN) (PERSERO) WILAYAH NUSA TENGGARA BARAT (STUDI KASUS PADA RAYON AMPENAN DAN RAYON CAKRANEGARA)

The research aim is to find out is there any differences which significant between rayon employees performance at ampenan and rayon employees at cakranegara , this is quantitative comparative research data collecting technique done by interview and documentation population in this research are all rayon employess at ampenan and cakranegara, with the number are 40 person, which consist of 20 of person in rayon ampenan and the same number in rayon cakra yet, the number of population is less than 100 person thus, all employees are made as samples. Analysis data conducted trough t test, and Research result shows that there is no significant different between rayon employees performance at ampenan and rayon employees at cakra in which the significant value is 0.554 or p>0.05, the average value on rayon ampenan is 109.7 and rayon cakra is 108.9, the employees performance have the same ability which more than expectation and extraordinary achievement and they expert in their job thus their performance received should be keeping up trough an exercise to create their quality and technical ability

The Contribution of Students Psychological Assesment in Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy (CDSE-SF)

This quantitative comparative research study examines Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale — Short Form (CDSE-SF-SF) between students who have taken psychologicalassessmenttestsandwhohavenevertakenapsychologicalassessment test, in junior high school students in Central Java Province. This study also measured the difference in Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy based on gender and the origin of the residency area. Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory functions as a theoretical framework, while sampling uses cluster random sampling to obtain students who have taken psychological assessment tests (N = 167), and those who have never followed (N = 186) students. Data collection was carried out through a direct survey consisting of 25-questions Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (CDSE-SF-SF). T-test data analysis showed that there were significant differences between students who had taken IQ test, aptitude test and interests test with those who had never followed. The results is IQ test (t (353) = 2.744, p>0.05), aptitude test (t (353) = 4.327, p>0.05) and, interest test (t (353) = 4.991, p>0.05). This implies that the factors of individualparticipationinpsychologicalassessmenttestscontributesignificantlytothe Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy relationship. On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that career decision making must be improved in schools using career guidance and counseling strategies by involving other parties, one of which is the use of psychological assessment tests.

Perbedaan tingkat organizational citizenship behavior (ocb) ditinjau dari tahap perkembangan karir karyawan PT Tirta Investama (AQUA) Pandaan

Each stage of career development raises special characteristics that are not had by other stages of career development. These characteristics are seen to be related to the dimensions of OCB which will then affect the employee's OCB as a whole. Establishment stage, someone who is at the age of 25-44 years where the person tries to adapt at work. Maintenance stage, someone who is at the age of 45-64 years who feels comfort in his job position, will take care and maintain the position as best as possible. This study aims to determine whether there are differences in OCB levels reviewed based on the stages of career development. This study uses comparative quantitative research. Data collection techniques using purposive sampling with a total sample of 60 employees divided into two sample groups, namely 30 employees aged 25-44 years and 30 employees aged 45-64 years. Data retrieval uses the OCB scale. Obtained the results of the analysis of independent sample t test with a t count value of 6.198 and a probability of 0.000, these results indicate that OCB are have significant differences in terms of the stage of career development.

Comparing Reading Comprehension Competence through Reading Aloud and Silent Reading among Indonesian EFL Learners in Senior High School

Reading skill has its own modes; two of them are reading aloud and silent reading. Reading aloud and silent reading modes are interrelated with each other and affecting students' reading comprehension competence. The most EFL students’ common problems in the school is they do not know the appropriate techniques or modes applied in reading comprehension, therefore their reading comprehension results cannot be maximized. The researcher used quantitative research method and comparative study research design in conducting the research process. By using Reading Comprehension Test and interview, researcher collecting all the data in order to find deep information about how Indonesian EFL learners’ reading comprehension are through silent reading and reading aloud, its significance, and the factors that influence students’ reading comprehension score. The researcher took the samples in 34 students who divided into two groups; 17 students for silent group and 17 students for aloud group. The findings of this quantitative research indicated that there is no significance difference between reading aloud and silent reading regarding to Indonesian EFL learners reading comprehension competence and Reading Comprehension Factor (RCF) as the most factor that influence students’ reading comprehension score in silent group, while Reading Factor other than Comprehension (RFOC) as the most factor that influence students’ reading comprehension score in aloud group.

Difference in Social Anxiety among Students of Single-sex and Co-Education Schools

The purpose of the study was to understand how the classroom environment, in terms of student gender composition affects social anxiety among school students in an urban Indian context. The study aimed to examine the difference in levels of social anxiety, between students of single-sex and co-education schools. A comparative quantitative research design was adopted for this study. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (Liebowitz, 1987) was administered to a total of 165 students (39 girls from co-education schools, 42 girls from all-girls schools, 38 boys from co-education schools and 46 boys from all-boys schools) of class IX and X across single-sex and co-education schools in Bangalore, Karnataka. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was done to identify differences in social anxiety among the four groups, which revealed that girls of co-education schools had significantly higher social anxiety than boys of single-sex schools. The difference among other student groups was not statistically significant. The findings indicate that boys are comfortable in an all-boys schools while girls in co-education school experience high social anxiety. Implications of the study, relevant to the education system are discussed.

Early Language Acquisition: from a Language Periphery to Verbal

The aim of the article is to discuss the early language acquisition, which comprises the language acquisition period from the very beginning of the grammar system development to its complete formation. In the present research, the part of The Corpus of Lithuanian Children Language, which comprises transcribed and grammatically coded longitudinal language records of four singletons (two typically developing children, one typically developing early talker, and one typically developing late talker) and one heterozygous twin pair (a girl and a boy). The following hypotheses have been proposed: 1) the period of the grammar system formation of atypical language (twins’ language) is later and lasts longer than in the case of a typical language development; 2) children with atypical language development (twins) experience more language acquisition problems than children with typical language acquisition. The quantitative comparative research has confirmed the first hypothesis that the development of twins’ language is later and the formation of the grammar system lasts longer than in typical language development. The second hypothesis has been only partly confirmed: in the language of the twin girl, the tendencies of the grammar system acquisition correspond to the typical late talking, while in the language of the twin boy, the acquisition of the grammar system is slower and longer than in typically developing children. In addition, slower development of lexis related to the frequent use of onomatopoeias and twins’ secret language and uneven mean length of an utterance are typical of twins’ language.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.32.0.19640

How to measure the substantive representation of traditionally excluded groups in comparative research: a literature review and new data

This article provides the necessary tools to advance comparative research studying the substantive representation of ethnic minorities and women. Firstly, I clarify how the various indicators for individual representatives’ and parliaments’ considerateness of the interests of traditionally excluded groups used in earlier (mostly single-country) studies relate to each other and discuss the advantages and drawbacks of different measures for quantitative comparative research. Secondly, the present article introduces new data comprising three indicators for the substantive representation of ethnic minorities.

Retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex thickness in patients with keratoconus

Background: Keratoconus, a corneal ectasia, is associated with corneal thinning and altered optical media. Consequently, assessment of the visual field, optic nerve head and intraocular pressure measurements may be challenging in patients with keratoconus. Few studies have investigated posterior segment variables including the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness in patients with keratoconus.Aim: To investigate RNFL and GCC thickness in patients with keratoconus.Methods: A comparative quantitative research design was used. The sample consisted of 56 participants (28 with mild, moderate or severe keratoconus, and 28 controls) who accessed the optometry clinic at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. There was an equal distribution of male (n = 14) and female (n = 14) participants in the keratoconus and control groups. Most participants were black (n = 34) or Indian (n = 18). Corneal power and refractive error were assessed with the Oculus Keratograph and subjective refraction respectively. The iVue-100 optical coherence topography device was used to measure RNFL and GCC thickness. Data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The mean global RNFL thickness was slightly higher in the control group than the keratoconus group for the right (106 µm vs. 99 µm) and left (103 µm vs. 98 µm) eyes but these differences were not significant (p ≥ 0.057). For all RNFL quadrants, slightly lower mean RNFL measurements were found in the keratoconus group. The mean GCC thicknesses were marginally higher (3 µm – 6 µm) in the control group.Conclusion: The RNFL and GCC thickness differences between patients with keratoconus and controls are not clinically significant. Therefore, abnormally reduced RNFL and GCC thickness measurements in patients with keratoconus warrant further investigation for other pathologies specifically glaucoma.

Infant Handling Among Primates

Primates, particularly females, tend to be attracted to infants that are not their own and are often highly motivated to touch and handle them. However, species vary markedly in forms of handling and extents to which handling constitutes direct care (e.g., carrying and nursing), other affiliative behaviors, or aggression/ abuse. Here we review infant handling among primates from ultimate and proximate perspectives, focusing on a promising, but understudied hypothesized benefit—that handling enhances social bonds. We pay special attention to macaques and baboons, because infant handling in most of these species poses a special challenge in that it involves little actual care, and hence may be shaped by different and as yet unclear selective pressures from typical alloparental care. Costs, benefits, and hypothesized functions appear to vary across species based on: a) individuals’ roles (mother, handler, and infant), b) each of their characteristics, c) relationships between handlers and mothers, and d) the social context within the group. As a result, observed patterns of handling appear to be complex outcomes of the interaction of different, sometimes conflicting interests. The most promising hypotheses based on short/ medium term benefits appear to vary with breeding system, reproductive biology, socioecological factors, and life history characteristics. Explanations based on life history variables or long-term evolutionary processes related to cooperation appear to have broader applications, but nevertheless fail to explain infant handling in all its manifestations. We end by calling for more quantitative comparative and longitudinal research to further elucidate our understanding of this puzzling behavior.

Mathematical Understanding of the Underprivileged Students through GeoGebra

A student’s mathematical understanding in high school from poor families in the district of Ciamis is still low. After reviews the various literature and earlier research, consequently, researchers convince that learning mathematics with GeoGebra can help students improve for the better understanding. Our long-term goal of this research is to support the implementation of new curriculum, namely ICT-based learning mathematics. Another goal is to give a basic mastery skill regarding mathematics software to students from underprivileged families. Moreover, the specific objective of this study is to examine the students’ mathematical understanding from underprivileged families after the implementation of learning with GeoGebra. We use a quantitative comparative research method to determine differences in the mathematical understanding of students’ from underprivileged families before and after mathematics learning with GeoGebra. Accordingly, the students of senior high school from underprivileged family in Baregbeg, Ciamis district, are the population of this study. This research is using purposive sampling. The instrument is in the form of a test question, which is the test of mathematical understanding. Research results show that the mathematical understanding students’ from underprivileged families after the mathematics learning with GeoGebra becomes better than before. The novelty of this research is that students understand the material of trigonometry through the use of modules, aided by GeoGebra in learning activities. Thus, the understanding has an impact on improving students’ mathematical understanding. Students also master the use of GeoGebra Software. Implementing these two things will be very useful for the next lesson.

Nurses’ perspectives on readiness of organizations for change: a comparative study

Nurses' perspectives on readiness of organizations for change: a comparative study Basil Hameed Amarneh Department of Psychiatric and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate readiness for change perceived by nurses at Jordanian hospitals according to the hospital type and the gender of nurse.Background: There are misconceptions about readiness for change, and only a few health care and nursing studies about organizational readiness for change have been conducted. Nurses’ perceptions of their organizations’ readiness for change are important; they help in introducing, managing, and maintaining the change.Methods: Using a quantitative comparative research design and a validated survey, data were collected in 2010 from a convenience sample of 130 nurses from four government and three private hospitals with a response rate of 59%.Results: There are some issues in Jordanian hospitals, which show that change has to be managed well. Nurses in government hospitals and female nurses perceived their hospitals to be more ready for change, compared with those in private hospitals and male nurses.Conclusion: Government hospitals were more ready to change than private hospitals, particularly in supporting collaborative and multidisciplinary team approaches to patient care. More than male nurses, female nurses perceived that their organizations were ready to use or plan to use advanced practice nurses. One of the recommendations is a need for targeted intervention to improve readiness for change. Keywords: readiness for change, organizations, hospitals, nurses, Jordan

Social Support Behaviors and Work Stressors among Nurses: A Comparative Study between Teaching and Non-Teaching Hospitals.

Purpose: The concept of “work stressors” has been well studied. However, in the field of nursing, studies concerning social support behaviors are limited. The aim of this study was to compare nurse work stressors, social support behaviors, and predictors of these variables among nurses in Jordanian teaching and non-teaching hospitals. Design: A convenience sampling technique and a comparative quantitative research design were used in the current study. Two hundred and ninety-one nurses were recruited from five teaching hospitals, and 172 were recruited from eight non-teaching hospitals in Jordan. Methods: The Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) and the Inventory of Social Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) were used to collect data. Results: The studied variables differed across hospitals. In some subscales, as well as in some individual items of the scales, nurse work stressors and social support behaviors differed between teaching and non-teaching hospitals. In teaching hospitals, the work shift was the only predictor of nurses’ work stressors, whereas the work shift and model of nursing care were predictors of social support behaviors. In non-teaching hospitals, the work shift, level of education, and model of nursing care were predictors of nurse work stressors. Predictors of social support behaviors were marital status, model of nursing, and organizational structure. Conclusions: Regardless of the type of hospital, nurse stressors should be assessed and, once identified, managed by providing various social support behaviors. Clinical relevance: By turning a work environment into a healthy workplace, researchers and nurse leaders believe that improvements can be realized in recruitment and patient safety and quality.

IMPLEMENTASI PENENTUAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI UNTUK MENCAPAI LABA OPTIMAL (STUDI PADA SENTRA UKM INDUSTRI BAKPIA DI WILAYAH MINOMARTANI SLEMAN YOGYAKARTA)

A business that wants to keep survive and compete in the global era or AEC (Asian Economic Community) era particularly, should have the right strategies and policies in determining cost of production. The calculation on cost production has important roles in companies such as to determine the selling price, the right cost production can give optimum profit. The research aims are to identify and analyze the cost production price on SME Bakpia industrial by using regular methods applied by UKM during the time and by using methods based on accounting cost which are costing target and ABC (Activity Based Costing) method. Meanwhile we can gain the right cost production methods to have an optimum profit by identifying and evaluating the differences between SME Bakpia that applied the methods of cost production and SME of Bakpia that did not apply the methods.The population in the research were SME Bakpia industry in Minomartani Sleman Yogyakarta. The research sampling used incidental sampling technique. The data used production data. This research was descriptive qualitative and comparative quantitative research by using descriptive analysis device and independent statistical test of t-test sample. The result obtained that from 30 Bakpia SME in Minomartani Sleman, only 13 SME of Bakpia set the selling price using cost production methods , meanwhile 17 SME of Bakpia set the selling price based on market price. The cost of Bakpia production based on SME calculation was 831.67 rupiahs per item, based on cost production of costing target was 729.17 rupiahs, meanwhile based on ABC method was 722.51 rupiahs. The recommended method to calculate cost production was ABC method because it had the lowest price of cost production, so the profit would be optimum. There is a difference profit between SME of Bakpia that applied the cost production methods and the SME that didn’t apply the cost production method. The Bakpia SME that did not use the cost production gained low profit than the Bakpia SME used the cost production calculation

Motivaciones y obstáculos para el enprendedurismo: una perspectiva de género desde los jóvenes universitarios

<p>Cuando se habla de emprendimiento, no se puede pasar por alto la equidad de género. Se cree que la escasa implicación de las mujeres en iniciativas emprendedoras se basa entre otros, en una mayor cantidad de obstáculos en comparación con los hombres, así como la diferencia en motivaciones entre ambos géneros. Es por eso que surge la pregunta, si las diferencias presentadas en estudios similares en distintos países del mundo también se dan en México, es decir si existe una diferencia significativa en las motivaciones y obstáculos para emprender un negocio entre mujeres y hombres universitarios.</p>Este artículo hace un recorrido por conceptos que definen al emprendimiento, así como características personales del emprendedor que, sumados a políticas, programas e instituciones logran construir un entorno adecuado para la creación de nuevas empresas. Este trabajo, es una investigación cuantitativa de tipo correlacional, con un horizonte transversal, donde se tiene como objeto de estudio a estudiantes de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. La evidencia sugiere que sí existe una diferencia significativa en las motivaciones para emprender un negocio entre hombres y mujeres que estudian en la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez. Por el contrario, los obstáculos, no presentan una diferencia significativa entre los grupos

Country’s competitiveness and sustainability: higher education impact

The development of human resources is an important condition for ensuring the sustainability of the society and the development of the national economy. Knowledge is becoming more and more one of the basic factors for society sustainability and development. In the 21st century economy, which is based on knowledge, the innovation becomes one of the major factors to increase the competitiveness. It is confirmed by the experience of leading economic systems when investing considerable resources in the society educating. It is especially important for the Baltic States in the context of the creation of the knowledge based society declared in the EU space. Thus one of the basic aims of the Latvian economy policy is to create efficient, competitive and sustainable economy. One of the basic priorities of an up-to-date state development strategy is a modern education and science system as the education level and the development of human capital are the most important indicators that are creating the competitiveness and sustainability of the country. In the article there are considered the global tendencies of the higher education; also the connection of education with innovation and sustainability are analysed. The aim of this study is to focus on sustainable competitiveness concept and provide in-depth understanding of higher education impact on ensuring sustainable competitiveness on national level. In the research there are used primarily quantitative comparative research methods. Quantitative indicators are used to characterize specific features of the higher education impact on economics in the Baltics and Nordics. For the calculations, methodology and definitions the OECD methodology and World Economic Forum, global competitiveness concept is used.