Quantitative Analysis Of CO Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of CO2 emissions reduction potential of alternative light olefins production processes

Steam cracking with electrical furnaces avoids combustion-related CO2 emissions using approximately 3 MWh/t olefins while alternative CO2-based olefins production achieves larger CO2 emissions reductions but requires five times more electricity

Corrosion behavior of WC-η coatings in molten zinc

The WC-based coating containing a Co-W-C phase was fabricated to prevent steel components from molten Zn corrosion in galvanizing industry. The corrosion extent of the coating was determined through quantitative analysis of Co dissolved in molten Zn. It was found that slight oxidation of η phase by interstitial oxygen diffusion facilitated Zn substitution for Co and hence corrosion of the coating. The penetration rate of Zn from the sides of coating was significantly higher than that from the top surface. The formation of WO3/CoWO4 over the coating dramatically suppressed the dissolution corrosion process but may cause cracking and material exfoliation.

Smoke Evacuation During Laparoscopic Surgery: A Problem Beyond the COVID-19 Period. A Quantitative Analysis of CO2 Environmental Dispersion Using Different Devices.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic leads to several debates regarding the possible risk for healthcare professionals during surgery. SAGES and EAES raised the issue of the transmission of infection through the surgical smoke during laparoscopy. They recommended the use of smoke evacuation devices (SEDs) with CO2 filtering systems. The aim of the present study is to compare the efficacy of different SEDs evaluating the CO2 environmental dispersion in the operating theater. Methods. We prospectively evaluated the data of 4 group of patients on which we used different SEDs or standard trocars: AIRSEAL system (S1 group), a homemade device (S2 group), an AIRSEAL system + homemade device (S3 group), and with standard trocars and without SED (S4 group). Quantitative analysis of CO2 environmental dispersion was carried out associated to the following data in order to evaluate the pneumoperitoneum variations: a preset insufflation pressure, real intraoperative pneumoperitoneum pressure, operative time, total volume of insufflated CO2, and flow rate index. Results. 16 patients were prospectively enrolled. The [CO2] mean value was 711 ppm, 641 ppm, 593 ppm, and 761 ppm in S1, S2, S3, and S4 groups, respectively. The comparison between data of all groups showed statistically significant differences in the measured ambient CO2 concentration. Conclusion. All tested SEDs seem to be useful to reduce the CO2 environmental dispersion respect to the use of standard trocars. The association of AIRSEAL system and a homemade device seems to be the best solution combining an adequate smoke evacuation and a stable pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery.

Adulteration of Gabus (Channa striata) fish oil with corn oil and palm oil: the use of FTIR spectra and chemometrics

The adulteration practice in fats and oils industry can be in the form of addition or substitution high quality oils such as Gabus Fish oil (GFO) with lower price oils. This research highlighted the application of FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate calibrations and discriminant analysis (DA) for quantitative analysis and classification of oil adulterants of palm oil (PO) and corn oil (CO) in GFO. The methods involved preparation of training/calibration and validation samples, scanning of samples using FTIR spectrophotometer using attenuated total reflectance, development of calibration and validation models for quantitative analysis of oil adulterants assisted with multivariate calibrations and classification between genuine GFO and GFO adulterated with PO and CO using discriminant analysis. The quantitative analysis of PO in ternary mixtures with CO as an adulterant in GFO was carried out using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers of 3200-600 cm-1 assisted with partial least square (PLS), while quantitative analysis of CO in ternary mixture with PO and GFO was performed using first derivative spectra at wavenumbers region of 3200-2700 cm-1 assisted with principle component regression (PCR). The R2 values for the correlation between actual and predicted values of PO and CO in ternary mixtures either in calibration or prediction samples were of > 0.97 with low errors. In addition, DA using the same wavenumbers region as used in the quantitative analysis could classify or discriminate genuine GFO and GFO mixed/adulterated with PO and CO with an accuracy level of 100%. FTIR spectroscopy using suitable wavenumbers region combined with PLS, PCR and DA could be proposed as analytical tools for quantification and classification of oil adulterants in GFO.

Quantitative analysis of CO2 hydrate formation in porous media by proton NMR

AbstractGas hydrate is a nonstoichiometric crystal compound formed from water and gas. Most nonvisual studies on gas hydrate are unable to detect how much water is converted to hydrates, and thus, the hydrate stoichiometry calculations are inaccurate. This study investigated the CO2 hydrate formation process in porous media directly and quantitatively. The characteristics of the time‐variable consumption of hydrate formation indicated a two‐stage formation, hydrate enclathration and continuous occupancy. The enclathration stage occurred in the first 20 min of the formation when considerable heat is released. The continuous occupancy stage lasted longer than the hydrate enclathration because the empty cages in previously formed hydrates would also be occupied. The higher formation pressures can accelerate water consumption and increase cage occupancy. The compositions of completely formed CO2 hydrates at 2.7, 3.0, and 3.3 MPa and 275.15 K were determined as CO2·6.90H2O, CO2·6.70H2O, and CO2·6.49H2O, respectively.

Quantitative analysis of Fe and Co in Co-substituted magnetite using XPS: The application of non-linear least squares fitting (NLLSF)

Quantitative analysis of Co and Fe using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is of important for the evaluation of the catalytic ability of Co-substituted magnetite. However, the overlap of XPS peaks and Auger peaks for Co and Fe complicate quantification. In this study, non-linear least squares fitting (NLLSF) was used to calculate the relative Co and Fe contents of a series of synthesized Co-substituted magnetite samples with different Co doping levels. NLLSF separated the XPS peaks of Co 2p and Fe 2p from the Auger peaks of Fe and Co, respectively. Compared with a control group without fitting, the accuracy of quantification of Co and Fe was greatly improved after elimination by NLLSF of the disturbance of Auger peaks. A catalysis study confirmed that the catalytic activity of magnetite was enhanced with the increase of Co substitution. This study confirms the effectiveness and accuracy of the NLLSF method in XPS quantitative calculation of Fe and Co coexisting in a material.

X‐ray fluorescence analysis of Co, Ni, Pd, Ag, and Au in the scrapped printed‐circuit‐board ash

A method for the quantitative analysis of Co, Ni, Pd, Ag, and Au in the scrapped printed‐circuit‐board ash by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry using loose powder was developed. The printed‐circuit‐board samples were converted to ash pyrolytically in porcelain crucibles by sequential heating using a gas burner and electric furnace, and then were ground with a ball mill. The calibrating standards were prepared by adding the appropriate amounts of NiO powder and aqueous standard solutions containing Co, Pd, Ag, and Au to the base mixtures of Al2O3 (5.0 mass%), SiO2 (49 mass%), CaCO3 (11 mass%), Fe2O3 (3.3 mass%), and CuO (30 mass%) as a matrix. Then, 10 g of the resulting mixtures were dried and homogenized for 90 min with a V‐type mixing machine. Specimens for XRF analysis were prepared from the so‐called loose‐powder method in which powder samples were compacted into a hole (12.0‐mm diameter and 5.0‐mm height) in an acrylic plate and covered with a 6‐µm thickness of polypropylene film. Matrix effects were corrected using the intensity value of Compton scattering for PdKα, AgKα, and AuLβ2, and that of background scattering at 35.8° (2θ) for CoKα and NiKα. The detection limits corresponding to three times the standard deviation of the blank intensity were 2.5–45 µg g−1. The proposed method was validated against the pressed‐powder‐pellet method by comparing the calibration curves. Moreover, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Pd, and Ag determined using the proposed XRF method were approximately the same as those resulting from an atomic‐absorption‐spectrometric analysis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

L-line quantitative analysis of Co in a lithium ion battery using a low accelerating voltage with EPMA

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2012 in Phoenix, Arizona, USA, July 29 – August 2, 2012.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of CO2 and CH4 Dissolved in Water and Seawater Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy

Laboratory experiments have been performed using laser Raman spectroscopy to analyze carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and methane (CH(4)) dissolved in water and seawater. Dissolved CO(2) is characterized by bands at approximately 1275 and 1382 Deltacm(-1). Dissolved CH(4) is characterized by a dominant band at approximately 2911 Deltacm(-1). The laboratory instrumentation used for this work is equivalent to the sea-going Raman instrument, DORISS (Deep Ocean Raman In Situ Spectrometer). Limits of quantification and calibration curves were determined for each species. The limits of quantification are approximately 10 mM for CO(2) and approximately 4 mM for CH(4). A ratio technique is used to obtain quantitative information from Raman spectra: the gas bands are referenced to the O-H stretching band of water. The calibration curves relating band height ratios to gas concentration are linear and valid for a range of temperatures, pressures, and salinities. Current instrumentation is capable of measuring the highest dissolved gas concentration observed in end-member hydrothermal fluids. Further development work is needed to improve sensitivity and optimize operational configurations.

Effect of anti-scale agents on the solubility of CO 2 in seawater at temperatures of 60 to 90ºC and pressures of 1–2 bar

The objective of this work is to present experimental data that would show the effect of temperature, salinity, pressure and the presence of anti-scale additives on CO 2 solubility in seawater. The paper examines the solubility of CO 2 in real seawater and real seawater dosed with two different anti-scale additives. The study has been performed at temperatures between 60ºC and 90ºC and at pressures of 1 and 2 bar. To assess the effect of each anti-scale additive on CO 2 gas solubility varying doses, 2–10 ppm of anti-scale additive have been used. For the purpose of the experimentation an experimental rig has been designed to ensure adequate contact between the gas phase and the aqueous phase. The continuous quantitative analysis of CO 2 concentration flowing from the experimental rig was measured using a CM-5011 Carbon Coulometer. A mass balance was carried out to calculate the amount of CO 2 absorbed into solution; Henry’s law constant was then calculated.

06/00975 Quantitative analysis of CO 2 emissions reductions through introduction of stationary-type PEM-FC systems in Japan : Nagata, Y. Energy, 2005, 30, (14), 2636–2653.

06/00975 Quantitative analysis of CO 2 emissions reductions through introduction of stationary-type PEM-FC systems in Japan : Nagata, Y. Energy, 2005, 30, (14), 2636–2653.

Cu(II)-3-(5-Chlor-2-hydroxy-3-sulfophenylazo)-6-(2,4,6-tribromophenylazo)-4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic Acid-Co(II) Binuclear Complexation and Its Application to the Selective Determination of Coblat at ng/ml Level

The chromophore, 3-(5-chlor-2-hydroxy-3-sulfophenylazo)-6-(2,4,6-tribromophenylazo)-4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (CSTDD) was used to complex Cu(II) and Co(II) in aqueous solution at pH 9.43. A binuclear complex of Cu-CSTDD-Co was formed and showed a high selectivity for the determination of Co(II). The spectral correction technique was applied to characterize the complexes. The results showed the formation of complexes of Cu(CSTDD), Co(CSTDD)3 and Cu2(CSTDD)2Co. The quantitative analysis of Co(II) at ng/ml level was carried out by the light-absorption ratio variation approach (LARVA). The results showed that the technique is satisfactory to determine Co(II) at trace level in water samples with a detection limit of 2.3 ng/ml.

Quantitative analysis of CO 2 emissions reductions through introduction of stationary-type PEM-FC systems in Japan

While fuel-cell technology is expected to contribute to mitigating CO 2 emissions in Japan, no quantitative analyses of energy consumption and accompanying CO 2 emissions have been performed. This study analyzes quantitatively the changes in them effected by the penetration of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) cogeneration systems in Japan by taking account of the dynamic changes in the power-generation mix. The optimal generation mix model, developed by the Japanese Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry, is used for the calculations. The results show decreased and increased cases of CO 2 emissions across the overall energy system, as compared with the reference cases. Key factors influencing these changes are the development of nuclear power, and technical progress in the efficiencies of PEM-FC systems and their operating patterns in the future.

The Nonlinearity and Related Band Strength of Carbon Monoxide When Applied in Ambient Air Measurement Using Open Long-Path Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry

ABSTRACT The accuracy of CO concentration determination by open-path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry has been re-evaluated in detail. The evaluation focuses on the correction of the calibration curve—the integrated intensity of a standard spectrum—that is used as a comparison spectrum when doing quantitative analysis of CO. Results show that the calibration curve (with 0.5 cm-1 or 1 cm-1 resolution) is apparently inclined to be nonlinear under standard conditions, and that the threshold point of nonlinearity is ~0.1 atm-cm. Two commercial FTIR field monitoring systems have been used to investigate the nonlinearity trend. The experimental method consists of using open-path FTIR systems in combination with nondispersive infrared (NDIR) monitors to establish the calibration curve in a semi-closed corridor. The results have been double-checked using closed-cell dynamic equilibrium systems. When the optical density is larger than a certain value, the curves begin to bend, and when the optical density approaches zero, the band strength is around 178 ± 3 atm-1 cm-2 and 173 ± 2 atm-1 cm-2, respectively, for 0.5 and 1 cm-1 resolution at standard temperature and pressure (STP). These values are quite different from other published data that have been acquired by the pressurized method or by high-resolution

CO 2 transport and excretion in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) during graded sustained exercise

A quantitative analysis of CO 2 transport and excretion was conducted in seawater acclimated rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) swimming at different sustained swimming velocities. CO 2 excretion increased linearly with cardiac output during exercise but arterial P CO 2 (Pa CO 2 ) and total CO 2 levels also increased indicating a diffusion limitation to CO 2 excretion. The elevated Pa CO 2 was not accompanied by a decrease in pH, indicating that the acid–base compensation was rapid. Mixed-venous P CO 2 increased to a greater extent than Pa CO 2 resulting in a large increase in the venous–arterial difference in P CO 2 (Pv CO 2 −Pa CO 2 ). The Pv CO 2 −Pa CO 2 difference was used to calculate the proportion of total CO 2 excreted comprised of dissolved CO 2 which accounted for less than 1% of total CO 2 excreted in fish swimming at 11 cm sec −1 but increased to about 9% at the greatest swimming velocity indicating that the pattern of CO 2 excretion changes during exercise. There was no effect of exercise on the proportion of CO 2 excreted which was dependent upon HCO 3 −/Cl − exchange (54%) or that which was dependent upon the dehydration of HCO 3 − that resided within the red cell prior to gill blood entry (42%). The large proportion of total CO 2 excreted that was dependent upon HCO 3 −/Cl − exchange is significant because this is thought to be the rate limiting step in CO 2 excretion.

Application of wavefront analysis for kinetic investigations of watergas shif reaction

It has been demonstrated that during dynamic operation of the low temperature watergas shift reaction on the wavefront the CO 2—production is faster than the H 2—production. For a catalyst pretreated for several hours with a mixture of CO/N 2 its re-oxidation by a mixture of H 2O/CO/N 2 is a slow process, whereas on the wavefront the H 2—concentration is twofold the CO 2—concentration. The quantitative analysis of CO 2—wavefront data for a catalyst pretreated for several hours with a H 2O/N 2—Mixture has given a reaction order n co = 0.625 and an activation energy E = 46.27 kJ/mole for the CO oxidation. It is shown that H 2O/N 2inhibits the CO oxidation. For a catalyst pretreated for a long time period with a H 2O/N 2—mixture and then reduced in a short time period by a H 2O/CO/N 2—mixture the reoxidation by a H 2O/N 2—mixture is a slow process. The wavefront analysis has also been applied to clear-up the H 2O-sorption on the low temperature catalyst, suggesting that a physisorption of Langmuir type is combined with a second mechanism saturating the H 2O—capacitance for low values of P H 2O .

A quantitative analysis of CO 2 transport at rest and during maximal exercise

Exercise to exhaustion in rats and man was studied befor and after administration of acetazolamide. In rats the dose (100 mg/kg) completely inhibited red cell carbonic anhydrase. In man a clinical dose (10 mg/kg) was used, and the degree of inhibition of HCO 3 − dehydration by red cell isoenzymes B and C was measured. These results and relevant data from the literature were used to describe in model form the contributions to pulmonary CO 2 output of the carbonic anhydrase catalyzed reaction HCO 3 − → CO 2, the uncatalyzed reaction, carbamino hemoglobin, and dissolved CO 2 during rest and exercise. Conclusions are: (1) at rest, 78% of CO 2 exchange in the lung is mediated by carbonic anhydrase catalyzed dehydration of HCO 3 −; at exercise this rises to 90%; (2) when carbonic anhydrase is totally at rest large P CO 2 gradients are set up in tissue and lung, increasing the uncatalyzed rate and dissolved CO 2 participation, so that CO 2 is evolved at normal rate without enzyme (rat, dog and man); (3) during exercise with complete inhibition (rat), similar or larger gradients are created; nevertheless, exercise tolerance was impaired; (4) in maximal exercise (man), the clinical dose and resulting unbound plasma concentrations of acetazolamide (7.5 μM) yield enzyme inhibition of 98.8%. New gradients of CO 2 are established, which together with increased cardiac output and the residual enzyme, can effect CO 2 evolution 15 times the normal resting value; and (5) the data suggest that in the complete absence of carbonic anhydrase, CO 2 evolution would not proceed at an adequate rate in maximal exercise. In general, this analysis shows that carbonic anhydrase makes carriage and evolution of CO 2 possible across small gradients. The large amount of enzyme serves to keep these gradients narrow; the reserve or ‘excess’ enzyme (above the required for no perturbation in ventilation or blood-gas chemistry) is a 17-fold at rest and 6-fold in excercise. When enzyme is diminished or absent, gradients increase to the in point of physiological effectiveness, except (probably) in the most severe exercise. The increased gradients produced effects such as increased cerebral blood flow, unusual taste for CO 2 and certain clinical signs and symptoms, but the new respiratory steady-state permits quantitative evolution of CO 2.